Apple 1.1.2 manual

Fruit is good for you. Enrich your life. iMalc Manual version 1.1.2 incorporating G3Calc, G4Calc P owerBookCalc, BronzeCalc iBookCalc and MacCalc Calculate Different. N OT ™ eyecatcher[...]

© 1999-2000 Eyecatc her Productions. All rights reser ved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, mechanical, electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior wr itten permission of Eyecatc her Productions, except to make a backup copy of any documen[...]

iMalc incorporating G3Calc, G4Calc, P owerBookCalc, BronzeCalc, iBookCalc and MacCalc iMalc version 1.1.2 © T ony Spencer , Eyecatcher P roductions, 1999-2000 http://homepage.mac.com/eyecatcherprods/ REALbasic 2.1.2 is © REAL Software Inc, 1997-2000 http://www .realsoftware.com ®[...]

iMalc Manual iv iMalc runs under Mac OS 7.1 and later . It may work on earlier system versions. iMalc has been tested on a P owerBook G3 and iMac running Mac OS 8.5.1, a G3, iMac and 4400 running 8.6, a 7100/80 running 7.5.3 and a Colour Classic running 7.1. It requires approximately 5Mb of RAM with virtual memory turned off or 4.5Mb of RAM with vi[...]

iv System requirements, conventions, assumptions vi List of illustrations 1 Introduction features 3 Quick Start for those in a hurry 7 Interface icons, windows, menus 18 Calculator Oper ation layout, the keys , the functions, operation, display keyboard commands, preferences file 26 Flavours choosing your favourite, the flavours 31 T echnical Consi[...]

iMalc Manual vi 7 iMalc icons 8 W elcome screen 9 Calculator window 10 About Box window 11 Help window 12 Contacts and Credits window 13 R eminder window 14 R egistration window 15 iMalc, Apple, File and Edit menus 16 Flavour menu 17 Help menu 18 Calculator layout 19 Layout with Option key pressed 20 The keys 23 The display 27 Bondi, Blueberry , Gr[...]

Introduction iMalc Manual 1 iMalc is a fully featured scientific calculator designed to replace the standard Apple calculator . It offers more functions and allows you to customise its appear ance to complement your flavour of iMac, iBook, P owerBook, G3, G4 or platinum Mac. iMalc features include 18 mathematical functions in addition to the basic [...]

iMalc Manual Introduction Introduction 2 iMalc remembers the value stored in memory , the flavour and window position on quitting. V ersions of iMalc are av ailable for Macintosh P owerPC, 68k and fat binary (runs on both PPC and 68k). A Windows version will be av ailable soon for those who love Macs but hav e to use Wintel boxes and wish to mak e [...]

If youÕre in a hurry to start using iMalc and donÕt want to read the manual at this stage then here are some quick start instructions. Calculator oper ation iMalc is easy to use and works similar to any other calculator that you might hav e used. The logic employed is algebr aic rather than R everse P olish Notation (RPN). This means that to do a[...]

Hidden functions T o obtain further functions press and hold the option key. In general, the function obtained is the in verse of the normal one eg sin becomes arcsine, log natural (ln) becomes e x , square root becomes x 2 . The M+ key becomes the M- key, subtr acting the displayed v alue from the memory , and MR becomes CM, clearing the memory . [...]

Using the keyboard Y ou can also use the keyboard to operate the calculator . The standard number and keypad keys work, as do the oper ator and backspace. R eturn and Enter also act as the equals key . Comma also functions as the decimal separator in addition to point (dot). All of the functions except the memory are accessible via the keyboard too[...]

INF means infinity , and can be obtained through erroneous operators such as division by z ero. NANs are Not A Number and are other error codes, generally for numbers which are out of range, such as trying to tak e the arcsine of 100. The numbers in brack ets sometimes following NANs are specific error codes and are listed later in this manual. Pre[...]

Interface iMalc Manual 7 In common with most Macintosh applications, iMalc has a familiar interface that consists of icons, windows and menus and conforms to the Apple Human Interface Guidelines . Although the main calculator has one window , there are other windows, such as the About Box and R egistration window , that can be called up. The menu l[...]

When you double-click on iMalc for the first time to start up the application, the first window you see is a W elcome screen: This screen offers you a choice of three buttons to press, R egister Now , Register Later and T ry iMalc. If you wish to register straight aw ay , press the Register Now button. That option will take you on to the R egister [...]

