Delta Electronics SS1-UM-1.05 manuel d'utilisation

SunScan Canopy Analy sis Sy stem User Manual SS1-UM-1.05[...]

Notices Copyright All rights reserv ed. Under the copyrig ht laws, this manual m ay not be copied, in whole or in part, without the written consent of D elta-T Devices Lim ited. Under the law , copying includes translation into another languag e. Copyrig ht © 1996, Delta-T Devices Lim ited. SunData software and canopy theory are Copyright © 1996 [...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 • • • • 3 Contents Introduction ................................................................................................. 6 How to use the manua ls ............................................................................. 6 Organisation of this manual ..................................................[...]

4 • • • • Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 Menus and Screens .................................................................................. 30 More Psion and file handling notes ......................................................... 33 Navig ating P sion d irector ies an d scre ens ...............................................33 The Wo[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 • • • • 5 Mainten ance and re pair ............................................................................ 64 Checking the batteries ................................................................................ 64 The SunScan probe batteries ................................................................[...]

6 • • • • Introduction Document code: SS 1-UM-1.05 Introduction How to use the manuals This manual tells y ou how to use your SunScan Canopy Analy ser and its accessories. Some pag es in the Menus and Screens section are "Quick G uides" which summ arise the principal operating m odes of the SunScan. They hav e been laminated on to[...]

SunScan Use r Manual v 1.05 Introduction • • • • 7 SunScan probe The light sensitive “w and” of the probe is 1 metre long , containing 64 photodiodes equally spaced along its length. The probe handle contains batteries and electronics for converting the photodiode outputs into digital PAR readings, which g et sent to your Data Collectio[...]

8 • • • • Getting Starte d Document code: S S1-UM-1.05 Getting Started After unpacking the SunScan consignm ent and checking the contents against the packing list, you will w ant to know if ev erything is functioning correctly . All parts of the system are checked at our factory before despatch, so you should not anticipate trouble. If the [...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Gettin g Started • • • • 9 After some minutes of inactivity, the W orkabout screen will automatically blank itself to save power. Press On/Es c once more to restore the screen display. ♦ Now connect the SunScan probe to the RS232 port at the top of the Workabout. Leave the BFS sensor disconnected. ♦ Press the[...]

10 • • • • Getting Starte d Document code: S S1-UM-1.05 Installing the SunData s/w in y our PC In this section y ou will be told about the SunData s/w , and what you need to do to get it running on your PC. You w ill then use it to establish that your PC can comm unicate with the SunScan probe. The SunData s/w Diskett e What the s/w does Th[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Gettin g Started • • • • 11 Running SunData The program you w ill run is SUNDATA.EX E (which was in the PC directory on the diskette). This will be a quick test just to obtain the opening SunData screens on your PC. From DOS ♦ Change to the directory on your hard disk which holds the SUNDATA.EXE file. ♦ At t[...]

12 • • • • Getting Starte d Document code: S S1-UM-1.05 Communication checks: SunScan probe to PC For this test you will need the SunScan probe, and the SunD ata PC s/w running in your PC to the stag e described above. ♦ Now connect the SunScan probe coiled cable to the COM port you hav e just specified, and press ↵ ↵ ↵ ↵ again. T[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Gettin g Started • • • • 13 Running SunData in Wi ndow s At this stage y ou may wish to install the SunData prog ram so that it runs from w ithin Windows. In Windows 3.11 The SunData diskette also contains SUNDATA.PIF and SUNDAT A.ICO files for use with Windows. ♦ In Windows Prog ram Manag er, select File, New,[...]

14 • • • • SunScan T utorial Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 SunScan Tutorial A bout this tutorial What you will learn This tutorial takes y ou step by step throug h the processes of setting up and taking readings with the SunScan probe, and then transferring the data files to a computer for analysis. I t is divided into two parts, each of wh [...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 SunScan T utorial • • • • 15 Warning! If you were already in the Psion System Screen, you’ll see a message Exit System Screen? Press N , so that you stay in the System Screen. From this point y ou can launch SunData , the SunScan application, but first it is a good idea to fam iliarise yourself w ith the Workab[...]

