ARM VERSION 1.2 Bedienungsanleitung

Co pyr igh t © 200 0, 20 01 AR M L im ited . Al l rig hts re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B AR M ® D e v eloper Suite V er si on 1. 2 Asse mb ler Gui de[...]

ii C opyr igh t © 200 0, 20 01 AR M L im ited . A ll rig hts re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B ARM Deve loper Suite Assem bler Guide Copyri ght © 200 0, 2001 ARM Limite d. Al l rights reserv ed. Rel eas e I nf orm ati on The fol lo win g changes hav e be en mad e to t his boo k. Proprietary Notice W ord s and lo gos mark ed with ® or ™ ar e r egi [...]

ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. iii Contents ARM Developer S u i t e Assembler Guide Pre face Abou t this boo k ... ... ..... .. ..... .. ..... ... ..... .. ..... .. ..... ... ..... .. ..... .. ..... ... .... ... ..... .. ..... ... v i F eedback . ... ..... ..... ..... . . ..... ..... ..... . . [...]

Co nten ts iv C opyr igh t © 200 0, 20 01 AR M L im ited . A ll rig hts re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 3.2 F orm at of s ou rce lin es . .... ... ..... .. ..... .. ..... ... ..... .... ... ..... .. ..... ... .... ... ..... .. ..... .. .. 3 -8 3.3 Predef ined re gister and coproce ssor nam es .... ..... ... ..... ..... ...... ... ..... ... ....... 3[...]

ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. v Pref ace This pref ace introd uces the docum entation for th e A RM D ev el ope r Su i te (ADS) asse mbler s and assembly la nguage. It co ntains the foll owing secti ons: • About this book on page vi • F eedbac k on pa g e ix.[...]

Pr efa ce vi C opyr igh t © 200 0, 20 01 AR M L im ited . A ll rig hts re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B Ab out th is boo k This book pro vides tutori a l and referenc e informat ion for the ADS assemble rs ( armasm , the free -sta nding ass embler , an d i nline a ssembler s in the C and C++ compi lers ). It des cribes the c ommand-l ine o ptions to [...]

Pr efac e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. vii T ypographi cal conventions The fol lowi ng typographic al con vent ions are used in this b ook: monospace Denote s te xt that can be en tered at t he ke yboard, suc h as commands , fi le and progra m names, and sourc e code. monospace Deno tes a pe [...]

Pr efa ce vi ii C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B • ADS Link e r and Util ities Gui de (ARM DUI 01 51) • C ode W a rri or I DE G uid e (ARM DUI 0065) • AXD and armsd Deb ugge rs Gui de (ARM DUI 0066) • ADS Deb ug T ar get Guide (ARM DUI 0058) • AD S Deve lop er Gu ide (ARM DUI 00 56) ?[...]

Pr efac e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. ix Feed back ARM Limite d welcomes feedback on bot h ADS and the document ation. Feedback on the ARM Developer Su ite If you ha ve any pro blems wit h ADS, please cont act your supp lier . T o h elp them pro vide a ra pid a nd useful respons e, plea se g[...]

Pr efa ce x C opyr igh t © 200 0, 20 01 AR M L im ited . A ll rig hts re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B[...]

ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 1-1 Chapter 1 Intr oduction This cha pter int roduces the ass emblers pr ov ided with ARM Dev eloper Sui te (ADS) ver s i on 1.2. It co ntains the foll owing secti ons: • About the ARM Develo per Suit e assemblers on page 1-2.[...]

Int rod ucti on 1-2 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B 1 .1 About the AR M Deve loper Su ite assem blers ARM Dev eloper Sui te (ADS) has: • a fre estandi ng ass embler , armasm • an o pti miz i ng in lin e as sem b le r built in t o the C and C++ co mpil ers . The l angu age tha t thes e as s[...]

ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-1 Chapter 2 Writing ARM a nd Th umb A ssembl y Langua g e This cha pter pro vides an intr oducti on to the gene ral prin ciple s of writing ARM and Thumb as sembly la nguage . It conta ins the foll owing sec tions : • Intr oduc tio n on pa ge 2- 2 • Ov ervi [...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-2 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B 2.1 I nt rod uc tio n This cha pter gi ves a basic, practi cal unders tandi ng of ho w to wr ite ARM and Thumb asse mbly langua ge modul es. It also gi ves infor mation on the facilit ies pr ovide d by the ARM a[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-3 2. 2 Ove rview o f the A RM ar c hitect ure This se ction gi ves a brie f ove rvie w of the ARM archite cture. ARM proc e ss ors are t ypical of RISC p rocess ors i n tha t the y impl ement a loa d/st ore archi tec[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-4 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B 2.2.3 Processor m ode ARM proc e ss ors su pport up to se ven processor m o des, de pendin g on t he archi tecture ver sion . The se are: • User • FIQ - Fast Interr upt Request • IRQ - Interrupt Requ est ?[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-5 In User mode, r14 is used as a l ink r egi s t er (lr) to store the return address when a subro utine call is made. It can also be used as a gener al-purpos e re gister if the re t urn add res s i s s tor ed on the[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-6 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B 2.2.5 ARM ins truction se t overview All ARM ins tructi ons are 32 bit s long. Instructi ons are st ored word-a ligne d, so the le a st sign ific ant two bi ts of i nstru ction add ress es ar e alwa ys z er o i [...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-7 Single register load an d store instructions The se inst ruc tio ns l o ad or st ore t he val ue of a sin gle regi ster fr om or t o me mo ry . They can loa d or store a 32-bit w ord or an 8-bit unsi gne d b yte. I[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-8 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B 2.2.6 ARM ins t ruction capabilities The fol lowi ng genera l points appl y to ARM instruc tions : • Con ditiona l execu tion • Re gi ster access • Acc ess t o the inli ne barr el shif ter . Conditional ex[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-9 2.2.7 Thumb instruction set overv iew The functi onality of the Thumb instru ction set is a lmost e xactly a su bset of the funct i ona lity of the ARM in s truc tion set . The i nstruction s et i s optimiz ed for [...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-1 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B Ref er t o Chap ter 5 Thumb In struct ion R efer ence for a c omple te lis t of t he Thumb dat a proce ssing instru c t ions that ca n access the high reg isters . Access to the b arrel shifter In Thumb st ate[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-1 1 Single register load an d store instructions Thes e inst ructio ns l oad or s tore t he v alu e of a sin gle lo w re gist er f ro m or to memo ry . In Thumb st ate they can only acces s regi s ters r0 to r7. Mult[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-1 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 2 .3 Struct ure of ass embl y l angua ge modul es Assem bly langua ge is the la nguage th at the ARM assemble r ( armasm ) parses and asse mbles to prod uce obje ct code. This can be: • ARM assembl y lang ua[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-1 3 La bels Labels are s ymbol s tha t repr esent a ddresses. T he add ress gi ven b y a labe l is calcula ted dur ing asse mbly . The assem bler cal culat es th e add res s of a lab el relat i ve to the orig in o f [...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-1 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B Co nst ant s C ons ta nt s ca n b e nu m eri c, bo ole an , ch ar a ct er or str i ng : Numbers Nume ri c con stan ts are ac cep ted in t hree f orms: • De cim al, fo r ex am ple , 123 • Hex ade ci mal, f [...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-1 5 2.3.2 An example ARM assem bl y language modul e Exampl e 2-1 ill ustrates some of the core co nstituents of an a ssembly l a n guage modul e. The e xample is writ ten in ARM assembly la nguage. It is s upplied a[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-1 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B In an ARM asse mbly languag e source f ile, the sta rt of a sectio n is marked by the AR EA dir ect ive. Thi s dir ec tive name s th e se ctio n an d se ts its a ttr ibutes . Th e attr ibu tes a re plac ed a f[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-1 7 2.3.3 Calli ng s ubrou tine s T o call subro utines, u se a branch and link in s t ructi on. The synta x is: BL destination where destination is usu ally the label on th e firs t inst ruc tion of t he subro utine[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-1 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 2.3.4 An exam ple Th umb ass embly langu a ge mod ule Example 2-3 illus trate s some of the core cons titu e nt s of a Thum b assembly la nguage modul e. It is ba sed on subrout.s . It is suppl ied as t humbsu[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-1 9 2. 4 Usin g the C p repr ocesso r Y ou can include the C preproc essor command #include in your asse m bly la nguage sourc e f ile. If yo u do this, you must pre process the f ile using the C preproces sor , be f[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-2 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 2 .5 Condit ional e xecu tion In ARM s tate , each da ta pro cessi ng ins tructi on has a n option to update AL U st atus flags in th e Cur r ent Pr ogr am Statu s Re gister (CPS R) ac co rd ing to th e re su [...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-2 1 2.5.2 Execution co nditions The relat ion of conditio n code s uf fix e s to the N , Z , C and V flag s is shown in T a ble 2- 1. Examples ADD r0, r1, r2 ; r0 = r1 + r2 , don't update flags ADDS r0, r1, r2 ;[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-2 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 2.5.3 Using conditional execution in ARM state Y ou can use condi tional ex ecution of ARM i nstructions to reduce t he number of branch inst ructi ons in your cod e. This impro ves code densi t y . Branc h i [...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-2 3 Beca use of the numb er of branches, th e cod e is se ven ins truct ions lo ng. Ev ery time a branc h is tak en, the pr oc es sor mus t ref ill the pi peline and conti nue from the ne w loca tion. T he other inst[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-2 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B Co n vert ing t o Thumb Beca use B is the only T humb inst ruction that c an be e xecu ted c onditi ona l ly , the gcd algori thm must be w r itten with con ditiona l branch es in Thumb code. Lik e the ARM c o[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-2 5 2 .6 Loadi ng con stant s into r egiste rs Y ou cannot l oad an a rbit rary 3 2-bit im mediate consta nt into a regi ster i n a singl e inst ructi on witho ut perform ing a data load fr om memory . T his i s bec [...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-2 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 2.6.1 Direct loading with MO V and M VN In ARM state, you can use the MOV and MVN instru ctions to lo a d a range of 8-bit cons tant valu es d ire ctly into a regi ste r: • MOV ca n loa d any 8 -bit c onstan[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-2 7 Direc t l oading w it h MO V in T humb st ate In Thumb st ate you can use t he MOV ins tr uction to l oad c onst ants i n the ra nge 0 -255. Y ou canno t genera te consta nts out side th is range bec ause: • Th[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-2 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B P lac in g li te ral poo ls The a ssem bler pl aces a liter al p ool at the end of eac h secti on. Th es e ar e d efi ned b y th e AREA di re ctive at th e s tar t of the fo ll owin g s ec tio n, or by the END[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-2 9 LDR r2, =0xFFFFFFFF ; => MVN R2, #0 MOV pc, lr LTORG ; Literal Pool 1 contains ; literal Ox55555555 func2 LDR r3, =0x55555555 ; => LDR R3, [PC, #offset to ; Literal Pool 1] ; LDR r4, =0x66666666 ; If this i[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-3 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 2 .7 L o ading addr ess es into regist ers It is oft en necessa ry to load an addre s s int o a re gister . Y ou might nee d to load the a ddress of a varia ble, a str ing co nsta nt, or the s tart locat ion o[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-3 1 Not e T he label us ed with ADR or ADRL mu st be w ith in th e sam e cod e se ctio n. Th e ass em bler f aults refe rences to l abels tha t are out of range in the same sec tion. The li nker fa ults refer ences t[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-3 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B Implementing a jump table with ADR Example 2-7 on page 2-33 sho ws ARM code that i mplements a j ump table. It is suppl ied as jump.s in the examplesasm subdir ectory o f ADS. Refer to Code example s on page [...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-3 3 Example 2-7 ARM code jump table AR EA Jump, CODE, READONLY ; Name this block of code CO DE32 ; Following code is ARM code num EQ U 2 ; Number of entries in jump table EN TRY ; Mark first instruction to execute st[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-3 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B Co n vert ing t o Thumb Example 2-8 sho ws the im plement ation of the jump tab le con vert ed to Thumb code. Most of the Thumb v ersion is the same as the ARM c ode. The dif f erences are commen ted i n the T[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-3 5 2.7.2 Loading addresses wi th L DR Rd, = label The LDR Rd,= pseudo -inst ruction can load any 32-b it consta nt into a re gister . See Loadi ng with LDR Rd, =const on pa ge 2-27. It als o a ccepts pr ogram-rel at[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-3 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B ; Literal Pool 1] LDR r 1, =Darea + 12 ; => LDR R1,[PC, #offset into ; Literal Pool 1] LDR r 2, =Darea + 6000 ; => LDR R2, [PC, #offset into ; Literal Pool 1] MOV p c,lr ; Return LTORG ; Literal Pool 1 f[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-3 7 An LDR Rd, =label example: string copying Exampl e 2-10 sho ws an ARM c ode routi ne that ov erwrites one strin g with an other stri ng. I t uses the LDR pseudo -instr uction to load the addresses of the two stri[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-3 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B Co n vert ing t o Thumb There i s no po st-in dex ed ad dressin g mode f or Thumb LDR and STR i nstr ucti ons. Be caus e of this , you must us e an ADD inst ru ctio n to i ncre ment t he ad dres s re gist er a[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-3 9 2 .8 L oad and stor e mu ltiple reg iste r instruc tions The AR M and Thumb i nstructi on sets inc lude i nstructi ons that loa d a n d store mu ltipl e reg isters to and from memory . Mu ltip l e regis ter t ran[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-4 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 2.8.1 ARM LDM and STM ins t r uctions The l oad (or st or e) m ult ipl e inst ru ctio n l oad s (sto res ) any sub set of th e 1 6 gener al-purpos e re gisters from (to) memor y , using a sing le instruc tion.[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-4 1 Usage See Implementing stac ks wit h LDM an d STM on page 2-42 and B l ock copy wit h LDM and ST M on pa ge 2-4 4. 2.8.2 LDM and STM addressing mo des The re ar e four differ ent a ddre ssi ng mo des . Th e bas e[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-4 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 2. 8. 3 I mp lem en ti n g st ack s w it h L DM and STM The load and stor e m u ltiple instructions can upda te the base r egiste r . For s tack opera tions , the bas e re giste r is usua lly the sta ck poi nt[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-4 3 Stacking re gisters for nested subroutine s Stack operat ions are v ery u s eful at sub routine entry a n d exi t. At the s tart of a s ubroutin e , any working r egist e rs re quired c an be store d on the stack[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-4 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 2.8.4 Block copy w ith LDM and STM Example 2-11 is an ARM code ro utine tha t copie s a set of words from a source loc ation to a desti na t ion by cop ying a single word at a time. It is suppl ied as word.s i[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-4 5 Exam ple 2-12 AREA Block, CODE, READONLY ; name this block of code num EQU 20 ; set number of words to be copied ENTRY ; mark the first instruction to call start LDR r0, =src ; r0 = pointer to source block LDR r1[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-4 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 2.8.5 Thumb L DM an d S TM instructions The Thumb ins truc tion s et c ontai ns tw o pai rs of mu ltiple -regi ster transf er i nstru ctions: • LDM and STM for block memory tra nsfers • PUSH and POP for st[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-4 7 Exam ple 2-13 AR EA Tblock, CODE, READONLY ; Name this block of code num EQ U 20 ; Set number of words to be copied EN TRY ; Mark first instruction to execute header ; The first instruction to call MO V sp, #0x40[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-4 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 2. 9 Usin g macr os A ma cro de fini tion is a b lock of c ode enc losed be tween MACRO and MEND di rect ives. It def ines a name tha t can b e used ins tead of rep e ati ng the whole bl ock of cod e. This has[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-4 9 2.9.2 Unsig ned integer divisi on macro e xa mple Exampl e 2-14 shows a macro th at performs an unsigned inte ger d ivi s ion. It takes four parame ters: $Bot The regi ster that holds the di visor . $Top The re g[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-5 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B The macr o che cks that no two parame ters use the same re gis ter . It also opt imizes t he code prod uced if onl y the re mainder is requ ired. T o av oid mult iple def initions of labels if DivMod is use d [...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-5 1 2 .10 Desc ribing data st ructure s with MAP an d FIELD d irective s Y ou can use t he MAP and FIELD di rect ives to d escr ibe da ta stru ctu res. Th ese di rec tives ar e alw a ys us ed togethe r . Data stru c [...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-5 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 2. 10. 1 Re lat ive maps T o access da ta more than 4KB awa y from the curren t instr uction, you ca n use a reg ist er-re la tive i nstr uct ion , such as: LDR r4,[r9,#offset] offset is limit ed to 4096, so r[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-5 3 2.10.2 Reg ister-b ase d maps In man y case s, you c a n use t he same regi ster as the base re gist er ev ery time you access a data structure . Y ou can inclu de th e name of the re gister in t he base add ress[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-5 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 2.10.3 P r o gram-r elative maps Y ou can use the program count e r (r15) as t he base re gis ter for a map. In thi s case, ea ch STM or LDM ins tructi on must be withi n 4KB of t he da ta i tem it a ddresses,[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-5 5 2.10.4 Findin g th e en d of th e allocated data Y ou can u se the FIELD direct iv e with an opera nd of 0 to l abel a lo catio n withi n a stru cture. The loca tion is labeled, b ut the loc ation cou nter is no [...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-5 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 2. 10. 5 F or ci ng co rr ect al ig nm ent Y ou are lik ely to ha ve prob lems if you inc lude some cha racte r v ariables in the data stru cture, as in Exa mple 2-20. This i s because a lot of word s ar e m i[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-5 7 Exam ple 2-21 StartOfData EQU 0x1000 EndOfData EQU 0x2000 MAP StartOfData Char FIELD 1 Char2 FIELD 1 Char3 FIELD 1 EndOfChars FIELD 0 Padding FIELD (-EndOfChars):AN D:3 Integer FIELD 4 Integer2 FIELD 4 String FIE[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-5 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 2.10.6 Using regi ster -b ased MAP and FIELD directives Regi ster-b a sed MAP and FIELD directi ves def ine regi ster -based symbol s. There are tw o ma in u ses fo r regi ster-b as ed sym b ols: • def ining[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-5 9 Setting up a C-typ e structure Ther e ar e tw o sta ges to using str uctur es in C: 1. De clari ng the fi elds th at t he s truc tu re con ta ins. 2. Genera ting the s truct ure i n memory and using it. For e x a[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-6 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B Making faster acce ss possible T o gain fast er ac cess to a sect ion of memo ry: 1. Describe the memory secti on as a structure . 2. Use a registe r to a ddres s the structur e . Fo r e xa mple , c onside r t[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-6 1 Exampl e 2-23 on page 2-60 conta ins sepa rate LDR pseudo -inst ruction s to load th e addre ss of each of the data i tems. Eac h LDR pseudo-i nstructi on is con ve rted to a sepa rate inst ructi on by the ass em[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-6 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B If you us e th e sa me tec hnique f or a s ection of m emory c ontaining memory-mappe d I/O (or whose absol ute addresses must not chan ge for othe r reasons), yo u must tak e care to keep the co de main t ain[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-6 3 2.10.7 Usi ng two register-based structu res Somet imes you need to ope rate on tw o struct ures of the same type at the same tim e. For exa mple, if you wa nt the equ iv alent of the pseudo-cod e: newloc.x = old[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-6 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 2.10.8 Av o iding problems with MAP and FIELD directives Using MAP and FIELD dir ectiv es can help you to produce maintai nable da ta str uctures. Ho we ver , this is only true if the o rder t he elem en ts ar[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Thumb A ssemb ly La ngua ge ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 2-6 5 Exampl e 2-27 on page 2-64 l oads the f irst s ix it e ms in t he arra y Misc_data . The ar ra y is a si ngle ele m ent a nd ther e for e c ove rs con tiguous memory l ocati ons. No one is like ly to wan t to s p[...]