After you hav e dismissed the W elcome screen, you are presented with the main iMalc calculator window in the default flavour of Blueberry: This is a normal style document window , except that it doesnÕt have a resize bo x at the top right of the title bar or a grow handle at the bottom right, meaning that you canÕt resize this window . The close[...]

There are other windows that you can call up at any time. If y ou choose About iMalc from the Apple menu, you are presented with the About Box screen: The About Box gives y ou some very basic information about iMalcÕ s features. The About Box will reflect your choice of fla vour . It contains two buttons, R egister and OK. Pressing Register will t[...]

informative as this manual. The iMalc Help window looks like this: Y ou can scroll down the contents in the box on the right to read the help. Double click on a topic on the left to go to the online Help for that topic. The selection is highlighted: Interface iMalc Manual Interface 11[...]

The Contacts and Credits window has buttons down the left: The top button is the default, and shows the version number, email and website addresses for Eyecatcher . Y ou can double click on the email address to launch your email client and open a blank email mailto: message, or on the website URL to launch your browser and go to the Eyecatcher webs[...]

lists the names of the beta testers who helped test and debug the first version of iMalc. There are two other windows that you will see, the R eminder window and the R egistration window . After a while, you will start to see the R eminder window pop up at start up and when you quit. It is a reminder to pay the shareware fee: It gives you details o[...]

The R egistration window has some very brief instructions on how to pay , using the Register iMalc progr am that comes with iMalc. There are three buttons, I P aid, Register and OK. The OK button dismisses the window . The R egister button will open the Register iMalc application for you to fill in your registr ation details. See later in this manu[...]

The menus in iMalc follow the Apple standard as outlined in AppleÕ s Human Interface Guidelines , with only one addition to the standard Apple set of Apple menu, File menu, Edit menu, and Help menu: the Flavour menu. They run from left to right: Apple, File, Edit, Flavour and Help . Under the Apple menu at the top is the About iMalc menu item: Cho[...]

The Undo menu item is effectively the same as the CE, clear last entry , key . It will clear the last oper and input, but not the calculation total or previous entry . It will not undo the last calculation. See the chapter on Calculator Operation for further details. The Cut, Copy and P aste items are available in the Calculator window and the Copy[...]

Depending on your choice of flav our , both the About iMalc menu item in the Apple menu, and the iMalc Help items will change their name to reflect your flav our choice. For example if y ou choose G3 the items will change to About G3Calc and G3Calc Help respectively . The final menu is the Help menu: The first two items are Apple standards: About B[...]

iMalc is easy to use and looks like, and works similar to , any other calculator that you might hav e used. Y ou can click on the buttons, or use the keyboard to oper ate iMalc. The layout of the iMalc calculator is as follows: The key lay out follows fairly standard layout. V arious types of keys are grouped together . The Number keys are based at[...]

In addition, more functions can be obtained by holding down the Option (Alt), key: Generally , the inverse of the function is obtained when holding down the Option button and pressing the key . Thus the sine (sin) key becomes arcsine, the cosine (cos) key becomes arccosine, the tangent (tan) key becomes arctangent, the logarithm base 10 (log) key b[...]

Number keys Operator k eys Decimal point key Logarithm to base 10 key 10 x or anti-logarithm to base 10 key (+ Option key) Natural logarithm (base e) key e x or anti-natural logarithm k ey (+ Option key) y th root of x key x y (x to the power y) key (+ Option key) Sine x key Arcsine x key (+ Option key) Cosine x key Arccosine x key (+ Option key) T[...]

Square root x (Ã) key x 2 (x squared) key (+ Option key) P ercent (%) key ¹ (pi) key (+ Option key) Plus/Minus key 1 Ú x (inverse of x ) key (+ Option key) Memory recall key Clear memory key (+ Option key) Memory plus key Memory minus key (+ Option key) The logic employed by iMalc is algebr aic rather than R everse P olish Notation (RPN). This m[...]

Or you can use the +/- before entering the number: Press 1 Press 0 Press 0 Press x Press +/- Press 2 Press = When employing the % key , you do not need to press equals key , just the operator key eg 100+20% will giv e 120. 200 x 20% will give 40. The C key will totally clear the calculator. The running total is always remembered until the C k ey is[...]

The last two keys are the y th root of x and (with option k ey down) x y ( x to the power y ). T o use these keys enter the x v alue first, then press the key . Y ou will be prompted to enter the y root or power , and when youÕve done so , press equals to get the result. Unlike many calculators, iMalc lets y ou correctly determine odd number integ[...]