16 • • • • SunScan T utorial Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 Using a PC instead of the Workabout Starting the PC software Skip this section if y ou are using the Psion. Refer to the section in Getting Started for details on starting the PC v ersion of the SunData software. This should bring you to the PC title screen. Y ou will then set the pr[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 SunScan T utorial • • • • 17 (This page is intentionally blank)[...]

18 • • • • SunScan T utorial Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 Setting up a measurement session Working through the menu options In norm al use the SunData softw are calculates Leaf Area Index ( LA I ) based on readings from the SunScan probe and from the Beam Fraction Sensor (if fitted). These calculations also require information about the dis[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 SunScan T utorial • • • • 19 You will g o through these different com binations later in the tutorial, and there is also a route map in the Menus and Screens section. These settings can be stored as a Configuration . Sav ing a num ber of configurations enables you to switch quick ly between the different set- ups[...]

20 • • • • SunScan T utorial Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 Taking readi ngs Using the Emulator mode You have now configured all the setting s necessary to start taking readings, including setting SunData into emulator mode, with BFS , and setting the display to LA I At its simplest, you only need to press Ent er twice to take, display and st[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 SunScan T utorial • • • • 21 ♦ Now Set the D isplay to PA R ( M enu, Settings, Display, Enter ) The procedure for taking, display ing and storing a reading stays the sam e, but the reading display and the data stored change to reflect the new setting : This screen is the same if y ou change the Display to All ,[...]

22 • • • • SunScan T utorial Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 This time y ou will see the v alue of the PAR reading from the probe. N ow is a good time to play around with the system a bit, shine a light on the probe, or take it outside and poke it into a few canopies. ♦ Press the red ( GO ) button to store the reading. Take a few m ore readi[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 SunScan T utorial • • • • 23 By now you may have accumulated quite a lot of readings in Data.PRN the default data file. There is no harm in this, but you may w ant to put further test results into new file, or maybe try out a .CSV file. If so, follow the D ata Storage instructions a few pages back. Measuring Leaf[...]

24 • • • • SunScan T utorial Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 Averages SunData can calculate and store the averag e of all the sam ples in a plot, as well as retaining each actual reading . ♦ I n the Reading screen, use the ← ← ← ← → → → → arrow key s to highlig ht the AVERA GE option and press Enter . You can then store, disc[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 SunScan T utorial • • • • 25 ♦ Select Format CSV : Yes in the Rev iew dialog box or from the file itself ♦ Press Menu, Format CSV, Enter (or ∪ ∪ ∪ ∪ +F ) This comm and in fact togg les between the formatted and unform atted states, and the terminolog y chang es accordingly . Press On/Esc to exit from [...]

26 • • • • SunScan T utorial Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 Navigating in the File Transfer box • The Tab key ( ➙ ➙ ➙ ➙❘ ❘❘ ❘ ) will mov e you from one <field> to the next, in sequence. Shift+Tab takes y ou back a step. • The <Dirs/Drives> area shows you other driv es that can be accessed. Use the ↑ ↑ ↑ ?[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 SunScan T utorial • • • • 27 You will immediately get a "Sending" m essage showing the progress of the transfer until it is completed, after which you will be returned to the SunD ata program. If y ou have no m ore to do, you can exit SunData with ∪ ∪ ∪ ∪ +X and disconnect the RS232 comm s cable[...]

28 • • • • SunScan T utorial Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 RS232 communication problems RS232 links betw een computers are notorious for g i ving difficulties, because there is no completely accepted international standard for them. If y ou are getting error messag es which indicate the link is not work ing properly, then the difficulties ma[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 SunScan T utorial • • • • 29 SunData Screens on the Workabout Note: these scr eens are only required if you are m easuring Leaf Area Index (LAI) , and y ou do not have a Beam F raction sensor attached to the probe. Note: screen dis play and data stored will be differ ent from this if the Menu , Settings , Display[...]