Wri tin g ARM and Th umb A sse mbly Lan guag e 2-6 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 2. 11 Usin g frame d irectiv es Y ou must use f rame directi ves t o describe the way t hat your code us es the stac k if you want to be able to do ei ther of the follo wing: • deb ug your a p plica tion usi[...]

ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 3-1 Chapter 3 As sem b le r Re f ere nce This chapter provid e s g eneral r e feren ce materi al on the ARM assemblers . It cont ains the fol lowi ng sect ions: • Command s ynta x on page 3-2 • F ormat of sour ce line s on page 3-8 • Pr edefi ned r e gist er[...]

Assembler Re ference 3-2 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B 3 .1 Comma nd syntax This sect ion rela tes onl y to armasm . The inline a ss emblers ar e part of the C and C+ + compile rs, an d h av e no command synt ax of their o wn. The arm asm command line i s cas e-insens iti ve, exc ept in file[...]

Assembler Refere nce ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 3-3 /ropi s peci fies th a t the con t ent of inputfile is rea d-only posit ion-inde pendent . The defa ult is /noropi . /pic i s a sy no nym fo r /ropi . /nopic i s a sy no nym fo r /noropi . /rwpi s peci fies th at th e con ten t of inputfil[...]

Assembler Re ference 3-4 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B -md instru cts the a ssemble r to w rite so urce f ile depende ncy list s to inputfile.d . -errors errorfile instru cts the assem bler to outpu t e rro r messages to erro rfile . -fpu name this option s ele cts the target flo ating-po in[...]

Assembler Refere nce ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 3-5 -help inst ruct s the a s se m bl er to dis play a su mmary of t he ass e m bler command -li ne options. -i dir [, dir ]… adds di rector ies to the sourc e f ile sear ch path so that argum ents to GET , INCLUDE , or INCBIN direc ti ves d[...]

Assembler Re ference 3-6 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B -nocache tur ns of f sour ce cac hing. By de fault the asse mbler ca ches source fi les on the fi rst pass and reads the m from m emo ry on the second pa ss. -noesc inst ructs t he asse mbler to ignore C -styl e escape d special cha ract[...]

Assembler Refere nce ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 3-7 Not e A v oiding lar ge mult iple regis ter t ransfe rs i ncrea ses c ode si ze and decre ases performanc e slightl y . A void ing la r ge mult iple re gister transf ers h as no si gnifi cant benef it for cach ed sys te ms or pr oces sors [...]

Assembler Re ference 3-8 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B 3.2 Format of sour ce lin es The general form of s ource line s i n an ARM as sembly langua ge modul e is: { symbol } { instruction | directive | pseudo-instruct ion } {; comment } All th ree s ectio ns of th e sourc e lin e are o pti on[...]

Assembler Refere nce ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 3-9 3 .3 Predef ined re gister and copr ocessor n am e s All register an d c op rocesso r names are case -sensit i ve . 3.3.1 Pred ec lared regi ster names The follo wing regis ter na mes are predecla red: • r0-r15 and R0-R15 • a1-a4 (argu[...]

Assembler Re ference 3-1 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 3.4 Bu i lt- i n vari a bles T a ble 3 -1 li s ts t he bui l t-i n var i able s defi ne d by the A R M a ssem b le r . Built -in v ariab les cannot be set us ing the SETA , SETL , or SETS dir ectiv es. The y can be used in ex pre ss io[...]

Assembler Refere nce ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 3-1 1 |ads$version| must be all lo wer case. The oth er buil t-in vari ables ca n be upper -case, lo we r -case , or mixed. 3.4.1 Determini ng the armasm version at assembly time The b uilt- in var iable {ARMASM$VERSION} can be used t o d isti[...]

Assembler Re ference 3-1 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 3.5 S ym bo ls Y ou can use symb ols to re present v aria bles, a ddresse s, and numeri c constan ts. Symbols re pres enti ng add res ses ar e als o c alled label s . See: • V ariable s on page 3-1 3 • Nu meri c con st ants on pa g[...]

Assembler Refere nce ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 3-1 3 3.5.2 V ar iables The v alue of a v ari abl e can be chan ged as as semb ly pr oceeds . V ar iab les a re of th re e types : • nume ric • logic a l • stri ng. The ty pe of a va riable cann ot be chang e d. The range of possib le v [...]

Assembler Re ference 3-1 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 3.5.4 Assem bl y time substitution of variabl es Y ou can use a s tring v ariable for a whole l ine of assembl y langu a ge, or any pa rt of a line. Use th e var iable with a $ pref ix in t he plac es whe re th e va lue is to be sub st[...]

Assembler Refere nce ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 3-1 5 3.5.5 Labels Labels are symbols rep re sen ting the a d dresses in memory o f ins tructi ons or data . They can be program-re lati ve, regis ter -relati ve , or absolute. Program-re lative label s These repre sent t he prog ra m c ounter[...]

Assembler Re ference 3-1 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 3.5.6 Local l abels A local l abel is a number in the range 0-9 9, optiona lly foll ow ed by a name. Th e same numbe r can be used for more tha n one loca l label in an ELF se ction. Local la be l s are typic ally used for lo ops and c[...]

Assembler Refere nce ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 3-1 7 If routname is spec ifi ed in ei ther a label or a ref erence to a l abel, the ass embl er che cks it agai nst th e name of the neares t prec eding ROUT direc ti ve. If it does not match, the ass embl er ge nerat es a n er r or m ess age[...]

Assembler Re ference 3-1 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 3. 6 Expr essions, lit er a ls, and o perat ors This section contain s th e follo wing subsect ions: • Stri ng ex pr essi ons on pa g e 3- 19 • Stri ng lite rals on page 3-19 • Nu meric e xp r e ssion s on pag e 3-20 • Numer ic[...]

Assembler Refere nce ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 3-1 9 3.6.1 String expressio ns String e xpressions con sist of combin a t ions of strin g lit erals, stri ng va riables, stri ng manipul a t ion operators , and parenth e ses. See: • Stri ng lite rals • V ariable s on pa ge 3- 13 • Unar[...]

Assembler Re ference 3-2 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 3.6.3 Num eric expressi ons Numeric e xpr essions con sist of combi nations of numeric co nstants , numeric v aria bles, ordina ry numeri c liter als, binary oper a t ors, and parenthe ses. See: • Nu meri c con st ants on pa g e 3-1 [...]

Assembler Refere nce ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 3-2 1 3.6.4 Num eric literals Numeri c lite rals can take any of the fo llo wing forms : • decimal-digits 0x hexadecimal-digits & hexadecimal-digits • n_base-n-digits ' character ' where decimal-digits is a seque nce of chara[...]