The operand is the number to be oper ated on when the next operator k ey is pressed, and is effectively the number currently in the display . An operator key is an y one of +, -, Ö, x, or =, or any of the mathematical function keys such as log or sin. Clear in the edit menu will act like the C button and completely clear the calculator . Y ou can [...]

All of the functions except the memory are accessible via the keyboard too. Log base 10 is L, natur al logs is N, percent is P , +/- is M, sin is S, cosine is C, tangent is T , square root is R, y th root of x is Y , and clear is X or Escape. Y ou obtain the inverse functions in the same way as the buttons, by holding down the option key and select[...]

iMalc Manual Flavours Flavours 26 Changing iMalc's appearance is easy . Simply choose your flav our from the Flavour menu. Or use the shortcut k eys. The flavours of iMalc a vailable are original Bondi Blue, Blueberry , Grape, Lime, Str awberry , T angerine and Graphite Special Edition. In addition you can also choose G3Calc, G4Calc, two flav [...]

Flavours iMalc Manual Flavours 27 Bondi iMalc Blueber r y iMalc Grape iMalc Lime iMalc[...]

iMalc Manual Flavours Flavours 28 Strawber r y iMalc T angerine iMalc Graphite iMalc Classic platinum MacCalc[...]

Flavours iMalc Manual Flavours 29 G3Calc G4Calc P owerBookCalc BronzeCalc[...]

iMalc Manual Flavours Flavours 30 Blueber r y iBookCalc T angerine iBookCalc Graphite iBookCalc[...]

There are various technical consider ations that should be borne in mind when using a computer to perform mathematical calculations. Most of the following has been gleaned from AppleÕ s Inside Macintosh series of books, av ailable via AppleÕ s web site or in print form from Addison- W esley . Apple Macintosh computers that use the P owerPC chip ([...]

as binary floating-point numbers. Binary floating-point numbers can represent real numbers exactly in relatively few cases; in all other cases the representation is approximate. F or example, 1/2 (0.5 in decimal) can be represented exactly in binary as 0.1. Other real numbers that can be represented exactly in decimal have repeating digits in binar[...]

■ If an inv alid input is provided or if the result cannot be represented exactly , a floating-point exception must be raised. Careful Rounding If the result of an IEEE arithmetic operation cannot be represented exactly in binary format, the number is rounded. IEEE arithmetic normally rounds results to the nearest value that can be represented in[...]

Exception Handling The IEEE standard defines five exceptions that indicate when an exceptional event has occurred. They are ■ inv alid operation ■ underflow ■ overflow ■ division by zero ■ inexact result There are three ways an application can deal with ex ceptions: ■ Continue operation. ■ Stop on exceptions if the progr ammer thinks [...]

blocks in numerical functions. The transcendental functions include the usual logarithmic and exponential functions, as well as ln(1+ x ) and e x -1; financial functions for compound interest and annuity calculations; trigonometric functions; error and gamma functions; and a random number gener ator . P owerPC Numerics V ersus SANE Although P owerP[...]

each data format have a sign bit (s), an exponent field (e), and a fraction field (f ). For each format, it lists requirements for the minimum lengths of these fields. F or example, the standard describes a 32-bit single format whose exponent field must be 8 bits long and whose fraction field must be 23 bits long. The only required data format is t[...]

where ± is the sign stored in the sign bit (1 is negative, 0 is positive). significand has the form b 0 .b 1 b 2 b 3 . . . b precision-1 where b 1 b 2 b 3 . . . b precision-1 are the bits in the fraction field and b 0 is an implicit bit whose value is interpreted as described in the sections ÒNormalized NumbersÓ and ÒDenormalized NumbersÓ belo[...]

Denormalized Numbers Instead of using only normalized numbers and allowing this small gap around 0, P owerPC processor-based Macintosh computers use denormalized numbers, in which the leading implicit bit, b 0 , of the significand is 0 and the minimum exponent is used. The use of denormalized numbers makes the following statement true for all real [...]

