Oracle Audio Technologies A86828-01 manuale d’uso

Oracle9 i Appli cation Server Oracl e HTTP Serv er powere d by Apac he Perf ormanc e Guide Release 1 .0.2 for A IX-Ba se d Sys te m s, Compaq Tru64 UNIX, H P 90 00 Series HP -UX, Linux I ntel, an d Sun So lari s I ntel Octobe r 2000 Part No. A86 828-01[...]

Oracle9 i Applic ation Serv er Ora cle H TTP Se rver power ed b y Apac he Pe rfor mance Guide, Rele ase 1. 0.2 Part No. A8682 8-01 Copyright © 200 0, Oracle Cor pora tion. All righ t s reserv e d . Author s: Pall avi Bho wmik, and Julia Pond. Contri butors: Cor inne Arne, Rupesh Das, Danielle Higgins, Pr ashanth Joshi , Rajes h Konanganpar ambath,[...]

iii Contents Send Us Your Comments ............ ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. vii Pref ace .............. ...................... ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. . ix 1 Perfor man[...]

iv Monitoring the W eb Server ....... ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................ ... 2-3 Using the mod_status Utility ......... ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ..... ... 2- 4 Logging Server Statistics to a File .................[...]

v Using Single Thread Mo del Servlets.................. ................. ................. ................. ................. .... 5-7 What is Oracle JSP? .............. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................ .......... 5-8 OracleJSP Page Pe rformance T uning ........... ........[...]

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vii Send Us Y our Comments Oracle9 i Application Server, Oracle H TTP Server powered by Apache Performance Guide, Release 1.0 .2 Part No. A8682 8-01 Oracle Corporation welcomes your comments and suggestions on the quality and usefulness of this publication. Y our input is an important part of the information used for r evision. ■ Did you find any[...]

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ix Preface Audie nce This guide is written for Oracle Internet Application Server 8 i developers and system admin istrators who a r e responsible for con figuring and tunin g the Oracle HTTP Server power ed by Apache. Assumptions There are many sour ces of information on configuring and tuning web servers, Apache in particular . This guide r efers [...]

x The term, Oracle Server , refers to the database server prod uct from Oracle Corpora tion. The term, oracle , r efers to an executable or account by that name. The term, oracle , r efers to the ow ner of the Oracle sof tware. Oracle Servic es and Support A wide range of inf ormation about Oracle pr oducts and global services is available fro m: ?[...]

xi Product and Documentation For U.S.A custo mers, Oracle Stor e is at: ■ http ://s tore.o racl e.com Links to Stor es in other countries ar e provided from this site. Pro duct do cumenta tion c an be fo und at: ■ http://docs.oracle.com Customer Service Global Custom er Service contacts are listed at: ■ http:/ /www .oracl e.com/s upport Educa[...]

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Performanc e Overview 1-1 1 Performance Ove rview This chapter discusses performance and tuning co ncepts, and briefly describes Oracle 9 i Application Server ar chitectur e. Contents ■ Performance T erms ■ What is Performance T uning? ■ Setting Performance T arg ets ■ Setting User Expectations ■ Evaluating Performance ■ Perform ance M [...]

Perf orma n ce T erms 1-2 Oracle HTTP Serve r powered by Apa che Performance Guide Performance T erms Following ar e performance terms used in this book: What is Performance T uning? Performance must be built in. Y ou must antici pate performance requir ements during applica tion analysi s an d design, and balance th e costs and benefits of optimal[...]

What is P erformance T uning? Performanc e Overview 1-3 ■ Wa i t T i m e ■ Critical Resources ■ Effects of Excessive Demand ■ Adjustments to Relieve Problems Response Time Because response time equals service time plus wait time, you can increa se performance in this a rea by: ■ Reducing wait time ■ Reducing service time Figure 1–1 il[...]

What is Performan ce T uning? 1-4 Oracle HTTP Serve r powered by Apa che Performance Guide In parallel pr ocessing with multiple resour ces, more r esources ar e available to the tasks. Each independent task executes immediately using its own resour ce: no wait time is involved. Syste m Throug hput System throughput is the amoun t of work accomplis[...]

What is P erformance T uning? Performanc e Overview 1-5 Critical Resources Resources such as CPU, memory , I/O capacity , and network bandwidth are key to reducing service time. Ad ding resour ces incr eases thr oughput and r educes response time. Performance depen ds on these factors: ■ How many r esources are avai lable? ■ How many clients ne[...]