Assembler Re ference 3-2 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 3.6 .5 Fl o atin g -po in t lit er als Floa ting-po int lit erals ca n tak e any of the foll owing forms: {-} digits E{-} digits {-}{ digits }.digits{E{-} digits } 0x hexdigits & hexdigits digits are seque nces of char acters usin [...]

Assembler Refere nce ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 3-2 3 3.6.6 Register-relative and program-rel ative exp re ssions A regis ter -rela ti ve expre ssion e v a lu ates to a named re gister plus or minus a numeri c cons tant (see MAP on pa g e 7-1 5 ). A program-rel ati v e expr ession e valuat [...]

Assembler Re ference 3-2 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 3. 6.9 Ope r ator prec e d enc e The as semble r incl udes an e xten si ve s et of operat ors for u se in e xpressions. Ma n y of the opera tors rese mble their c ounterpa rts in high-l evel languag es suc h as C (see Unary opera tors [...]

Assembler Refere nce ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 3-2 5 Th e hi ghest prec edence opera to rs a re at the top o f th e li st. The highes t precede nce operato rs are ev aluated f irst. Op era tor s of eq ual pr eced en ce are ev a lua ted fro m l eft to ri ght . + - :A ND: :OR: : EOR: + - &am[...]

Assembler Re ference 3-2 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 3.6.10 Un ary operato r s Unary oper a to rs have the highe st preced ence and are e valuat ed fi rst. A unary opera tor prece des its op erand. Adjac ent operato rs ar e ev aluated from right to le ft. T a ble 3 -4 li st s t he un a r[...]

Assembler Refere nce ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 3-2 7 Example of use of :SB_OF FSET_19 _12: a nd :SB_OFFSET_1 1_ 0 MyIndex EQU 0 AREA area1, CODE LDR IP, [SB, #0] LDR IP, [IP, #MyIndex] ADD IP, IP, # :SB_OFFSET_19_12: labe l LDR PC, [IP, # :SB_OFFSET_11_0: labe l] AREA area2, DATA label IMP[...]

Assembler Re ference 3-2 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 3.6.11 Binar y operators Binary opera tors are writ ten betwe en the pair of sub expre ssions they opera te on. Binary op erator s hav e lo we r prec edence than u na ry opera tors. B inary ope rators a ppear in this se ct ion i n orde[...]

Assembler Refere nce ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 3-2 9 Shift operato r s Shi ft opera tors act on numeric e xpressions, s h ifting or rotating t he fi rst opera nd by th e amou nt specif ied by the s econd. T a ble 3-7 shows the shift operato rs. Not e SHR is a logi cal shift and does not pr[...]

Assembler Re ference 3-3 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B Relational operators T able 3-9 sho ws t he relat ional operators. These act o n two o pe rands of t he same type to produce a logica l va lue. The operan ds can be one of: • numer ic • program-re lati ve • regi ster -re lat iv e[...]

Assembler Refere nce ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 3-3 1 Boo lean op erat ors The se a re t he o per ato rs wi th t he l o we st pre ced enc e. T hey p er form th e s tan dar d lo gic al opera tions on t he i r opera nds. In all th re e case s both A and B must be expres sio ns that e v alua t[...]

Assembler Re ference 3-3 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B[...]

ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-1 Chapter 4 ARM Inst ruction Reference This chapter desc ribes the ARM instruc tions tha t are supp orted b y the ARM assemb ler . It cont ains th e follo win g se ctions: • Con ditiona l exec ution on pa ge 4- 4 • ARM m emor y ac cess inst ruction s on pa g[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-2 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B T able 4-1 Location of ARM inst ructions Mnemoni c Brief descript ion P age Arch i t ecture a ADC , ADD Add wi th car ry , Add page 4-2 7 All AND Lo gical AND pag e 4-30 All B Branc h page 4-5 8 All BIC Bi t clea r pag e 4-3 0 All [...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-3 MUL Mu ltip ly pa ge 4-4 0 2 MVN Mo ve not page 4- 32 All ORR Logi cal OR page 4- 30 All PLD Cac h e prel o ad pa ge 4 -20 5E d QADD , QDA DD , QDSU B , Q SUB S atura ting ar ithm eti c pag e 4-55 5ExP e RSB , RSC , SB C Re vers[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-4 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B 4 .1 Condit ional e xecu tion Almost a l l ARM i nstruc tions ca n includ e an op tional conditi on code. This is sho wn in synt ax descrip tions as { cond } . An instruc tion wi th a condi tion code is onl y e xecute d if the c on[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-5 Some i nstructi ons update a subs et of the flags. T he othe r flags are unchanged b y these ins tr uct ion s. D eta il s are s pec ified in th e des cr ipt ion s of the in str uct io ns. Y ou can ex ecut e an instruc tion con d[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-6 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B 4. 2 ARM m emory a ccess ins t r uctions This section contain s th e follo wing subsect ions: • LDR and STR, wor ds and un signed byt e s on pa g e 4-7 Load regi ster a nd store r egist er , 32-bit word or 8-bit unsigned byte. ?[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-7 4.2.1 LDR an d STR, words and unsi gned bytes Load reg ister and store re gist er , 32- bit w ord or 8 -bit u nsigned byte . Byt e loads a re zero- exte nded to 32 bit s . Syn tax Both LDR and STR ha ve fo u r p os si bl e fo rm[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-8 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B FlexOffset is a fle xible off s e t appl ied to the v alue i n Rn (see Fle xible o ffs et synt ax on page 4-9). label is a p ro gr am-r ela tive expre ss io n. S ee Re gister -re lativ e and pr ogr am-r ela tive ex pre ssions on pa[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-9 Flex ible offs et synt ax Both pre - indexe d and post-ind exe d of fsets c a n be e ither of the follo wi ng: # expr {-} Rm {, shift } where: - is a n opti onal min us sign . If - is pre sent , the of fset is sub tract ed from [...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-1 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B Address alignm ent f or word transfers In most cir cumstance s, you must ensure t hat addres ses for 32-bi t transfers are 32-bit word-al igned. If your system has a system c oprocess or (cp 15), yo u can e nable alig nment c he [...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-1 1 Saving from r15 In general, avoi d sav i ng from r15 if pos sible. If you do sa ve from r15, t he va lue sa ved is the address of the current i nstructi on, plus an impleme ntation-de fine d const ant. The const ant is al ways[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-1 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.2.2 LDR and STR, halfwords and sig ned bytes Load regi ster , signe d 8-bit byt es and sig ned and unsigned 16-bi t ha l fwor ds. Stor e re gister , 16-bit halfwords . Sign ed loads are si gn-extend ed to 32 bits. Uns igned ha [...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-1 3 label is a progr am-relati ve exp ression . See Re gister -r ela tive and pr ogr am-r ela tive ex pre ssions on pag e 3-23 for more inform ation. label must be with in ± 25 5 byte s of th e cu rr e nt in st ru c tio n. Offset[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-1 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B Rm is a regi s ter c ontaini ng a v alue t o b e used as the of fset. The of fset synta x is t he same for LDR and STR, doub lewo r ds o n page 4- 15. Address alignm ent f or halfword transfers The ad dress m us t be e ven f or h[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-1 5 4.2.3 LDR and STR, dou bl ew ords Load t wo consec uti ve regi ste rs and sto re two con secuti ve re gist ers, 64-bi t dou ble word. Syn tax These instruc tions ha ve four possib le for ms: • zero of fset • pre-in dexed o[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-1 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B Ze r o off set The value in Rn is us ed as th e add ress for t he t ransf er . Pre-indexed offset The of fset i s app lied t o the va lue in Rn bef or e the tra nsf ers t ake p lac e. The r esu lt is us ed as the m em ory ad dres[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-1 7 If your system has a sys tem c oprocess or , you can e na bl e align m ent checking . Non double word-aligne d 64-bit trans fers caus e an alignment e xcepti on if align ment che ck ing is ena ble d. Ar chitectures The se in s[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-1 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.2.4 LDM and ST M Load and st ore mult iple regi ster s. An y c ombinatio n of re gisters r0 t o r15 can b e transferred . Syn tax op { cond } mode Rn {!}, reglist {^} where: op is ei ther LDM or STM . cond is an opt ional co nd[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-1 9 Non word-aligned addresses These i nstructi ons ignor e bits [1:0] of the addre ss . (On a syst em with a system coproc essor , if ali gnment c he ckin g is e nable d, nonz e r o v alues in the se bits cause an ali gnm en t ex[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-2 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.2.5 PLD Cach e pr el oad . Syn tax PLD [ Rn {, FlexOffset }] where: Rn is the re gister on whic h the memory address is based . FlexOffset is an opt ional f le xibl e offs et app lied to th e val ue in Rn . FlexOffset ca n be e[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-2 1 Usage Use PLD to hint t o t he memory syste m t hat there is like ly to be a l oad fr om th e spec if ied addre ss within th e next fe w instructi ons. The memory system ca n u se this to spe ed up l ate r me mo ry acc ess es.[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-2 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.2.6 SWP Swap dat a between re gist ers and memory . Use SWP to imple ment sema phores. Syn tax SWP{ cond }{B} Rd , Rm , [ Rn ] where: cond is an opt ional co ndition code (see Conditi onal e xecution on pa ge 4-4) . B is a n op[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-2 3 4 .3 ARM ge neral d ata pr ocessing in struct ions This sect ion cont ains the f ollo wing sub sect ions: • Fle xib le second ope ran d on p a ge 4- 24 • ADD, SUB, RSB, ADC, SB C, and RSC on page 4-27 Add, s u btract , and[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-2 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.3.1 Flexible second operan d Most ARM gene ral da ta pro cessi ng ins truct ions hav e a flex ible secon d op erand. T his i s shown a s Operand2 in the descri ptions of the synt ax of eac h instruc tion. Syn tax Operand2 has t[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-2 5 ASR Ari thmet ic shi ft rig ht by n bits di vides the v alue con taine d i n Rm by 2 n , if th e con ten ts are reg ard ed a s a two ’ s com plement sign ed int eger . T he ori ginal bit[31] i s copi ed int o the left-h and [...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-2 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B Figur e 4-2 RRX The carr y flag The car ry flag i s update d to the l ast bit s h ifted o ut o f Rm , if t he instruct ion is any one of th e foll owin g: • MOV , MVN , AND , ORR , EOR or BIC , if you us e the S su ffix • TEQ[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-2 7 4.3.2 ADD, SUB, RSB, ADC, SBC, and RSC Add, s u btract , and re ver se s ub tra ct, ea ch wit h or with o ut car ry . Syn tax op { cond }{S} Rd , Rn , Operand2 where: op is one of ADD , SUB , RSB , ADC , SBC , or RSC . cond is[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-2 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B Condition fl ags If S is s pecif ied, the se inst ruct ions up date the N, Z , C and V fl ags a ccordi ng to the re sult. Use of r15 If you use r15 as Rn , the v alue u sed is the addre ss of the ins truction plu s 8. If you use [...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-2 9 ADDS r4,r0,r2 ; adding the lea st significant words ADC r5,r1,r3 ; adding the mos t significant words These ins tructions sub tract on e 96-bit intege r fr om anothe r: SUBS r3,r6,r9 SBCS r4,r7,r10 SBC r5,r8,r11 For cl ari ty [...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-3 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.3.3 AND, ORR, EOR, and BIC Logic al AND, OR, Exclusi ve OR and Bi t Clear . Syn tax op { cond }{S} Rd , Rn , Operand2 where: op is one of AND , ORR , EOR , or BIC . cond is an opt ional co ndition code (see Conditi onal e xecut[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-3 1 Use of r15 If you use r15 as Rn , the v alue u sed is the addre ss of the ins truct ion plus 8. If you use r15 as Rd : • Exe cutio n branche s to the address correspond ing to the result. • If you u s e t he S suf fix, t h[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-3 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4. 3. 4 MO V an d MV N M ove a n d Move N ot . Syn tax MOV{ cond }{S} Rd , Operand2 MVN{ cond }{S} Rd , Operand2 where: cond is an opt ional co ndition code (see Conditi onal e xecution on pa ge 4-4) . S is a n optiona l suf f ix[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-3 3 Use of r15 If you use r15 as Rn , the v alue u sed is the addre ss of the ins truct ion plus 8. If you use r15 as Rd : • Exe cutio n branche s to the address correspond ing to the result. • If you u s e t he S suf fix, t h[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-3 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.3.5 CM P an d CMN Comp ar e an d Comp are N eg ati v e. Syn tax CMP{ cond } Rn , Operand2 CMN{ cond } Rn , Operand2 where: cond is an opt ional co ndition code (see Conditi onal e xecution on pa ge 4-4) . Rn is the ARM re gis t[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-3 5 Ar chitectures The se in str uct ion s are avail abl e in al l versi on s of th e ARM arc hit ectu re. Examples CMP r2,r9 CMN r0,#6400 CMPGT r13,r7,LSL #2 Incorrect exam ple CMP r2,r15,ASR r0 ; r15 not al lowed with register ;[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-3 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.3.6 TST an d TE Q T es t and T e st E quiv alence. Syn tax TST{ cond } Rn , Operand2 TEQ{ cond } Rn , Operand2 where: cond is an opt ional co ndition code (see Conditi onal e xecution on pa ge 4-4) . Rn is the ARM re gis ter ho[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-3 7 Ar chitectures The se in str uct ion s are avail abl e in al l versi on s of th e ARM arc hit ectu re. Examples TST r0,#0x3F8 TEQEQ r10,r9 TSTNE r1,r5,ASR r1 Incorrect exam ple TEQ r15,r1,ROR r0 ; r15 not al lowed with registe[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-3 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.3.7 CLZ Cou nt Le ad ing Ze roe s. Syn tax CLZ{ cond } Rd , Rm where: cond is an opt ional co ndition code (see Conditi onal e xecution on pa ge 4-4) . Rd is the ARM re gis ter fo r the re sult. Rd must not be r15. Rm is the op[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-3 9 4.4 ARM m u ltipl y instructio ns This sect ion cont ains the f ollo wing sub sect ions: • MUL and MLA on pa ge 4-4 0 Multi ply and m ultip ly-acc umulate (32-bit by 32-bit , bott om 32-bit res ult). • UMULL, UMLAL, SMULL [...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-4 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.4.1 M UL and ML A Multip ly and mult iply-acc umulate (32 -bit b y 32-b it, bott om 32- bit re sult). Syn tax MUL{ cond }{S} Rd , Rm , Rs MLA{ cond }{S} Rd , Rm , Rs , Rn where: cond is an opt ional co ndition code (see Conditi[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-4 1 Examples MUL r10,r2,r5 MLA r10,r2,r1,r5 MULS r0,r2,r2 MULLT r2,r3,r2 MLAVCS r8,r6,r3,r8 Incorrect exam ples MUL r15,r0,r3 ; use of r15 not allowed MLA r1,r1,r6 ; Rd cannot be t he same as Rm[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-4 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.4 .2 U MU LL, UM LAL , SMUL L and SM LAL Unsig ned and signe d long multi ply and multi ply accumu late (32 -bit by 32-bi t, 64-bit ac cum u late o r re su lt) . Syn tax Op { cond }{S} RdLo , RdHi , Rm , Rs where: Op is one of [...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-4 3 Condition fl ags If S is spe cif ied, th ese in stru cti ons: • up date the N a nd Z flag s acco rd ing to th e resu lt • cor ru pt th e C and V flag s in AR M ar chi tect ur e v4 an d ear lie r • do not af fect th e C o[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-4 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.4.3 SMU Lxy Sign ed multipl y (16-bi t by 16- bit, 32-bi t resu lt). Syn tax SMUL< x >< y >{ cond } Rd , Rm , Rs where: < x > is ei ther B or T . B means use th e bottom end (bit s [15:0]) of Rm , T me an s us[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-4 5 Incorrect exam ples SMULBT r15,r2,r0 ; use of r15 not allowed SMULTTS r0,r6,r2 ; use of S s uffix not allowed[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-4 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.4.4 SMLAxy Sign ed mult iply-accu m ul ate (16- bit b y 16-bit, 32-bit a ccumu late ). Syn tax SMLA< x >< y >{ cond } Rd , Rm , Rs , Rn where: < x > is ei ther B or T . B means use th e bottom end (bit s [15:0[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-4 7 Ar chitectures This instr uction is a v ail a bl e in all E va ri ants of ARM arc hit ectur e v5 and abov e. Examples SMLATT r8,r1,r0,r8 SMLABBNE r0,r2,r1,r10 SMLABT r0,r0,r3,r5 Incorrect exam ples SMLATB r0,r7,r8,r15 ; use of[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-4 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.4.5 SMU L Wy Sign ed mult iply (32-bi t by 16-bit , top 32 -bit res ult). Syn tax SMULW< y >{ cond } Rd , Rm , Rs where: < y > is ei ther B or T . B means use th e bottom end (bit s [15:0]) of Rs , T me an s use the[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-4 9 4.4.6 SMLA Wy Sig ned multipl y-accu mulate (32-b it by 16-bi t, top 32-bi t accumul ate). Syn tax SMLAW< y >{ cond } Rd , Rm , Rs , Rn where: < y > is ei ther B or T . B means use th e bottom end (bit s [15:0]) of[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-5 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B Ar chitectures This instr uction is a v ail able in all E v ar iant s of ARM arc hit ectur e v5 and a bov e. Examp les SMLAWB r2,r4,r7,r1 SMLAWTVS r0,r0,r9,r2 Incorrect exam ples SMLAWT r15,r9,r3,r1 ; use of r15 no t allowed SMLA[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-5 1 4.4.7 SMLALxy Sig ned mult iply-ac cumul ate (16- bit by 16- bit, 64-bit accu mula te). Syn tax SMLAL< x >< y >{ cond } RdLo , RdHi , Rm , Rs where: < x > is ei ther B or T . B means use th e bottom end (bit [...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-5 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B Examp les SMLALTB r2,r3,r7,r1 SMLALBTVS r0,r1,r9,r2 Incorrect exam ples SMLALTT r8,r9,r3,r15 ; use of r15 no t allowed SMLALBBS r0,r1,r5,r2 ; use of S suff ix not allowed[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-5 3 4.4.8 M IA, MIAPH, and MIAxy XSca le c opro cessor 0 inst ructio ns. Multi ply with inte rnal ac cumulat e (32-b it b y 32-bit, 40-b it accu mulate ). Multi ply with inte rnal ac cumul ate, pa cke d halfwor ds (16-b it by 16-b[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-5 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B The MIAxy instru ction mult iplies the si gned inte ger from the selecte d half of Rs by t he si gne d in t ege r fr om the se le ct ed h alf of Rm , an d adds t he 32- bit r esul t to the 40-bi t va lue in Acc . Condition fl ags[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-5 5 4.5 ARM s aturating arith metic instr uctions The se o perat ion s are saturating ( SAT ). T his mean s th at if overf low occ urs : • t he Q fl ag i s s et • if the f ull re su lt wo uld be l ess t han – 2 31 , the re s[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-5 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B Not e All v alues are t reate d as two ’ s comple m ent s ign ed inte ger s by the se inst ruction s . Condition fl ags The se in str uct ion s do no t affect the N , Z, C, an d V flag s . If s atu rat ion occ u rs, th ey set t[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-5 7 4.6 AR M br an ch ins t ruc ti on s This sect ion cont ains the f ollo wing sub sect ions: • B an d BL o n page 4- 58 Br anch , a nd Bra n ch w ith Li nk • BX on pa g e 4-59 Br anch an d ex cha nge in stru cti on set. • [...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-5 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.6.1 B and BL Br anch , a nd Bra nch wi th Lin k. Syn tax B{ cond } label BL{ cond } label where: cond is an opt ional co ndition code (see Conditi onal e xecution on pa ge 4-4) . label is a p ro gr am-r ela tive expre ss io n. [...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-5 9 4.6.2 BX Br anch , an d opt ion all y ex chan ge in str uct ion s et. Syn tax BX{ cond } Rm where: cond is an opt ional c onditio n code (see Cond itional exe cution on page 4-4 ). Rm is an ARM regi s t er containi ng the a dd[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-6 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.6.3 BLX Branc h with Link, and opt ionally e xchange i nstru ction set . This instruc t i on has tw o alt ern ative form s: • an uncon ditiona l branch with link to a progr a m-rel ati ve address • a condi tional branc h w [...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-6 1 Ar chitectures This instr uction is a v ail a bl e in all T va ri ants of ARM arc hit ectur e v5 and abov e. Examples BLX r2 BLXNE r0 BLX thumbsub Incorrect exam ple BLXMI thumbsub ; BLX label cann ot be conditional[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-6 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4 .7 ARM copr ocesso r inst r u ctions This se ction do es not des cribe V ector Floa ting-po int instruc tions (se e Chapter 6 Ve c t o r Float ing-poin t P r ogrammi ng ). It conta ins th e follo win g se ctions : • CDP , CDP[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-6 3 4.7.1 CDP , CDP2 Copr ocessor d a t a ope rations. Syn tax CDP{ cond } coproc , opcode1 , CRd , CRn , CRm {, opcode2 } CDP2 coproc , opcode1 , CRd , CRn , CRm {, op code2 } where: cond is an opt ional co ndition code (see Cond[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-6 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.7.2 MCR, MCR2, MCRR Mov e to coproce ssor from AR M regist e rs. D epe nding on th e coproc e ss or , you might b e able to spe cify v arious ope rations in a ddition . Syn tax MCR{ cond } coproc , opcode1 , Rd , CRn , CRm {, o[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-6 5 4.7.3 MRC, MRC2 Mov e to ARM re giste r from coprocess or . Dependin g on the copr ocess or , you might be able to spe c i fy va rious ope ration s in addition . Syn tax MRC{ cond } coproc , opcode1 , Rd , CRn , CRm {, opcode2[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-6 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.7.4 MRRC Mov e to tw o ARM reg isters fr om coproc essor . De pendin g on t he coproc essor , you might b e able to spe cify v a ri ous operati ons in additi on. Syn tax MRRC{ cond } coproc , opcode , Rd , Rn , CRm where: cond [...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-6 7 4.7.5 LDC , S TC T rans fer da ta betwe en memory a n d copro c essor . Syn tax The se in str uct ion s have th ree p oss ibl e form s : • zero of fset • pre-in dexed of fset • post -inde xed offs et. The synta x of the [...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-6 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B Ar chitectures LDC and STC ar e a vail abl e in AR M arch ite ctu re v ersi ons 2 a n d abov e.[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-6 9 4.7.6 LDC 2, STC2 Transf er data b etw een me mo ry a nd cop roc es sor, alte rn ative instr uc tio ns. Syn tax The se in str uct ion s have th ree p oss ibl e form s : • zero of fset • pre-in dexed of fset • post -inde [...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-7 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B Ar chitectures LDC2 and STC2 ar e a vail abl e in AR M arch ite ctu re v ersi ons 5 a n d abov e.[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-7 1 4. 8 Mi scellaneo u s ARM instr uction s This sect ion cont ains the f ollo wing sub sect ions: • SWI on pa ge 4- 72 Softwa re interrupt • MRS on page 4-73 Move the conten ts of the CPSR or SPSR to a general-pur pose re gi[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-7 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.8.1 SWI Softwar e interrupt. Syn tax SWI{ cond } immed_24 where: cond is an opt ional co ndition code (see Conditi onal e xecution on pa ge 4-4) . immed_24 is an expre ssion e val uating to a n inte ger in the range 0-2 24 – [...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-7 3 4.8.2 MRS Move the conten ts of the CPSR or SPSR to a general-pur pose re gist er . Syn tax MRS{ cond } Rd , psr where: cond is an opt ional c onditio n code (see Cond itional exe cution on page 4-4 ). Rd is the d estin ation [...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-7 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.8.3 MSR Load speci f ied fields of the CPS R or SPSR with an immediat e c on stant, or f rom the conte nts of a general-p urpose regis ter . Syn tax MSR{ cond } < psr >_< fields >, # immed_8r MSR{ cond } < psr &g[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-7 5 Example MSR CPSR_f, r5[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-7 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.8.4 BKPT Break poin t. Syn tax BKPT immed_16 where: immed_16 is an expre ssion e val uating to an int eger in the range 0-65535 (a 16-bit inte ger). immed_16 is igno red by ARM hardw are, but c a n be used by a debu gger t o st[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-7 7 4.8.5 M AR, MRA XSca le c opro cessor 0 inst ructio ns. T rans fer betwe en two general -pur pose regi sters an d a 40-bi t internal accu mulator . Syn tax MAR{ cond } Acc , RdLo , RdHi MRA{ cond } RdLo , RdHi , Acc where: con[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-7 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4 .9 ARM p seudo -ins truct ions The ARM assemble r s u pports a number of p seudo-ins truct ions that are tra nsla ted into the app ropri ate combinat ion of ARM or T humb inst ruc t ions a t assembly t ime. The p seudo- instru [...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-7 9 4.9.1 ADR ARM pseudo-instruction Load a pr ogram-rela ti ve or re gist er-re lati ve a ddr ess i nto a reg ister . Syn tax ADR{ cond } register , expr where: cond is an opt ional c onditio n code . register is the re gister to[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-8 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.9.2 ADRL ARM pseu do-instru ction Load a p rogra m-r elati ve o r reg is te r- rel at iv e addr ess in to a re gis ter . It is sim il ar to th e ADR pse udo-instruc tion. ADRL ca n loa d a wider range of a ddres ses than ADR be[...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-8 1 If expr is p rog ram -re la tive, i t m us t evalua te t o an add res s in t he sa me cod e se ct ion as t he ADRL pseud o-inst ructio n. Otherwis e, it mig ht be out o f range afte r linking . Example start MOV r0,#10 ADRL r4[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-8 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.9 .3 LD R ARM ps eudo -in struct ion Load a reg ister wi th ei ther: • a 32- bit cons tant value • an ad dr ess . Not e This sect ion descri bes the LD R pse udo -ins tructi on only . See ARM me mo ry a ccess in stru ction [...]

AR M Inst ruc tio n Refe renc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 4-8 3 Usage The LDR pseudo -inst ruction i s used for two main pur poses: • T o generate lit eral const ants when an imm ediate v a l ue cannot be mov ed into a re gis ter be ca us e it i s out o f r a nge o f t h e MOV and MVN in[...]