30 • • • • Menus and Screens Document code: S S1-UM-1.05 Menus and Screens The following table shows the m enu options and settings for the Psion Workabout. Menus for SunData PC software follow a similar lay out. File Data Storage Name ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ 8 chars. Type in name (and subdirectory ) for the data file. .PRN or .CSV extensions are a[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Men us and Screens • • • • 31 Setting s Titl es Title ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ 40 chars. Title name is stored in the data file heading, and is displayed on the Title screen. (contd.) Group ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ 40 chars. Name for a group of readings. A new name (or setting change) starts a new group. Site Site Name ≤ ≤ ≤ [...]

32 • • • • Menus and Screens Document code: S S1-UM-1.05 Quit Ex it the SunData program[...]

SunScan Use r Manual v 1.05 More Psion and file handling notes • • • • 33 More Psion and file handling notes Navigating Psion di r ector i es and screens The Workabout User Guide At this stage y ou may want to learn more about operating the Workabout, so y ou should refer again to the Work about User Guide in which the following subjects ar[...]

34 • • • • More Psion and file handling notes Document code: SS 1-UM-1.05 Psion subdirectory usage in file select dialogs In the Work about file selection dialogs, you are only presented with inform ation about the file name and the driv e it is on. No subdirectory inform ation is given, and this can cause confusion. You can see which subdi[...]

SunScan Use r Manual v 1.05 More Psion and file handling notes • • • • 35 To copy to another subdirectory, y ou must add that information to the filenam e you choose. If y ou only put a subdirectory name in the filenam e field, then the Workabout will use the orig inal filename, but with the new subdirectory . A subdirectory nam e always st[...]

36 • • • • More Psion and file handling notes Document code: SS 1-UM-1.05 If y ou have other (non- data) files you want to keep, copy them to the internal drive, or to another Flashcard for temporary storage (don' t forget to copy them back and delete them im mediately afterwards), alternativ ely copy them to y our PC using RCOM or SLI[...]

SunScan Use r Manual v 1.05 More Psion and file handling notes • • • • 37 Defau lt .cfg Every time y ou exit the SunData program , the program state is stored in the file - Default.cfg . This configuration is restored when the SunData prog ram is next run, which m eans that you start ag ain exactly where y ou finished last time. Configurati[...]

38 • • • • More Psion and file handling notes Document code: SS 1-UM-1.05 Displaying data files on y our PC As soon as you hav e transferred data files from the Work about to your PC (or hav e created them on a portable PC ) you will w ant to analyse and print them for your records. The .PRN file The .PRN file format contains ASCI I charact[...]

SunScan Use r Manual v 1.05 More Psion and file handling notes • • • • 39 Data file layouts and data groups If y ou want to get a g ood idea of how the data files will look , you can run the PC SunData program in the emulator m ode. The general presentation of the results on screen will be sim ilar to that in the eventual data file. The one[...]

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SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Measu rement option s • • • • 41 Measurement options Experiment design This section discusses the factors that bear on the experimental objectives y ou wish to achieve. I t should help you answer questions lik e: • What equipment do I need? • What readings m ust be taken? • Will I have to wait for particula[...]

42 • • • • Measu rement option s Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 Canopy type and BFS practicalities Canopy ty pe is the next variable to be considered. As a general g uide, the above- canopy reference m easurements should be m ade close to, or above, the position of the SunScan probe. Tall canopies will undoubtedly exercise y our ingenuity in [...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Measu rement option s • • • • 43 This means that in strong sun (high Beam Fraction) the canopy v olume sam pled is fairly sm all and well defined. As the Beam Fraction decreases, the v olume sampled increases, and has less well defined limits. Preferred light and weather conditions These also will sign ificantly [...]

44 • • • • Measu rement option s Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 A dvice on Absorption and ELA DP values Absorption Absorption is the percentage of incident PAR that is absorbed by the leaf. Most leaves have Absorption values in the range 0.8 - 0.9, so the default value of 0.85 will usually be appropriate. Only adjust the Absorption value if y[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Measu rement option s • • • • 45 Estimatin g ELA DP in the field If the canopy shows a clear predominance of horiz ontal or vertical leav es, then choose a small v olum e of the canopy that is representative. Count the num ber of leaves that are at m ore than 45° from the vertical (i.e. mostly horizontal), and t[...]