What is Performan ce T uning? 1-6 Oracle HTTP Serve r powered by Apa che Performance Guide Effects of Excessive Demand Excessive demand increases response time and reduces throughput, as shown in Figure 1–4 . If there is any possibili ty of the demand rate exceeding the achievable throughput, a demand limiter (such as MaxClients in the Oracle HTT[...]

Evaluating Per formanc e Performanc e Overview 1-7 Setting Perfor mance T argets Whether you are designi ng or maintain ing a system, you s hould set specific performance goa ls so that you kno w h ow and what to optim ize. If you alter parameters with out a specifi c goa l in mind, you can waste ti me tuning you r system without sig nificant gain.[...]

Perfo rmance Meth odology 1-8 Oracle HTTP Serve r powered by Apa che Performance Guide Performance Methodo logy Achieving optim al ef fectiveness in your system requires planning, monitoring, and periodic adjustment. The first step in performance tuning is to determine the goals you need to achieve an d to design ef fective usage of available techn[...]

Performa nce Metho dology Performanc e Overview 1-9 Factors in Improving Perfo rmance Performance spans several ar eas: ■ Application desig n: Designing appli cations that efficiently uti lize hardware resour ces and handle incr easing numbers of users effectively . ■ Sizing and configuration: De termining the type of hardw are needed to suppor[...]

Archite cture 1-10 Oracle HTTP Server p owered by Apache Performance Guid e Architecture Fig ure 1–6 shows the ar chitecture of Oracle9 i Application Server. This guide addr esses the performance an d configuration of these componen ts: ■ Oracle HTTP Server power ed by Apa che ■ Apache JServ ■ Oracle JSP See the Oracle 9i Application Serv e[...]

Monitorin g Y our W eb Server 2-1 2 Monitoring Y our Web Server This chapter describes utilities and pr ocesses you can use to gather information from your system. This info rmation helps you to determine the best use of your res o ur ce s . Contents ■ Monitoring Pro cessor Use ■ Monitoring the W eb Server ■ Monitoring the W eb Server ■ Mon[...]

Monitorin g Processor U se 2-2 Oracle HTTP Serve r powered by Apa che Performance Guide Monitoring Processor U se T o determine process utili zation, you should ga ther CPU stat istics. Y ou sh ould also monitor system scalability by adding users and increasing the system workload. Use utilities such as sar (System Activity Reporter) and mpstat to [...]

Monitor ing the W eb Server Monitorin g Y our W eb Server 2-3 The sar command (-u option) pr ovides the following statistics: Usin g the top U tilit y Y ou can use the to p utility to view the ongoing processo r activity in real time. Please refer to the man pages for usage. Example: $ top 4.:16pm up 15 d ays, 5:3 9 23 user s, load average: 0.51, 0[...]

Monitor ing the Web Serve r 2-4 Oracle HTTP Serve r powered by Apa che Performance Guide Using the mod_status U tility T o enable monitoring, edit the h ttpd.conf file to replace your_domain.com with the hostname of the ser ver you want to monitor . <Locati on /server- status> Se tHandler server- status Or der deny , allow De ny from all Al l[...]

Monitor ing the W eb Server Monitorin g Y our W eb Server 2-5 Figure 2 –1 Server stat us page Inter pre tin g Ser ve r S tatus I nfo rmat io n The display (w ith ExtendedStatus enabled) shows that 6 requests ar e being processed a nd four servers are idle. Y ou can determine w hat stage of pro cessing each server is in fr om the va lue in the M ([...]

Monitor ing the Web Serve r 2-6 Oracle HTTP Serve r powered by Apa che Performance Guide has been completed, ther e is a W in the M (mode) column fo r the process, the process is probably not responding. Another situation that is important to monitor is that of the system being CPU bound, where CPU utilization is around 90%. The server status page [...]

Monitor ing the W eb Server Monitorin g Y our W eb Server 2-7 The script is designed to be run by cr on (or an eq uivalent daemon that executes commands at intervals). T o use the script, you must modify the fo llowing conf igur ation varia bles: Enabling server status is very useful if an httpd pr ocess is not responding, an d you need to identify[...]

Monitorin g JServ Proce sses 2-8 Oracle HTTP Serve r powered by Apa che Performance Guide Monitoring JServ Pr ocesses After you start the Oracle9 i Application Server, you can check to ensure tha t all JServ pr ocesses have started no rmally . 1. Remove the comments in th e JServ status handler section of the jserv .conf file to enable monitoring a[...]