ARM Instructi on Reference 4-8 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 4.9.4 NO P ARM pseud o-instruction NOP generate s the pref erred ARM no-ope ration code . The fol lowi ng instruction m ight be used, bu t this is not gu arante ed: MOV r0, r0 Syn tax NOP Usage NOP ca nnot be used condi tionally [...]

ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 5-1 Chapter 5 Thumb In struction Refere nce Thi s ch apt er de scri b es the Thu mb in s tru ctio ns th a t are pr ovid ed by t he A RM as sem b ler and the inline ass emblers in the ARM C and C++ compil ers. I t contai ns the follo wing secti ons: • Thum b memo[...]

Th umb Ins tru ctio n Ref ere nc e 5-2 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B T able 5-1 Location of Thumb ins t r uctions and pseu do-instruct ions Inst ructi on mnemoni c Brief descr i pt ion P age Arch i t ecture a ADC Add wi th car ry page 5-2 1 4T ADD Add page 5-15 4T ADR Lo ad addre ss ( pseudo[...]

Thum b Instr uc tio n Ref ere nc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 5-3 ROR Ro ta te r ight pag e 5 -24 4T SBC S ubtra ct wi th c arry pag e 5- 21 4T STMIA S tore mul tiple re gist ers, in crem ent aft er pag e 5-13 4T STR S tore re gis ter , immedi ate of fset pag e 5-5 4T STR S tore re g iste r[...]

Th umb Ins tru ctio n Ref ere nc e 5-4 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B 5. 1 Thum b memory access in struct ions This section contain s th e follo wing subsect ions: • LDR and STR, imme diate of fset on pa ge 5-5 Load Re gis ter an d Sto re Re gist er . Add re ss i n me m ory spec if ied as a[...]

Thum b Instr uc tio n Ref ere nc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 5-5 5.1.1 LDR and STR, im mediate offset Load Reg iste r and Stor e Re gist er . Addre ss i n memory s peci fied as an i mmedia te of fset from a va lue in a re gister . Syn tax op Rd , [ Rn , # immed_5x4 ] op H Rd , [ Rn , # imm[...]

Th umb Ins tru ctio n Ref ere nc e 5-6 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B Address alig nment f o r word and halfword transfers The address must be divi s ible by 4 for wor d transf ers, and by 2 for ha lfword tra nsfers. If your system has a system c oprocess or (cp 15), yo u can e nable alig nme[...]

Thum b Instr uc tio n Ref ere nc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 5-7 5.1.2 LDR and STR, re gister offset Load Re gis ter and S tor e Regi ster . Addre ss in memory spec if i ed as a re gis ter -base d offs et f ro m a va lue i n a regi ster. Syn tax op Rd , [ Rn , Rm ] where: op is one of th e[...]

Th umb Ins tru ctio n Ref ere nc e 5-8 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B Address alig nment f o r word and halfword transfers The address must be divi s ible by 4 for wor d transf ers, and by 2 for ha lfword tra nsfers. If your system has a system c oprocess or (cp 15), yo u can e nable alig nme[...]

Thum b Instr uc tio n Ref ere nc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 5-9 5.1.3 LDR and STR, p c or sp relative Load Reg iste r and Stor e Re gist er . Addre ss i n memory s peci fied as an i mmedia te of fset fr om a val ue in the p c or th e sp . Not e Ther e is n o pc-re lati ve ST R ins tr uct [...]

Th umb Ins tru ctio n Ref ere nc e 5-1 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B If your system does no t hav e a s ystem coproces sor (cp15), or alig nment c heckin g is disa bled: • A non-ali gned load corrupt s Rd . • A non-ali gned sav e corrup ts fo ur bytes in m emory . The corrupt ed locati[...]

Thum b Instr uc tio n Ref ere nc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 5-1 1 5.1.4 P USH and POP Push lo w regis ters, and opt ionall y the lr , ont o t he stack. Pop lo w regi sters, and optional l y the pc, of f the stack . Syn tax PUSH { reglist } POP { reglist } PUSH { reglist , lr} POP { reglis[...]

Th umb Ins tru ctio n Ref ere nc e 5-1 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B POP { reg list , pc} This i nstructi on cause s a branc h to t he address popped o ff the s tac k into the pc. Thi s is usua lly a return fr om a subro utine, wher e the lr was p ushed onto the sta c k at the s tart of th[...]

Thum b Instr uc tio n Ref ere nc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 5-1 3 5.1.5 LDM IA and STMIA Load and store m ultipl e regi ster s. Syn tax op Rn !, { reglist } where: op is ei ther: LDMIA L oad m ult ipl e, i nc rem ent aft er STMIA Store mul tiple , increme nt after . Rn is the re gister co[...]

Th umb Ins tru ctio n Ref ere nc e 5-1 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B Examp les LDMIA r3!, {r0,r4} LDMIA r5!, {r0-r7} STMIA r0!, {r6,r7} STMIA r3!, {r3,r5,r7} Incorrect exam ples LDMIA r3!,{r0,r9} ; high registers not al lowed STMIA r5!, {} ; must be at least one register ; in list STMIA r5[...]

Thum b Instr uc tio n Ref ere nc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 5-1 5 5 .2 Thum b arithm etic instr uction s This sect ion cont ains the f ollo wing sub sect ions: • ADD and SUB, low r e gist ers on pa ge 5-16 Add and subtra ct. • ADD, high or low r e gister s on page 5-18 Add va lues in [...]

Th umb Ins tru ctio n Ref ere nc e 5-1 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 5.2.1 ADD and SUB, low registers Add and subtra c t. Ther e are three forms of these instr uctions that ope rate on lo w registers. Y ou ca n: • add or s ubtra c t the c ontent s of two r egist ers, and place the result[...]

Thum b Instr uc tio n Ref ere nc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 5-1 7 Not e An ADD ins tructi on wit h a n egati ve v alue for expr3 or expr 8 assemb les to the corre spondin g SUB instr uction wi th a pos iti v e cons tant . A SUB inst ruct ion wi th a ne gati ve va lue for expr3 or expr8 as[...]

Th umb Ins tru ctio n Ref ere nc e 5-1 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 5.2.2 ADD, high or l ow registers Add va lues in re gisters, re turning the resul t to the firs t operand re gister . Syn tax ADD Rd , Rm where: Rd is the desti nation reg ister . It is als o used for the firs t operand. [...]

Thum b Instr uc tio n Ref ere nc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 5-1 9 5.2.3 ADD and SUB, s p In crem ent or de crem en t sp by an im me diat e co ns tan t. Syn tax ADD sp, # expr SUB sp, # expr where: expr is a n e xpressi on that ev aluate s (at as sembly time) to a mult iple o f 4 in the ra[...]

Th umb Ins tru ctio n Ref ere nc e 5-2 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 5. 2.4 ADD, pc or sp relati ve Add an imm ediat e cons tant to the val ue from sp or pc, an d p lace the r esul t into a lo w regi ster . Syn tax ADD Rd , Rp , # expr where: Rd is the de stinat ion re gis ter . Rd must b [...]

Thum b Instr uc tio n Ref ere nc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 5-2 1 5.2.5 ADC, SBC, a nd MUL Add with ca rry , Subtr a c t with carry , and Multip ly . Syn tax op Rd , Rm where: op is one of ADC , SBC , or MUL . Rd is the d esti nation reg ister . It also c ontains the f ir st oper and. Rm [...]

Th umb Ins tru ctio n Ref ere nc e 5-2 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 5.3 Thumb g eneral d ata pr ocessing in struc tions This section contain s th e follo wing subsect ions: • AND , OR R, EOR , and BIC on page 5-23 Bitwis e l ogical oper ations. • ASR, LSL, LSR, and R OR on pa ge 5-24 [...]

Thum b Instr uc tio n Ref ere nc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 5-2 3 5.3.1 AND, ORR, EOR, and BI C Bitwi s e l ogical operat ions. Syn tax op Rd , Rm where: op is one of AND , ORR , EOR , or BIC . Rd is the destina tion re gist er . It also c ontain s the firs t opera nd. Rd mu st be i n the[...]

Th umb Ins tru ctio n Ref ere nc e 5-2 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 5.3 .2 A SR, LSL , LS R, and ROR Shif t and rotat e operation s . Thes e inst ruction s can use a va lue cont ained in a re gist er , or an im me diat e shi ft va lu e. Syn tax op Rd , Rs op Rd , Rm , # expr where: op is [...]

Thum b Instr uc tio n Ref ere nc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 5-2 5 Reg ister- control led shi ft Thes e i nstr u ction s ta ke th e v alue fr om Rd , apply the shi ft to it, and plac e the resul t back int o Rd . On ly the leas t sig ni fic ant byt e of Rs is us ed for th e shift v alu e. [...]

Th umb Ins tru ctio n Ref ere nc e 5-2 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 5.3.3 CM P an d CMN Comp ar e an d Comp are N eg ati v e. Syn tax CMP Rn , # expr CMP Rn , Rm CMN Rn , Rm where: Rn is the re gister cont ainin g the fir s t o perand. expr is an e xpre ssion th at e val uates (at ass e m[...]

Thum b Instr uc tio n Ref ere nc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 5-2 7 Examples CMP r2,#255 CMP r7,r12 ; high register IS a llowed with CMP Rn,Rm CMN r1,r5 Incorrect exam ples CMP r2,#508 ; immediate value ou t of range CMP r9,#24 ; high register not allowed with #expr CMN r0,r10 ; high regist[...]

Th umb Ins tru ctio n Ref ere nc e 5-2 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 5.3.4 M O V , MVN , an d NEG M ove, Move NOT , an d N ega te . Syn tax MOV Rd , # expr MOV Rd , Rm MVN Rd , Rm NEG Rd , Rm where: Rd is the de stinat ion re gis ter . expr is an e xpre ssion th at e val uates (at ass e mb[...]

Thum b Instr uc tio n Ref ere nc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 5-2 9 Condition fl ags MOV Rd ,# expr and MVN inst ru ctio ns up dat e the N and Z fl ags . Th ey have no effe ct on t h e C or V flag s. NEG ins truct ion s update the N, Z, C, a nd V f la g s. MOV Rd , Rm be ha ves a s f ol low[...]

Th umb Ins tru ctio n Ref ere nc e 5-3 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 5.3.5 TST Te s t b i t s . Syn tax TST Rn , Rm where: Rn is the re gister cont ainin g the fir s t o perand. Rm is the re gister cont ainin g t he second opera nd. Usage This i nstructi on perfor ms a bit wise logica l AN[...]

Thum b Instr uc tio n Ref ere nc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 5-3 1 5 .4 Thum b branc h instru ctio ns This sect ion cont ains the f ollo wing sub sect ions: • B on pa ge 5-32 Br anch . • BL on page 5-34 Br anch wit h Link . • BX on pa g e 5-35 Br anch an d ex cha nge in stru cti on s[...]

Th umb Ins tru ctio n Ref ere nc e 5-3 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 5.4.1 B Bra nch. T hi s i s the o nly ins tr uction in th e Thumb inst ruct ion s et t hat c an be condit ional. Syn tax B{ cond } label where: cond is an opt ional condit ion code (see T a bl e 5-2 on page 5-33). label i[...]

Thum b Instr uc tio n Ref ere nc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 5-3 3 T a bl e 5-2 Condition codes for Thumb B instru ction Suffi x Flags Meaning EQ Z set Equ al NE Z clear Not e qual CS/H S C set Hig her or sa me (un signe d > = ) CC/L O C clear Lo wer (un signed < ) MI N se t Neg at i[...]

Th umb Ins tru ctio n Ref ere nc e 5-3 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 5.4.2 BL Long bra nch with Link. Syn tax BL label where: label is a p ro gr am-r ela tive expre ss io n. S ee Re gister -re lativ e and pr ogr am-r ela tive ex pre ssions on page 3-23 for more informati on. Usage The BL i[...]

Thum b Instr uc tio n Ref ere nc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 5-3 5 5.4.3 BX Br anch , an d opt ion all y ex chan ge in str uct ion s et. Syn tax BX Rm where: Rm is an ARM regi s t er containi ng the a ddress t o b ranch to. Bit 0 of Rm is not used as part of the address . If bit 0 of Rm is[...]

Th umb Ins tru ctio n Ref ere nc e 5-3 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 5.4.4 BLX Branc h with Link, and opt ionally e xchange i nstruct ion set. Syn tax BLX Rm BLX label where: Rm is an ARM regis ter co ntaini ng the addre ss to branch to. Bit 0 of Rm is not used as part of the addres s. If [...]

Thum b Instr uc tio n Ref ere nc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 5-3 7 5 .5 Thumb software in terrupt and b reakpo int ins tructi ons This sect ion cont ains the f ollo wing sub sect ions: • SWI • BKP T on page 5-38. 5.5.1 SWI Softwa re interrupt. Syn tax SWI immed_8 where: immed_8 is a nu[...]

Th umb Ins tru ctio n Ref ere nc e 5-3 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 5.5.2 BKPT Break poin t. Syn tax BKPT immed_8 where: immed_8 is an expre ssion e val uating to a n inte ger in the range 0-255. Usage The BKPT instructi on causes the proc essor to enter Deb ug mode. Deb ug tools can use [...]

Thum b Instr uc tio n Ref ere nc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 5-3 9 5 .6 Thum b pseudo -in struc tions The ARM assemble r s upport s a numbe r of Thum b pseudo-in s t ructio ns that are tr anslated into the a ppropria te T humb i nstru ctions a t asse mbly ti m e. The p seudo- instr uctions[...]