46 • • • • Measu rement option s Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 SunScan Sy stem M easurement modes Workabout setup With your planned experim ents in mind, y ou should now know what m easurements you want to m ake, and what equipment y ou will need. The following section describes the three display functions that y ou may use, and gives adv i [...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Measu rement option s • • • • 47 The Autolog function You can set up the SunScan system to operate automatically in any of its modes, just as if you were pushing the read, store and averag e buttons at regular intervals. Note: don't confuse Autolog with logging the probe as a Linear Quantum sensor, or with l[...]

48 • • • • Measu rement option s Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 Battery and memory management When leaving the SunScan probe to Autolog ov er a few days, the m emory space on the Flashcard will determ ine how long it can run for, prov ided the Workabout Ni- Cd battery is fully charged, and the probe alk aline batteries are not near the end of[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Measu rement option s • • • • 49 Levelling is mo st critical when you are using the probe: • for the incident radiation above the canopy , and • when then direct solar beam is strong , and • when the sun is low in the sk y. Use of the tr i pod The probe base has a standard camera m ount socket for use with [...]

50 • • • • Measu rement option s Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 Finding North, and set t i ng the shade ring If you are taking measurements which require only the incident total radiation on the canopy, you can ignore the compass orientation of the BFS and you should set the shade ring horizontal so that it is not in use. If, howev er, you wa[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Measu rement option s • • • • 51 PAR calibrations This section describes the basis for the light calibrations used in the SunScan system , and explains when and how you m ight want to recalibrate the probe or restore its factory calibration. Factory light calibrati on The SunScan probe and Beam Fraction Sensor ar[...]

52 • • • • Measu rement option s Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 You should not expect to have to do this very often. The photodiodes and light measurement circuits are very stable. The source of the apparent variability mentioned abov e is the not quite ideal cosine and spectral response of the sensors. Restoring the fact ory calibrati on At [...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Measu rement option s • • • • 53 Environmental and moisture protection You should be aware of the different levels of protection of the com ponents of the SunScan system to avoid putting them at risk when work ing outdoors. As with all field instruments y ou should m inimise, as far as practical their exposure to[...]

54 • • • • LA I theory Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 LA I theory In this section we shall explain as fully as we can how the SunScan computes its readings of leaf area index, and what the m ain limitations and prov isos are in interpreting these for real canopies. Ingredi ents of the LAI computation method There are three broad areas contrib[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 LA I theory • • • • 55 Equation fitting and inversion The results of the computer m odelling, while accurate, are not suitable for use in a field instrument. I t takes many minutes of processing on a fast PC to calculate light transmission for any giv en conditions using the m odel, and the Psion Workabout is not[...]

56 • • • • LA I theory Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 Beer's law for canopy absorption Beer's law occurs in m any situations where events happen at random. I n the case of light absorption by a canopy, it applies to the absorption of incident photons or lig ht rays. For a uniform infinite randomly distributed canopy of completely ab[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 LA I theory • • • • 57 The next section derives the transmission of light from a uniform overcast sky through a uniform infinite canopy of black leaves of constant LAI with an ellipsoidal leaf angle distribution. Let the sky have uniform brightness of 1 per steradian ov er the hemisphere. The radiance of a strip [...]

58 • • • • LA I theory Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 Diffuse light transmission (cosine corrected sensor) Modelling the canopy transmission Accounting for incom plete absorption of PAR by the canopy elements, and scattering of lig ht within the canopy is com plicated. I t is no longer sufficient to consider only the v ertical component of PA[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 LA I theory • • • • 59 In detail: • The canopy is divided into horiz ontal layers of LAI 0.1 • Direct beam absorption by each lay er is calculated using Cam pbell's equation. I n calculating the am ount of absorbed light that is re- emitted, the total power in the direct beam has to be used (i.e. as m ea[...]