Monitorin g JServ Processes Monitorin g Y our W eb Server 2-9 Figure 2–3 JServ status displ ay The Status column shows the curre nt shared memory (shm) state of e ach process.[...]

Monitorin g JServ Proce sses 2-10 Oracle HTTP Server p owered by Apache Performance Guid e The symbols that appear in parentheses after the w ord Up or Down have the followi ng m eanings: Note: The Status column is populated only for processe s that are started in manual mode. It is not populated for a single process started in automatic mode. Symb[...]

Sizing a nd Configu ration 3- 1 3 Sizing and Configuration This chapter pr ovides guidelines for sizing and con figuration which can help you meet performance goals. It also discusses performance factors, such as memory consumptio n, I/O issues, and netwo rk and software constraint s. Contents ■ Sizing your Hardware and R esources ■ Understandi[...]

Unders tanding Con current U sers and Use r Popula tion 3-2 Oracle HTTP Serve r powered by Apa che Performance Guide relation ship between the number of potential users and the number o f concurrent users. This is determined by the think time and the average r esponse tim e for your applicatio n. T o determine memory requir ements, you also need to[...]

Determ ining Memo ry Requir ements Sizing a nd Configu ration 3- 3 Determining CPU Requirements For most applications, the majority of the CPU utilization is spent in processing the application’s code. The CPU requir ement of any application depend s on its complexity and workload, as sho wn in Ta b l e 3 – 2 . Y ou will n eed to monitor the CP[...]

Deter mining Memory Requirement s 3-4 Oracle HTTP Serve r powered by Apa che Performance Guide ■ Mem ory for N o n-H T TP S e rver Soft ware an d Op erat i ng Sy ste m ■ HTTP Server Memory Requir ements ■ JServ Memory Requirem ents ■ Determining Java Heap Size ■ Servlet and Oracle JSP pages Memory Requirements ■ Number of JServ Pr ocess[...]

Determ ining Memo ry Requir ements Sizing a nd Configu ration 3- 5 T o maximize performance, set the maximum heap size to a ccommodate application requir ements. T o determine how much Java heap you need, include calls in your program to the Runtime.getRuntime().totalMemory() and Runtime.getRuntime().freeMemory met hods in the java.lang package. Su[...]

Deter mining Memory Requirement s 3-6 Oracle HTTP Serve r powered by Apa che Performance Guide The amount of memory needed depends on whether sessions ar e used; a session consumes ab out 0 .5KB. For maximum perform a nce, if sessions are not being used, turn them off in the Oracle JSP a pplication as foll ows: <%@ pag e sessio n=”false ” %&[...]

Determ ining Memo ry Requir ements Sizing a nd Configu ration 3- 7 Figure 3–1 Request distribution[...]

Deter mining Memory Requirement s 3-8 Oracle HTTP Serve r powered by Apa che Performance Guide[...]

Optimizing HTTP Se rver Performance 4-1 4 Optimizing HTTP Server Performance This chapter pr ovides information on impr oving the Oracle HTTP Server ’s performance, including tuning TCP parame ters, the effe cts of changing the MaxClients parameter , SS L caching , and logg ing. Contents ■ TCP T uning ■ MaxClients ■ SSL Session Ca chi ng ?[...]

TCP T uning 4-2 Oracle HTTP Serve r powered by Apa che Performance Guide TCP T uning Correc tly tuned TCP parameters can improve perfo rmance dramatically . This section contain s recommendation s f or TCP tu ning and a brief expla na tio n of each parameter . The table below contains recommended TCP parameter setting s. T able 4–1 Recommended TC[...]

TCP T uning Optimizing HTTP Se rver Performance 4-3 T able 4–2 Tuning HP-UX for Perfor mance Bench marking Parameter Scope Default V alue T uned V alue tcp_time_wait_interval ndd/dev/tcp 60,000 60 ,000 tcp_conn_req_max ndd/dev/tcp 20 1,024 tcp_ip_abort_interval ndd/dev/tcp 600,000 60 ,000 tcp_keepalive_interval ndd/dev/tcp 7 ,20,00, 000 900 ,000 [...]

TCP T uning 4-4 Oracle HTTP Serve r powered by Apa che Performance Guide Linux T unables Raising Ne twork Limits on Li nux Systems for 2.1.100 or greater Linux only allows you to use 15 bits of the TCP window field. This means that you have to multiply everything by 2, or recompile the kernel without this limitation. T uning a Running Sys tem There[...]