Th umb Ins tru ctio n Ref ere nc e 5-4 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 5.6.1 ADR Thumb pseudo-instruction The ADR pseudo- instr uction lo ads a program-rel ati v e addres s into a regi ster . Syn tax ADR register , expr where: register is the re gister to load. expr is a program -relati ve e[...]

Thum b Instr uc tio n Ref ere nc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 5-4 1 5.6.2 LDR T humb pse udo -ins truct ion The LDR pseudo -inst ruction l oads a lo w regi ster with ei ther: • a 32 -bit cons tant value • an ad dr ess . Not e This sect ion descri bes the LDR pse udo -ins tructi on only [...]

Th umb Ins tru ctio n Ref ere nc e 5-4 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B • T o loa d a prog ram-rela tiv e or e xternal address into a r egis ter . The a ddress remains va lid rega rdles s of whe r e the link er places the ELF secti on contai ning the LDR . Examp le LDR r1, =0xfff ; loads 0x[...]

Thum b Instr uc tio n Ref ere nc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 5-4 3 5. 6.3 NO P T hum b ps eu do-i ns tr uct i on NOP genera tes the pre ferred Thumb no- operation ins truct ion. The fol lowi ng instruct ion might b e used, b ut thi s is not guara nteed : MOV r8,r8 Syn tax The syntax for NO[...]

Th umb Ins tru ctio n Ref ere nc e 5-4 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B[...]

ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 6-1 Chapter 6 V ector Floating- point Pr ogramming This c ha pter provid e s r e fe rence i nformation about pro gra mming the V ect or Flo ating-p oint c oprocessor in As sembly lang ua ge. It conta ins the follow ing s ections : • The v e c tor fl oating-po in[...]

Ve ctor Flo ating- poi nt Pr ogr ammi ng 6-2 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B T able 6- 1 Location of d escription s of VFP inst ructi ons Mnemoni c Br ief descr iption P age O peration Arc hitecture FAB S Abs olu te va lue pag e 6-1 6 V ec t or Al l FAD D Add pag e 6 -18 V ec t or Al l FCM P C[...]

V ecto r Fl oa tin g-poi nt Pro gra mmi ng ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 6-3 FNE G Ne gat e page 6- 16 V ect or All FNM AC Ne gat e - multi pl y -accu mulate page 6- 27 V ect or All FNM SC Ne gat e-multi pl y -subt ract pa ge 6-27 V ect or All FNM UL Ne gat e-m ultip ly page 6- 34 V e ctor All[...]

Ve ctor Flo ating- poi nt Pr ogr ammi ng 6-4 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B 6 .1 T h e vecto r f loati ng-p oint co pr ocesso r The V ec tor Fl oa ti ng- P o in t (VFP) co processor , togeth er with ass ociated s upport code , provi des single- pre cis ion and dou ble-preci sion flo ating-p o[...]

V ecto r Fl oa tin g-poi nt Pro gra mmi ng ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 6-5 6. 2 Float ing-p oint regis ters The V ecto r Floati ng-point c oproce ssor has 32 singl e-precis ion re gist ers, s0 to s31 . Each reg ister can conta in e i t her a sing le-precis ion floating-po int va lue, or a 32[...]

Ve ctor Flo ating- poi nt Pr ogr ammi ng 6-6 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B 6.2.2 V ectors A vect or can use up to eight s ingle- precisi on regis ters, or four double -preci sion regi ste rs, from the same b ank. The number of regis ters used b y a ve ctor i s c ontrolle d by th e LEN bits i[...]

V ecto r Fl oa tin g-poi nt Pro gra mmi ng ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 6-7 6 .3 V ector an d scalar op erations Y ou can use VFP arithm etic ins tructi ons to operat e: • on sc alars • on vec tors • on scala rs and v ectors toge th er . Use th e LEN bits in the FPSCR to c ontrol th e l[...]

Ve ctor Flo ating- poi nt Pr ogr ammi ng 6-8 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B 6 .4 VFP an d condi tio n code s Y ou can use a c onditi on code to co ntrol t he ex ecut ion of any VF P ins tructi on. T he inst ructi on is ex ecut ed condi tional ly , a ccordi ng to the stat us flags in th e CPSR[...]

V ecto r Fl oa tin g-poi nt Pro gra mmi ng ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 6-9 Not e The type of the ins tructi on that la st update d the flags in th e CPSR dete rmines the meaning of c onditio n codes. HI Unsi gned higher Greater than, or unorde r e d LS Unsi gned l ower or same Less t han or [...]

Ve ctor Flo ating- poi nt Pr ogr ammi ng 6-1 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 6 .5 VFP sys tem re gister s Thr ee VF P s yste m r egi ster s ar e ac ce ssib le to you in all imp lem en tat ion s of V FP: • FPSCR, t he float ing-p oint status and contr ol re giste r • FPEXC, the floa ting-[...]

V ecto r Fl oa tin g-poi nt Pro gra mmi ng ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 6-1 1 bits[1 8:16] LEN is the number o f regis ters u s ed by each v ect or (s ee Ve c t o r s on page 6-6). It is 1 + t he va lue of bits[1 8:16]: 0b000 LEN = 1 . . 0b111 LEN = 8. bits[12:8] a re the exc ept ion t rap en[...]

Ve ctor Flo ating- poi nt Pr ogr ammi ng 6-1 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 6. 5.2 FPEXC, th e flo ating -point e xceptio n r egist e r Y ou c an on ly ac ces s th e FPEXC in priv ileged modes . It cont ains the fol lowi ng bits: bit[ 31] is the EX bit. Y ou can read it in all VF P implemen[...]

V ecto r Fl oa tin g-poi nt Pro gra mmi ng ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 6-1 3 6 .6 Flush-to -zer o mod e Some i mplementat ions of VFP use supp ort code t o handle denormali zed numbe rs. The perform ance of s uch syst ems, in ca lcul ations in vol ving denorm alized nu mbers, i s much le ss [...]

Ve ctor Flo ating- poi nt Pr ogr ammi ng 6-1 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 6.6.3 Operations not affected b y flush-to-zero mode The fol lowi ng operati ons can be carrie d out on denormaliz ed numbers e ven in flus h-to-ze ro mode, wi thout f lushing the re sult s t o zero: • Copy , ab s[...]

V ecto r Fl oa tin g-poi nt Pro gra mmi ng ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 6-1 5 6.7 VFP in struct ions This sect ion cont ains the f ollo wing sub sect ions: • F ABS , F CPY , an d FN EG on pa ge 6-16 Flo ating-p oint absolu te v alue , c opy , and negat e. • F ADD and F SUB o n page 6- 18 [...]

Ve ctor Flo ating- poi nt Pr ogr ammi ng 6-1 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 6. 7.1 F ABS, F CPY , and FN EG Floati ng-point cop y , absol ute v alue, a nd neg ate. Th e se i ns tr uc ti on s c an be s ca la r, vec tor, or mi xe d ( se e V ector and s calar o pe r ations on page 6-7) . Syn t[...]

V ecto r Fl oa tin g-poi nt Pro gra mmi ng ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 6-1 7 Examples FABSD d3, d5 FNEGSMI s15, s15[...]

Ve ctor Flo ating- poi nt Pr ogr ammi ng 6-1 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 6.7.2 F ADD an d FSUB Floati ng-point a dd and s ubtrac t. FADD and FSUB can be scala r, vector , or m i xed (see V e c tor and scal ar oper ations on page 6-7) . Syn tax FADD< precision >{ cond } Fd , Fn , Fm[...]

V ecto r Fl oa tin g-poi nt Pro gra mmi ng ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 6-1 9 6.7.3 FCMP Fl oa ti ng -po i nt c om pa r e. FCMP is al ways scal ar . Syn tax FCMP{E}< precision >{ cond } Fd , Fm FCMP{E}Z< precision >{ cond } Fd where: E is an optiona l parameter . If E i s pr esen [...]

Ve ctor Flo ating- poi nt Pr ogr ammi ng 6-2 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 6.7.4 FCVTD S Con ve rt singl e-prec isio n fl oatin g-point to double -precision. FCVTDS is alway s sca l ar . Syn tax FCVTDS{ cond } Dd , Sm where: cond is a n option al con dition code (se e VFP an d condit i o n[...]

V ecto r Fl oa tin g-poi nt Pro gra mmi ng ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 6-2 1 6.7.5 FCVTSD Con ve rt double- pre cis ion f loati ng-point to single -precision. FCVTSD is al ways scal ar . Syn tax FCVTSD{ cond } Sd, Dm where: cond is a n optio na l condit ion code (se e VFP a nd condi tio n co[...]

Ve ctor Flo ating- poi nt Pr ogr ammi ng 6-2 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 6.7.6 FDIV Floati ng-point di vi de. FDIV can be sc alar, ve cto r , o r mi xed (see V ector and sca lar oper atio ns on page 6-7) . Syn tax FDIV< precision >{ cond } Fd , Fn , Fm where: < precision > mu[...]

V ecto r Fl oa tin g-poi nt Pro gra mmi ng ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 6-2 3 6.7.7 FLD and FST Flo ating-p oint l oa d and store . Syn tax FLD< precision >{ cond } Fd , [ Rn {, # offset }] FST< precision >{ cond } Fd , [ Rn {, # offset }] FLD< precision >{ cond } Fd , label[...]

Ve ctor Flo ating- poi nt Pr ogr ammi ng 6-2 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B FLDSNE s3, [r2, #72+count] FSTS s2, [r5] FLDD d2, [r15, #addr-{PC}] FLDS s9, fpconst[...]

V ecto r Fl oa tin g-poi nt Pro gra mmi ng ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 6-2 5 6.7.8 FLDM and FSTM Flo ating- point load multipl e and s t ore m ult iple. Syn tax FLDM< addressmode >< precision >{ cond } Rn ,{! } VFPregisters FSTM< addressmode >< precision >{ cond } Rn [...]

Ve ctor Flo ating- poi nt Pr ogr ammi ng 6-2 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B Usage The FLDM instru ction lo ads sev eral consec uti ve floa ting-poi nt regis ters from memory . The FSTM instr uction s av es t he contents of se ver a l cons ecuti ve flo ating-p oint regis ters to memo ry . If[...]

V ecto r Fl oa tin g-poi nt Pro gra mmi ng ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 6-2 7 6.7.9 FM A C, FNMA C, FM S C , and FNM SC Flo ating-p oint mul tiply-a ccumula t e , neg ate-mult iply-a c cumu late, multiply- s ub tract and negate -multiply -subtract . Thes e i nstructi ons can be sc alar , v ec[...]

Ve ctor Flo ating- poi nt Pr ogr ammi ng 6-2 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B FNMSCSLE s6, s0, s26[...]

V ecto r Fl oa tin g-poi nt Pro gra mmi ng ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 6-2 9 6.7.10 FMDRR and FMRRD T rans fer conte nts be tween two ARM re giste rs and a doubl e-pr ecisio n floatin g-point reg ister . Syn tax FMDRR{ cond } Dn , Rd , Rn FMRRD{ cond } Rd , Rn , Dn where: cond is a n optio n[...]

Ve ctor Flo ating- poi nt Pr ogr ammi ng 6-3 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 6.7.11 FMDHR, FMDLR, FM RDH, and FMRDL T rans fer conte nts bet ween an ARM regis ter an d a hal f of a double -preci sion float ing-poin t regist er . Syn tax FMDHR{ cond } Dn , Rd FMDLR{ cond } Dn , Rd FMRDH{ cond[...]

V ecto r Fl oa tin g-poi nt Pro gra mmi ng ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 6-3 1 6.7.12 FMRS and FMSR T rans fer conte nts be tween a singl e-prec isio n fl oatin g-point regi ster a nd an ARM reg ister . Syn tax FMRS{ cond } Rd , Sn FMSR{ cond } Sn , Rd where: cond is a n optio na l condit ion [...]

Ve ctor Flo ating- poi nt Pr ogr ammi ng 6-3 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 6.7.13 FMRRS and FMSRR T rans fer conte nts betw een two sin gle-pre cision floa ting-point re giste rs and two ARM registers. Syn tax FMRRS{ cond } Rd , Rn , { Sn , Sm } FMSRR{ cond } { Sn , Sm }, Rd , Rn where: co[...]

V ecto r Fl oa tin g-poi nt Pro gra mmi ng ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 6-3 3 6.7.14 FMRX , FMXR , and FMST A T T rans fer conte nts be tween an ARM regi ster and a VFP system re gister . Syn tax FMRX{ cond } Rd , VFPsysreg FMXR{ cond } VFPsysreg , Rd FMSTAT{ cond } where: cond is a n optio n[...]

Ve ctor Flo ating- poi nt Pr ogr ammi ng 6-3 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 6.7.15 FMUL and FNMUL Floa ting-po int mult iply and neg ate-mul tiply . FMUL and FNMUL can be scala r , ve ctor , or mi xe d (s ee V ector and scal ar oper ations on pa g e 6- 7) . Syn tax FMUL< precision >{ [...]