NaNs When a numeric operation cannot produce a meaningful result, the operation deliv ers a special bit pattern called a NaN (Not-a- Number) . F or example, zero divided by zero, +° added to -°, and Ã-1 yield NaNs. A NaN can occur in any of the numeric data formats (single, double, and double-double), but generally , system-specific integer type[...]

extreme negative underflows yield -0, expressions like 1/ x 3 produce the correct sign for ° when x is tiny and negativ e. Addition and subtraction produce -0 only in these cases: (-0) - (+0) yields -0 (-0) + (-0) yields -0 When rounding downward, with x finite, x-x yields -0 x +(- x ) yields -0 The square root of -0 is -0. The sign of zero is imp[...]

ln(+0) -° ln(-0) -° ln(NaN) NaN ln(+°) +° ln(-°) NaN log 10 ( x ) for x <0 NaN log 10 (+1) +0 log 10 (+0) -° log 10 (-0) -° log 10 (NaN) NaN log 10 (+°) +° log 10 (-°) NaN sin( ¹ )0 sin(+0) +0 sin(-0) -0 sin(NaN) NaN sin(+°) NaN sin(-°) NaN cos( ¹ )- 1 cos(+0) 1 cos(Ð0) 1 cos(NaN) NaN cos(+°) NaN cos(-°) NaN tan( ¹ )0 tan( ¹/2[...]

atan(NaN) NaN atan(+°) ¹ /2 atan(-°) - ¹ /2 Y ou may occasionally see some error codes whilst using iMalc. Y ou will get the warning 'imaginary' if you try to take the square root of a negative number . Y ou will also see NAN, often followed by a number in brack ets, or INF . INF means infinity , and can be obtained through erroneous [...]

0.1.0b1 First beta release, 12th September 1999. 1.0.0 First release, 6th October 1999. ¥ Added flavour for G4. Slightly changed flav our menu shortcuts. ¥ Colour change to BronzeCalc to better match Lombard keyboards. ¥ Fixed bug with display showing ÒNot numericalÓ with Ò0. Ó ¥ Moved buttons slightly and made small changes on reminder scr[...]

¥ K ey for input of exponents ¥ Additional memories ¥ Support for new flavours Sage, Indigo , Ruby and Snow ¥ Hyperbolic functions ¥ K ey for factorial ¥ Base conversions W e hope to k eep the latest version of iMalc posted to the Info-Mac HyperArchive, which is searchable at: http://hyper archive.lcs.mit.edu/HyperArchive.html W e also hope t[...]

Registr ation iMalc Manual Registration 45 This section covers registr ation issues, such as the shareware concept, pricing, how to register and methods of payment. You must register iMalc and pay the shareware fee if you intend to continue using iMalc. iMalc is shareware. So what is shareware? Firstly , shareware is NOT free software. Y ou have to[...]

iMalc Manual Registration Registr ation 46 The following software licenses are av ailable: Single user licenses: No of copies Price 1-9 US$15 (£10) per copy 10-19 US$12 per copy 20+ US$10 per copy Site license: US$300 (roughly equal to 30 users) A Site License covers all locations for y our organization within a 160 kilometre radius of y our site [...]

Registr ation iMalc Manual Registration 47 R egistering is very easy . Y ou can register and pay online, by email, fax or post. T o handle registrations we use the K agi Software registration service. The big advantage for y ou and us is if you have a credit card you can register immediately and being in a different country is no problem no matter [...]

iMalc Manual Registration Registr ation 48 K agi handles payments from customers around the world and forwards payments on to softw are authors around the world. K agi represents many thousands of software authors and has designed an automated system to keep registr ations as speedy and fuss-free as possible. If you wish to register online with a c[...]

Registr ation iMalc Manual Registration 49 and complete the relevant information (credit card number , type of currency , etc.) below. Mak e checks payable to ÒK agiÓ . Checks must be in US Dollars only . Checks in other currencies are not accepted, solely because the bank processing costs involv ed make it impr actical. Please write the program [...]

iMalc Manual Registration Registr ation 50 Double check your registr ation request to see that all the information is correct, if not, correct it using the R egister program. Do not edit the output produced by the R egister program. The K agi email and postal mail addresses are given on the registration form and abo ve. Save a copy for y ourself . [...]

Registr ation iMalc Manual Registration 51 their payment. K agi cannot invoice y our company , you need to act on our behalf and generate the in voice and handle all the paperwork on your end. Please do not fax or email payment forms that indicate cash, check or invoice as the pa yment method. As far as we know , there is still no technology to tra[...]

iMalc Manual Registration Registr ation 52 messages sent. Please tell K agi exactly what you want them to do/send to you. P ayment-method: Card , Check and check #, cash invoice or First Virtual R egister-to: R egistrantÕ s name Time/Invoice: if original had this number Email: email address Address: If used Card-name: card holder's name Credi[...]