TCP T uning Optimizing HTTP Se rver Performance 4-5 Y ou will f in d some other possi biliti es to tune TCP in /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ : ■ tcp_timestamps ■ tcp_window scaling ■ tcp_sack There is a brief description of TCP parameters in /Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt. T uning at Compile Time All the above TCP parameter values ar e set def[...]

TCP T uning 4-6 Oracle HTTP Serve r powered by Apa che Performance Guide W ith th e tuned TCP s tacks, it was possib le to get a maximum throughput between 1.5 and 1 .8 Mbits vi a a 2Mbit sat ellite li nk, measur ed with netper f. Setting TCP pa ra meters T o set the connection table hash para meter , on Intel Solaris, you must add the following l [...]

TCP T uning Optimizing HTTP Se rver Performance 4-7 Specifying Rete ntion time for Connection T able entries The TCP connection table maintains data associated wi th connections. The server maintains a TCP connection ta ble entry for some time after a connection is closed, so that it can identify and properly dispose of any leftover inco ming packe[...]

TCP T uning 4-8 Oracle HTTP Serve r powered by Apa che Performance Guide On most web servers, the defaults w ill be sufficient, but if you have more than 1024 concurrent users, these settings m ay be too lo w . In that case, connectio ns will be dropped in the handshake state because the queues are full. Y o u can d etermine whether this is a pr ob[...]

MaxClients Optimizing HTTP Se rver Performance 4-9 larg e data transfers significantly . Use the following commands to en large the window . On In tel So laris: prompt> /usr/sbi n/ndd -s et /dev/t cp tcp_x mit_hiwa t 32768 prompt> /usr/sbi n/ndd -s et /dev/t cp tcp_r ecv_hiwa t 32768 On HP-U X: prompt> /usr/sbi n/ndd -s et /dev/t cp tcp_x [...]

SSL Session Caching 4-10 Oracle HTTP Server p owered by Apache Performance Guid e could be re duced, to act as a throttle on the number of concurr ent r equests on the server . SSL Se ssion Caching The Oracle HTTP server caches a client’s S SL session inform ation by default. W ith session caching, only the first con nection to the server incurs [...]

HTTP/1. 1 Optimizing HTTP Serv er Performance 4-1 1 to log IP addr esses. Y ou can resolve IP addr esses to host names off-line, with th e logresolve utility (found in th e $ORACLE_HOM E / Ap ache / Apache / bin / dir ectory). For more inf ormat ion , s ee D ale Gau det’ s Apache Perfor m ance Notes at: http://www .apache.org/doc s/misc/perf-tuni[...]

HTTP/1 .1 4-12 Oracle HTTP Server p owered by Apache Performance Guid e Shorter Response Times Persistent conn ection s can improve total response time for a web interaction that involves multiple HTTP requests, because the delay o f setting up a connection only happens onc e. Consider the total time r equired, witho ut persistent connections, for [...]

HTTP/1. 1 Optimizing HTTP Serv er Performance 4-13 This is a 20% r eduction in service time. When the system is under load, the benefit of r educing connection time with persistent connections is even gr eater , due to the corre sponding reduction of the TCP queue. Reduction in Ser ver Work load Another benefit of persistent connections is r educti[...]

Apache V ersions 4-14 Oracle HTTP Server p owered by Apache Performance Guid e The pr oblem is that when a connection becomes idle , and the server closes it because the keep alive time limit has expired, the client host may not perform the TCP protoco l steps requir ed to complete the closure of the connection. The ho st, having sent the close r e[...]

Optimi zing Apac he JServ 5-1 5 Optimizing Apache JServ This chapter describes the JServ architectur e, and discusses ways you can improve its performance. It al so includes performance information on OracleJSP pages (the Oracle implementation of Sun Micr osystems’ JavaServer Pages 1.1.) Contents ■ JServ Overview ■ Optimizing Servlet Performa[...]

JServ Overview 5-2 Oracle HTTP Serve r powered by Apa che Performance Guide JServ Overvie w Apache JServ is made up of an Apache module called m od_jserv , which r uns in the httpd process, an d a servlet engine, which runs in a Ja va process. mod_j serv , which is implemented in C, function s as a dispatcher , r outing each servlet request to a JS[...]