V ecto r Fl oa tin g-poi nt Pro gra mmi ng ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 6-3 5 6.7.16 FSI T O and FUIT O Con ve rt s igned inte ge r to f loatin g-point a n d uns igned inte ge r to fl oating-poi nt. FSITO and FUITO are al wa ys sc al ar . Syn tax FSITO< precision >{ cond } Fd , Sm FUITO[...]

Ve ctor Flo ating- poi nt Pr ogr ammi ng 6-3 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 6.7.17 FSQRT Floati ng-point squa re root instr uc t ion. This i nstructi on c an be sca lar , v ect or , or mix e d (see V ector and scal ar oper ations on p a ge 6- 7). Syn tax FSQRT< precision >{ cond } Fd [...]

V ecto r Fl oa tin g-poi nt Pro gra mmi ng ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 6-3 7 6.7.18 FTOSI and FT O UI Con ve rt flo ating-point to signed i nteger a n d floa ting-point to unsi gned inte g er . FTOSI and FTOUI are al wa ys sc al ar . Syn tax FTOSI{Z}< precision >{ cond } Sd , Fm FTOUI{[...]

Ve ctor Flo ating- poi nt Pr ogr ammi ng 6-3 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 6 .8 VFP ps eudo- inst ructio n There i s one VFP pseu do-ins truction. 6.8 .1 FL D pse udo -in struct ion The FLD pseu do-instruc tion loads a VFP float ing-point regi ster wit h a singl e -p recisio n or double -p[...]

V ecto r Fl oa tin g-poi nt Pro gra mmi ng ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 6-3 9 Examples FLDD d1,=3.12E106 ; loads 3.12E106 into d1 FLDS s31,=3.12E-16 ; loads 3.12E-16 into s31[...]

Ve ctor Flo ating- poi nt Pr ogr ammi ng 6-4 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 6 .9 VFP dir ectives and vector notation This sectio n applies only to armasm . The inl ine as semble rs in th e C and C++ compil ers do not accep t the se direct iv es or vect or notati on. Y ou can make asse rtion[...]

V ecto r Fl oa tin g-poi nt Pro gra mmi ng ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 6-4 1 6.9.1 VFP ASSERT SCALAR The VFPASSERT SCALAR dir ecti ve infor m s the ass embler that foll owin g VFP inst ruction s are in sc alar mo de. Syn tax VFPASSERT SCALAR Usage Use the VFPASSERT SCALAR dire c t iv e to m [...]

Ve ctor Flo ating- poi nt Pr ogr ammi ng 6-4 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 6.9.2 VFP ASSERT V ECTO R The VFPASSERT VECTOR dir ecti ve i nfor ms the a ssem bler t hat f ollo wing VFP ins tr uction s are in v ector mode . It can also spe cify the lengt h and stride of the v ectors. Syn tax V[...]

V ecto r Fl oa tin g-poi nt Pro gra mmi ng ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 6-4 3 Example FMRX r10,FPSCR BIC r10,r10,#0x00370000 ORR r10,r10,#0x00020000 ; set length = 3, stride = 1 FMXR FPSCR,r10 VFPASS ERT VECTOR ; assert vector mode, unspecified length and stride faddd d4, d4, d0 ; ERROR, scal[...]

Ve ctor Flo ating- poi nt Pr ogr ammi ng 6-4 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B[...]

ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-1 Chapter 7 Direct ives Refe rence Thi s ch apt er de scri bes th e dir ect ives tha t are p rov ided by the AR M ass emb l er, armasm . It cont ains th e follo win g se ctions: • Alpha be t ical li st of dir ectives on pa ge 7-2 • Symbol de fin ition dir ec[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-2 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B 7.1 Alphab etical list o f directives T able 7-1 Loca t ion of descr ipti ons of directiv es ALIGN on pa ge 7-50 EXPORT or GLOB AL on pag e 7-58 INCLUDE on pa ge 7-63 AREA on pa ge 7- 52 EXPORT AS on pa g e 7- 59 INF O on page 7-45 ASSE[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-3 7 .2 Symbol definit ion dir ectives This sect ion des cribes the f ollo wing direc ti ves : • GBLA, GBLL, and GBLS on page 7-4 Declar e a global ari thmetic , lo gical , or string v a ri able. • LCLA, LCL L, and LCLS on pa g e 7-[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-4 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B 7.2.1 GB LA, G BLL, and G BLS The GBLA dire cti ve de clar es a gl obal ari thmetic v a ri able, and in itial izes its v alue to 0 . The GBLL direc ti ve dec lares a gl obal logica l v a ri able, and initi a li zes i t s v alue t o {FAL[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-5 Examples Exam ple 7-1 decl ar es a v a ria ble objec tsize , sets the val ue of objectsize to 0xFF , an d the n us es it la ter in a SP AC E d ir ec tive. Example 7-1 GBLA objectsize ; decl are the variable name objectsize SETA 0xFF [...]

Directives Refe rence 7-6 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B 7. 2.2 LCL A, LC L L, an d LCLS The LCLA dire ct iv e decl ares a loca l ar ith meti c var iab le, and init ializ es its v alue to 0. The LCLL dir ec tive de cla res a loc al logi ca l vari able , an d in itia l iz es it s valu e to {FA[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-7 7. 2.3 SET A, SET L, a nd SETS The SETA dire cti ve s ets th e va lue of a lo cal or glo bal a rit hmet ic va ria ble. The SETL dire cti v e set s the v alue of a l oca l or glo bal lo gica l vari able. The SETS di re ctive se ts th [...]

Directives Refe rence 7-8 C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 A RM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts r es erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B 7.2.4 RLIST The RLIST (regis ter li st) direct iv e gi ves a name to a set of genera l-purpose regi sters. Syn tax name RLIST { list-of-registers } where: name is the name to be giv en to the set of reg isters . name canno t be t he sam[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-9 7.2.5 CN The CN direct iv e def ines a name for a coproc essor regis ter . Syn tax name CN expr where: name is t he name to be defi ne d for the coproc essor re gister . name cannot be the sam e as an y of th e pr edef ined n ame s l[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-1 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.2.6 CP The CP directi ve def i nes a nam e for a specifi e d coproc e ssor . The coprocessor num ber must be wit hin the ran ge 0 to 15. Syn tax name CP expr where: name is the name to be assigne d to the coproce ssor . name cann ot[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-1 1 7.2.7 DN and SN The DN direct iv e def ines a na me for a specif ied doub le-precis ion VFP regi s ter . The names d0-d15 a n d D0-D 15 are prede fine d. The SN directi ve defi ne s a name for a specif ied singl e-precis ion VFP re[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-1 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.2.8 FN The FN direct iv e def ines a name for a specif ied FP A float ing-point regis ter . The names f0-f 7 and F 0-F7 are predef ined. Syn tax name FN expr where: name is the na me to be assi gned t o the floating -point regist er[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-1 3 7 .3 Data de finition direc tives This sect ion des cribes the f ollo wing direc ti ves : • LTO R G o n page 7-14 Set a n orig in for a li teral pool. • MAP on page 7-15 Se t the o rig i n of a st ora ge m ap. • FIE LD on pag[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-1 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.3.1 L T ORG The LTORG d irect iv e in struc ts the asse mble r t o as semb le t he cu rren t li teral pool imm edi atel y . Syn tax LTORG Usage The assembl er ass embles the curre nt li teral pool at the end of ev e ry code secti on[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-1 5 7.3.2 MAP The MAP di re ctive se ts th e o rig in o f a st ora ge ma p to a spec ifie d a dd re ss. T he stor age-m ap location count er , {VAR} , is set to the sam e address. ^ is a syno nym for MAP . Syn tax MAP expr {, base-regi[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-1 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.3.3 FIELD The FIELD dir ectiv e des cribes spa c e wit hin a s torage map that has been d efin ed us ing the MAP di rec tive. # is a syno nym for FIELD . Syn tax { label } FIELD expr where: label is an op tional label . If s pec ifi[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-1 7 7.3.4 SP ACE The SPACE direct iv e reserv es a zeroed bloc k of memo r y . % is a synon ym for SPACE . Syn tax { label } SPACE expr where: expr ev aluat es to the n umb er of ze roe d by tes to res er ve ( see Nu me ri c express io[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-1 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.3.5 DCB The DCB dire c t iv e al loca tes one or more byt e s o f memory , and defi nes th e ini tial runtime conte nts of the me mory . = is a synon ym for DCB . Syn tax { label } DCB expr {, expr }... where: expr is ei ther: • A[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-1 9 7.3.6 DCD and DCDU The DCD direc ti ve a lloc ates on e o r more wo rds of memo ry , al igned o n 4- byte boundari es, and def ines the init ial runt ime con tents of the memor y . & is a synon ym for DCD . DCDU is the same, e [...]

Directives Refe rence 7-2 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.3.7 DCDO The DCDO di rec tive all oc at e s on e or m or e wo rd s of me mo r y , al ig ne d on 4- byt e boundar ie s, and def ines the init ial runt ime content s of the memor y as an of fs et from t he stati c b ase re g ister , s[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-2 1 7.3.8 DCFD an d DCFDU The DCFD direct iv e allo cates memory for word -aligne d double-p recisio n floa tin g-point numbe rs, an d defin e s t he init ial runtime conten ts o f the memory . Doubl e-prec isi on numbe rs occupy tw o [...]

Directives Refe rence 7-2 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.3.9 DCF S and DCF SU The DCFS direct iv e allo cates memory for word -a l igned singl e-prec ision fl oating -point numbe rs, and def ines t he in itial runti me cont ents of the memory . Sing le-prec ision numbe rs occup y one word[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-2 3 7.3.10 DCI In A RM cod e, the DCI dire c t iv e a lloca tes one o r more w ords of m emory , ali gned on 4-byt e boundaries, and defi nes th e initi al runtime c ontents of the memory . In Thumb code , the DCI directi ve allocat es[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-2 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.3.11 DCQ and DCQU The DCQ direct iv e allo cates one o r more 8-by te block s of m emory , align e d on 4-b yte boundar ie s, and def ines the ini tial run time conte nts of the memory . DCQU is the same , except th at the m emor y [...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-2 5 7.3.12 DCW an d DCWU The DCW direct iv e allo cates one or more half words of m e mory , a l igned on 2-b yte boundar ies, and def ines the ini tial runtime cont ents of th e m emo ry . DCWU is the same, e xcept t hat t he memo ry [...]

Directives Refe rence 7-2 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7. 4 Asse m b ly co ntro l di rectives This se ction descri bes the f ollo wing di recti ves : • MA CR O and MEND on page 7-27 • MEXI T on page 7-29 • IF , ELSE , and ENDIF on page 7-30 • WHILE a nd WEND on pa ge 7-32 . 7.4.1 [...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-2 7 7.4.2 M A CRO an d M END The MACRO direct iv e mark s the start o f the def initi on of a macro. Macro expa nsion te rmi nat es a t the MEND dir ect i ve. S ee Using mac r os on p age 2-48 fo r furthe r inform ation. Syn tax T wo d[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-2 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B Use | as the arg ument to use the de fault v alue of a parameter . An em pty stri ng is used if t he argu ment is omi tted. In a ma cro th at u se s s ever al in te rna l la b els , it is us ef ul to de fine e ac h in ter na l la bel [...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-2 9 Using a m acro to produce assemb ly-tim e di agn ostics : MACRO ; M acro definition diagnose $param1="default" ; T his macro produces INFO 0,"$param1" ; a ssembly-time diagnostics MEND ; ( on second assembly pas[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-3 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7. 4.4 IF , EL SE, a nd E NDIF The IF dire c t iv e introd uces a c ondition t hat is use d to de cid e whether to a ssemble a seq uence of inst ructio ns and/o r di recti ves. [ is a synon ym for IF . The ELSE dire cti v e marks the [...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-3 1 Examples Exa mple 7- 3 asse mbles the fi rs t set o f inst ructio ns if NEWVERSION is def ined, or the alt ern ative s et ot her wis e. Examp le 7-3 Assembly condi tional on a vari able bein g defined IF :DEF:NEWVERSION ; first set[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-3 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.4.5 WHILE and W END The WHILE direct iv e sta rts a seque nce of instr uc t ions or dir ecti ve s that are to be as sem ble d rep eat ed ly . Th e seq uen ce is ter mi nat ed wit h a WEND di rect i ve. Syn tax WHILE logical-expressi[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-3 3 7. 5 F rame descr iption dir ectives This sect ion des cribes the f ollo wing direc ti ves : • FRAM E ADD RES S on page 7-34 • FRAM E POP on page 7-35 • FRAM E PUS H on p a ge 7- 36 • FRAM E RE GIST ER on page 7-37 • FRAM[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-3 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.5.1 FRAME ADDRESS The FRAME ADDRESS dire cti ve describes h ow t o calc ulate t he canoni cal frame a ddress for follo wing inst ruction s . Y ou can onl y use it in functi ons with FUNCTION and ENDFUNC or PROC and ENDP di rec tives[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-3 5 7.5.2 FRA ME POP Use th e FRAME POP dire cti v e to in form t he as se mbler whe n the c al lee r elo ads re gis ter s. Y ou can only use it withi n functio ns with FUNCTION and ENDFUNC or PROC an d ENDP direc ti ves. Y ou need not[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-3 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.5 .3 F R AME PU SH Use the FRAME PUSH d irectiv e t o i nform the a ssemble r when the callee sa ves registers, nor mally at func tion ent ry . Y ou can only us e it within fu nctions with FUNCTION and ENDFUNC or PROC and ENDP di re[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-3 7 Example p PROC ; Canonical frame address is sp + 0 EXPORT p STMFD sp!,{r4-r6,lr} ; sp has moved relative to the canonical frame address, ; and registers r4, r5, r6 and lr are now on the stack FRAME PUSH {r4-r6,lr} ; Equivalent to: [...]