About Eyecatcher Productions iMalc Manual About Eyecatcher Productions 53 iMalc is the first software av ailable from Eyecatcher Productions. Eyecatcher Productions is the tr ading name used by T ony Spencer. T ony has been using Apple Macintoshes for over ten y ears in the publishing field. He has been a freelance production editor for eight years[...]

iMalc Manual Legal Infor mation Legal Information 54 The following is legal information which concerns copyright and your software license which y ou should read carefully . iMalc, the software, the manual and this R ead Me file are © T ony Spencer , Eyecatcher Productions, 1999-2000. All rights reserved. T ony Spencer has asserted his right under[...]

Legal Information iMalc Manual Legal Infor mation 55 Machines Corporation. REALbasic is a tr ademark of R eal Software, Inc. Adobe, the Adobe logo , Acrobat, Distiller and the Acrobat logo are trademarks of Adobe S ystems Incorporated. QuarkXPress is a trademark of Quark, Inc. Microsoft, W ord, Windows 95 and T rebuchet MS are registered trademarks[...]

iMalc Manual Legal Infor mation Legal Information 56 otherwise use it or make it av ailable for use on more than one computer at the same time except on a portable as a second computer . Y ou may not rent or lease the Software, nor may y ou modify , adapt, translate, rev erse engineer , decompile, or disassemble the Software. If you violate an y pa[...]

Legal Information iMalc Manual Legal Infor mation 57 unenforceable, or contrary to law , that provision of the Agreement shall be enforced to the maximum extent permissible so as to effect the intent of the parties, and the remainder of this Agreement shall continue in full force and effect.[...]

iMalc Manual Other Information Other Information 58 Here is a selection of other useful information and web sites. Inside Macintosh reference books from Apple, published by Addison- W esley . In particular , Overview , Human Interface Guidelines , Memory , PowerPC Numerics and Macintosh Toolbox Essentials . American National Standards Institute. Fl[...]

Other Information iMalc Manual Other Information 59 Thanks are due to many people. Firstly to those who have paid their registr ation fees - hopefully thatÕ s you! Thank you for supporting the shareware concept. Secondly to Andrew Barry for writing such a great program as REALbasic, the development language in which iMalc is written. Thanks to Geo[...]

iMalc Manual Other Information Other Information 60 Adobe http://www .adobe.com Apple Computer http://www .apple.com Apple Masters - famous people who use Macs http://www .apple.com/applemasters/home.html AppleStore http://www .apple.com/store/ AppleStore UK http://www .apple.com/ukstore/ Developer Documentation http://developer .apple.com/techpubs[...]

Mac Driver Museum http://members.xoom.com/macdrivers/ MacEvangeList http://www .MacEvangeList.com MacF ever http://www .macfever .com MacF ormat http://www .macformat.co.uk MacGeeks.com http://www .macgeeks.com MacHyperArchive http://hyper archive.lcs.mit.edu/HyperArchive.html Macinsites http://macinsites.com Macinstein - Mac search engine http://w[...]

iMalc Manual Index Index 62 % 3 , 19 , 22 +/- 3 , 21 , 22 ¹ 4 , 19 , 21 , 22 Ã 21 , 22 10^x 22 128-bit 36 1Úx 4 , 19 , 21 , 22 32-bit 36 64-bit 36 68k chip 31 A About Box 10 , 26 Academic license 46 acos 22 algebraic 21 Alt 19 ANSI 34 anti-logarithm 20 , 22 arccosine 19 , 22 Arccosine x 20 arcsine 19 , 22 Arcsine x key 20 arctangent 19 Arctangen[...]

Index iMalc Manual Index 63 denormalized numbers 37 , 38 display 23 double 35 double-double 35 drag and drop 4 E Edit menu 15 email 12 Enter 24 equals 3 , 22 Error codes 5 , 42 Errors 32 Escape 25 Exception Handling 34 exponent 23 , 37 exponential 23 Eyecatcher 53 e^x 20 , 22 F fee 45 flavour 5 , 26 Flavour menu 5 , 16 , 26 Flavours 26 floating-poi[...]

iMalc Manual Index Index 64 O operand 23 operator k ey 24 Operator k eys 18 , 20 option key 4 , 19 , 22 Other Information 58 P paste 4 , 23 payment 45 P ayment by cash 50 P ayment by credit card 50 P ayment Instructions 48 percent 19 , 21 pi 4 , 19 , 21 , 22 plus/minus key 19 , 21 P owerBookCalc 29 P owerPC chip 31 P owerPC Numerics 31 , 35 precisi[...]

Index iMalc Manual Index 65 X x to the power y key 19 x^2 21 , 22 x^y 4 , 23 Y yth root of x 4 , 19 , 20 , 23 Z zeroes 37 , 39 zoom box 19[...]