Opti mi zing Serv le t Pe rfor ma nce Optimi zing Apac he JServ 5-3 Optimizing Serv let Perfor mance This section discusses strategies for optimizing JSer v performance: loading servlets when starting the JVM, and load balancing. The terms “repository” and “zo ne” are used in this discu ssion. Servlets, repositories, and zones are analogo u[...]

Optimizing Servlet Perf ormance 5-4 Oracle HTTP Serve r powered by Apa che Performance Guide parameters to fa lse, since ther e is a performance cost in checking the re positories on every execution of a servlet. Change these param eters in the zone pr operties file: autorel oad.clas ses=fals e autorel oad.file =false Load Balancing It is often ben[...]

Opti mi zing Serv le t Pe rfor ma nce Optimi zing Apac he JServ 5-5 3. Edit jserv2.pr operties as follows: port=80 02 log.fil e=/usr/l ocal/jse rv/logs/j serv2.lo g If JServ is included in your CLAS SP A TH, you can start the JServ pr ocesses with these commands: java JS erv jser v1.prope rties java JS erv jser v2.prope rties T o start and stop the[...]

Optimizing Servlet Perf ormance 5-6 Oracle HTTP Serve r powered by Apa che Performance Guide ApJServ Host JSe rv2 ajpv 12://127. 0.0.1:80 02 ApJServ Route JS 1 JServ1 ApJServ Route JS 2 JServ2 ApJServ ShmFile /us r/local/ apache/lo gs/jserv _shm * The ApJServMount directive, with /servlets balance://set/root , now balances requests for servlets in [...]

Opti mi zing Serv le t Pe rfor ma nce Optimi zing Apac he JServ 5-7 b. If the r equest is not part of a session, mod_jserv selects an engine based o n the process ID of the httpd process and the number of entries in the list of avail able J S ervs, as follo ws: JServ_id to handle th e request = httpd_pid % n umber of JServs in the list This method [...]

What is OracleJSP? 5-8 Oracle HTTP Serve r powered by Apa che Performance Guide singleT hreadMod elServle t.initial Capacity = 10 singleT hreadMod elServle t.increme ntCapaci ty = 0 singleT hreadMod elServle t.maximum Capacity = 10 What is OracleJSP? OracleJSP 1.1.0.0 is Ora cle’s im plementation o f the Sun Mi crosystems JavaServer Pages 1.1 spe[...]

OracleJSP Pa ge Performan ce T uning Optimi zing Apac he JServ 5-9 Developer Mod e Another parameter that h as a significant effect on performance is developer mode. It is a useful feature fo r debugging during development, but it degrades performance. The defa ult value is true, so you will need to set it to false in the jserv .properties file as [...]

OracleJSP Page Perform ance T uning 5-10 Oracle HTTP Server p owered by Apache Performance Guid e Update statement batching The JDBC driver accumulates a n umber of execution requests (the ba tch value) and passes them to the database to be processed at the same time. Y ou can configure the batch value to contr ol how freq uently processing occurs.[...]

Index- 1 Index A Apache JServ Protocol 1.2, 5-2 ApJServBala nce, 5-5 ApJServMan ual, 5-5 ApJServMount, 5 -5 ApJServRoute, 5-6 ApJServShmF ile, 5-6 archit ecture JServ, 5-2 Oracle Internet A pplication Ser ver 8i, 1-10 C cachin g databa se conne ctions , 5-9 SSL, 3-3 capacity, 1-6 concu rrency defined, 1 -2 limiting, 1-7 concurr ent exec uting use r[...]

Index- 2 jserv. conf, 2-8 jserv.properties , 5-4 JSP, 5-8 L latenc y defined, 1 -2 first-request, 5-3 netwo rk, 3-1 load ba lan c ing , 5-4 load va ria nc es , 1-8 logging, 4-1 0 M MaxClient s concurr ent use rs and, 3-2 configuring, 4- 9 increasin g, 2-6 memory usage, 3-4 mod_jse r v, 5-2, 5-6 mod_status, 2-3, 2-7 monit oring CPU usage, 2-2 httpds[...]

Index- 3 T think ti me defined, 1 -2 resourc es an d, 3-1 threa d limit, 3- 6 throughp ut defined, 1 -2 demand limiter and, 1-6 increasin g, 1-4 U unit consumption, 1-6 uptime, 2-4 users , co ncurre nt, 3-2 utilities sar, 2-2 W wait ti me contention a nd, 1 -4 defined, 1 -2 parallel processing an d, 1-4 Z zone, defi ned, 5-3 zone.p roperties, 5 -7[...]

Index- 4[...]