Directives Refe rence 7-3 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.5.5 FR AME RESTORE Use the FRAME RESTORE dire cti ve to inf orm th e ass embl er th at t he con te nts of sp eci fie d regi sters ha ve been r e stor e d to the val ues they ha d on ent ry t o the fu nction. Y ou can only use i t w [...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-3 9 7.5.6 FRA ME SA VE The FRAME SAVE dir ectiv e describ es the lo catio n of sav ed regi ster cont ents relat ive t o th e canon ical fra me addre ss . Y ou can only us e it within func tions with FUNCTION and ENDFUNC or PROC and END[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-4 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.5 .7 FR A ME ST A T E REM EMB ER The FRAME STATE REMEMBER dir ec tive saves the c urre n t inf or mat ion on h o w to ca lcu la te the ca nonica l frame ad dress and loc a t ions of sa ve d regi s ter v a lu es. Y ou can on ly use i[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-4 1 7. 5.8 FRAME S T A TE REST ORE The FRAME STATE RESTORE dire c t iv e re stores informat ion a bout ho w to cal culate the canon ical frame address and loc ation s of sav e d regi ster v alues. Y ou c an only us e it wi th in f unc [...]

Directives Refe rence 7-4 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.5.9 FUNCTION or PR OC The FUNCTION direct iv e marks the start of an A TPCS- conforming fun c ti on. PROC is a synon ym for FUNCTION . Syn tax label FUNCTION Usage Use FUNC TION to ma rk the start of functions . The ass embler u ses[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-4 3 7.5.10 ENDFUNC o r ENDP The ENDFUNC direct iv e mark s the end of an A T PCS-c onforming functi on (see FUNCT ION or PR OC on page 7-42) . ENDP is a syno nym for ENDFUNC .[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-4 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.6 R ep or t ing di re ct iv es This se ction descri bes the f ollo wing di recti ves : • ASSERT gener ates an erro r mess age if an asserti on is false duri ng assembl y . • INFO on pa g e 7- 45 gener ates diag nosti c informati[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-4 5 7.6.2 INFO The INFO direct iv e suppo rts diagnosti c genera tion on ei ther pass of the asse mbly . ! is ve ry sim ilar to INFO , but ha s le s s deta il ed r ep or tin g. Syn tax INFO numeric-expression, string-expressi on where:[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-4 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.6.3 OPT The OPT dire cti v e set s l isting options f rom withi n the sourc e code. Syn tax OPT n where: n is the OPT direc ti ve se tting. T abl e 7-2 lists v ali d sett ings. Usage Specify the -list assembl e r opt ion to turn on [...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-4 7 By defa ult the -list opt ion prod uces a norma l li stin g that inc ludes v aria ble decl arati ons, m acro expa nsions, cal l-condi tioned direc ti ves, a nd MEND di rec ti ves . Th e lis ting is produc ed on the second pa ss onl[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-4 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.6.4 TT L and S UBT The TTL dire cti ve in s e rts a ti tle at t he sta rt of each pa ge of a li stin g fi le. Th e title is printe d on e ach pa ge until a ne w TTL dir ect ive is iss ue d. The SUBT direc ti ve places a subt itle on[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-4 9 7. 7 Mi scellaneo u s directi ves This sect ion des cribes the f ollo wing direc ti ves : • AL IGN on pa ge 7- 50 • AREA on page 7-52 • CODE16 and CODE32 o n page 7- 54 • END o n page 7- 55 • ENTRY on pa g e 7- 56 • EQU[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-5 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.7.1 ALIGN The ALIGN dire c t iv e al igns the c urrent locatio n to a specif ied bounda ry b y paddi ng with zer oes. Syn tax ALIGN { expr {, offset }} where: expr is a numeri c expres sion ev a l uating t o an y po we r of 2 from 2[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-5 1 Examples AREA cacheable, CODE, ALIGN=3 rout1 ; code ; aligned on 8-byte boundary ; code MOV pc,lr ; aligned on ly on 4-byte boundary ALIGN 8 ; now aligne d on 8-byte boundary rout2 ; code AREA OffsetExample, CODE DCB 1 ; This examp[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-5 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.7.2 AREA The AREA dir ective ins tru cts th e as sem ble r to as se mbl e a new co de or data sect i on. Secti ons a re i nde p endent , na med, in divis ible chunks of c ode or da ta that are mani pulated b y the li nk er . See ELF[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-5 3 Ide ntica l E LF secti ons with th e same nam e are o verl aid i n t he same sectio n o f me mory by the li nker . I f an y are d if fer ent, the linke r ge nera te s a wa rning and does no t ove rlay the secti ons. See the Li nker[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-5 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.7.3 C ODE16 an d CODE 32 The CODE16 dire cti ve instruc ts t he asse mbler t o inte rpret subsequent ins tructions as 16- bit Thumb ins truc tions . If neces sary , it als o inserts a byt e of paddin g to alig n to the nex t halfwor[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-5 5 7.7.4 END The END direct iv e in forms the assembl e r that it has rea ched the end of a sourc e file . Syn tax END Usage Eve ry assembl y lan guage source file must e nd w i th END on a line b y i tse lf. If the so urce file has b[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-5 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.7.5 ENTR Y The ENTRY d ire ct iv e de clare s a n ent ry p oint t o a progr am. Syn tax ENTRY Usage Y ou must spe cify a t least on e ENTRY point for a program. If no ENTRY exis ts , a wa rn in g i s gener a ted at link ti me. Y ou [...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-5 7 7.7.6 EQU The EQU d ire cti ve g iv es a s y mbo lic na m e to a n umeri c cons t ant, a regi s t er -r elati ve v alu e or a program-re lati ve v alue. * is a synon ym for EQU . Syn tax name EQU expr {, type } where: name is the s[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-5 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.7.7 E XPO RT or GLOBAL The EXPORT dir ecti ve declar es a symbol t hat can be use d by the link er to resol ve symbol referenc e s in sepa rate objec t and library f iles. GLOBAL is a synon ym for EXPORT . Syn tax EXPORT { symbol }{[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-5 9 7.7.8 EXPORT AS The EXPORTAS dire c t iv e a llo ws you t o export a symbol to t he objec t f ile, c orrespondi ng t o a d iffe rent s y mbol in the s ource f ile . Syn tax EXPORTAS symbol1 , symbol2 where: symbol1 is the sy mbol n[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-6 0 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7. 7.9 EXT ERN The EXTERN direct iv e pro vides the a ss embler with a name that is not def ined in the current assembly . EXTERN is ver y simi lar to IMPORT , e xcep t that the na me is no t importe d if no refere nce to it is fo und[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-6 1 7.7.10 GET or INCL UDE The GET direct iv e includes a f ile within th e f ile bei ng assemble d. The i nclude d f ile is as sem ble d at t he loca t ion o f t he GET dir ect i ve. INCLUDE is a synon ym for GET. Syn tax GET filename[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-6 2 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.7.11 GLOBAL See EXPORT or GL OB A L on pa ge 7-58. 7.7.12 IMPORT The IMPORT direct iv e pro vides the a ss embler with a name that is not def ined in the current assembly . IMPORT is ve ry sim ilar to EXTERN , exc ept tha t the name[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-6 3 7.7.13 INCBI N The INCBI N direct iv e inc l ud es a f ile wit hin the f ile b eing a ssembl ed. T he f ile is i ncluded as it i s, wit hout be ing a ssemble d. Syn tax INCBIN filename where: filename is the n ame of the f ile to b[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-6 4 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.7.15 KEEP The KEEP dir ecti v e ins truc ts th e assemb ler to re tain l ocal sym bol s in th e sym bol tab le in th e objec t fi le. Syn tax KEEP { symbol } where: symbol is t he name of the local s ymbol t o kee p. If symbol is n [...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-6 5 7.7.16 NOFP The NOFP direc ti ve dis allo ws floati ng-point instruc tions in an a ss embly l anguag e sou rce fi le . Syn tax NOFP Usage Use NOFP to ens ur e that no flo ati ng-p oint ins tru ctions are u sed in s it uatio ns wh e[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-6 6 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.7.18 REQUI RE8 and PRESERVE 8 The REQUIRE8 di re ctive sp ec ifie s t hat t he c ur ren t file req uir e s 8- byt e alig n me nt of th e stac k. The PRESERVE8 dir ecti v e spe cif ies th at th e curr ent fil e pres erv es 8 -by te a[...]

Dire ct iv es Ref er enc e ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. 7-6 7 7.7.19 RN The RN direct iv e def ines a re gister name for a spe cif ied reg ister . Syn tax name RN expr where: name is the name to be ass ign ed to the r egis ter . name can not b e th e sam e as any of the p redef ined nam es li[...]

Directives Refe rence 7-6 8 C opyri gh t © 200 0, 2001 AR M L imit ed . A ll right s re s erved . ARM DU I 00 68 B 7.7.20 R OUT The ROUT direct iv e marks the bounda ries of the scope of loc al labels (s ee Local la bels on page 3-16 ). Syn tax { name } ROUT where: name is the na me to be assi gned to t he sco pe. Usage Use th e ROUT direct iv e t[...]

ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. Glossa ry-1 Glos sar y ADS See ARM Dev eloper Suite. ANSI Ameri c a n Na tiona l S tan dards Ins titu te. An org a ni zati on that spec if ies stand ards for , among ot her thin gs, computer software. Angel ™ Ange l is a program t hat e nable s you to d evel op [...]

Glos sary Glossary-2 C op yri ght © 2 00 0, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. All rig hts re serv ed . ARM D UI 0068 B A T PCS ARM and T humb Pro c edure Call St a nd ard de f ines ho w regi sters a nd the stack wi ll be use d for subr outine c alls. AXD See ARM eXtended Deb ugger . Big- endian Memory or ganizati on where t he lea st si gnif ica nt b yte of a [...]

Glossa ry ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. Glossa ry-3 Int errupt A chang e in the normal proc essing sequence of an app lica tion ca used by , for e xamp le, an ext erna l sign al. Int erwork i ng Produ c i ng an applic a t ion t ha t uses bo th ARM a nd Thumb c ode. L ibrary A collect ion of as[...]

Glos sary Glossary-4 C op yri ght © 2 00 0, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. All rig hts re serv ed . ARM D UI 0068 B Scope T he ac cessibi lity of a functio n or v aria ble at a part icula r p oint i n the a pplica tion c od e. Symbols which ha ve glo bal scope ar e always a ccessibl e. Symbol s with local or priv ate sco pe are only acc essibl e to code in [...]

ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. Inde x-1 Inde x The i tems in thi s inde x are list e d in a lphabetic a l o rder , with symbols and numeric s appea ring at th e end. The r eferences gi ven are to page numb ers. A Ab solut e addresse s 3-15 ADD instruct ion 2- 5 8 Address es load ing into regi s[...]

In dex In dex-2 Cop yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B nu meric ex press ions 3-20 num er ic li te rals 3 -21 nu meric va riables 3-13 oper ator prece dence 3-24, 3- 25 paddi ng 2-56 pc 2-5, 2-40, 2-43, 2-46 , 3- 10, 3- 15, 3-23 progr am count er 2-5 , 3-10, 3-1 5, 3-23 progr am-rela tive 2 -13 expre ss[...]

In de x ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. Inde x-3 GBLA 3-6, 3 -13, 7-4, 7-4 6 GBLL 3-6, 3-13, 7-4, 7-46 GBLS 3-6, 3-13, 7 -4, 7-46 GET 3-5, 7-61 GLOBAL 7-58 , 7-59 IF 7-29, 7-30, 7- 32 IM POR T 7- 62 INCBIN 7- 63 INCLU DE 3-5, 7-61 INFO 7- 45 KE E P 7- 64 LCLA 3-13, 7- 6, 7-46 LCLL 3 -13, 7-46 LC[...]

In dex In dex-4 Cop yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B LDM in struc t i on 2 -39, 2- 54, 3- 3, 7-8 Thum b 2- 46 LDR pseud o-instr ucti on 2-25, 2-27, 2- 35, 4-82 Thu mb pseudo- instru ction 5-41 LDR ps eudo-i nstr ucti on 7-14 :LEFT: operat or 3- 28 :L EN : ope ra to r 3-26 Line for mat, as sembly lang [...]

In de x ARM DU I 00 68 B C op yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. Inde x-5 S tatus fl ags 2-20 S TM instru ction 2-39, 2-54 , 3-3, 7-8 Thum b 2- 46 :ST R: o pe rato r 3 -26 St ri ng expr ession s, ass embl y 3- 19 man ipula tio n, as sembly 3 -28 va riab le, as semb ly 3 -13 S trin g c onsta nts, assem bly la nguage 2-14[...]

In dex In dex-6 Cop yri ght © 2 000, 20 01 ARM Lim it ed. A ll rig hts res erv ed. AR M D UI 0068 B[...]