60 • • • • LA I theory Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 Accuracy of LAI calculations When used to predict LAI from transm itted fraction, the functions used in the SunData software are accurate to within ±10% ±0.1 ov er the range of LA I less than 10 and Zenith Ang le less than 60° when com pared to the output of the full model. The errors b[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 LA I theory • • • • 61 This was again calculated num erically and curves fitted to the data with sim ilar accuracy as abov e. The curves fitted are: Given: Diffuse light transmission (hemispherical response sensor) Modelling incomplete PAR absorption and scattering Radiation models hav e been used for many years [...]

62 • • • • LA I theory Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 The results were then analysed in term s of L a , the LAI of a canopy of black leav es that would give the sam e transmission as a canopy of LAI L assuming incomplete absorption, all other factors being equal. L a . L( ) 1g ( ) 1a L is the "true" LAI , L a is the LAI that when us[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 LA I theory • • • • 63 Daughty , Craig S T (1990). Direct measurements of canopy structure. Remote Sensing Rev iews 1990 vol 5(1) pp 45 - 60. Diffey B L (ed).(1989) Radiation Measurement in Photobiology . Academ ic Press. Goudriaan J (1977). Crop Micrometeorology: A Simulation Study. Centre for Agricultural Publi[...]

64 • • • • Techn ical Reference section Document code: SS1-UM -1.05 Technical Reference section Mai ntenance and repair Checking the batt eries The SunScan system requires batteries within the probe and in the Workabout. The Beam Fraction sensor does not require batteries because it draws its power from the probe. The SunScan probe batterie[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Techn ical Reference section • • • • 65 Workabout battery management When you receiv e the Workabout, the installed battery pack m ay not be fully charged. Connect the Work about to the Docking unit and Charg er immediately , so that charging can proceed w hilst you are learning to use the SunScan. The charger is[...]

66 • • • • Techn ical Reference section Document code: SS1-UM -1.05 Checking the PAR calibration Various techniques for checking the SunScan sy stem PAR calibration and consistency are described in the Measurement Options, P AR calibration section, which you should refer to. This also includes advice on when to use the recalibrate and resto[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Techn ical Reference section • • • • 67 Troubleshooti ng Psion Workabout There is no SunData Icon in the system screen. • From the Psion sy stem screen, select M enu, A pps, Install, Enter, T ab, and select Sundata.app in the SUN subdirectory . I f this file does not exist, it must be copied from the SunScan [...]

68 • • • • Techn ical Reference section Document code: SS1-UM -1.05 “Insufficient power to write data” reported. • Recharge the N i-C d battery pack, or replace it w ith a freshly charg ed Ni-C d pack or two AA A lkaline cells. When transferring files to a PC, data is transfer red, but there are repeated checksum or device IO errors. [...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Techn ical Reference section • • • • 69 Technical Suppor t Distributor contact If y ou have a problem , please call your local distributor first. Direct Delta- T contact You can contact SunScan Technical Support at Delta-T directly on: Tel: +44 (0)1638 742922 Fax: +44 (0)1638 743155 Email: fi42@ delta-t.co.uk Web[...]

70 • • • • Techn ical Reference section Document code: SS1-UM -1.05 Specifications SunScan Probe type SS1 Active area 1000 x 13 mm wide. Sensor spacing 15.6 mm. Spectral response 400 - 700 nm (PAR) Measurement time 120 ms Max imum reading 2500 µ mol.m -2 .s -1 Resolutio n 0.3 µ mol.m -2 .s -1 Linearity better than 1% Accuracy +/- 10% Anal[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Techn ical Reference section • • • • 71 Carrying Case type SCC1 Moulded plastic case with O-ring seal for m oisture and dust proofing, including pressure release valv e. Outside dimensions 1.40 x 0.44 x 0.16 m W eight approx 8 kg Telescopic Tripod type BFT1 3-w ay head with quick release platform. G eared frictio[...]

72 • • • • Techn ical Reference section Document code: SS1-UM -1.05 PA R Performance The graphs below show the actual spectral and cosine response curves for the SunScan system . Spectral response The spectral response curve shows that the SunScan response is alm ost entirely within the PAR wavelength band of 400 nm - 700 nm. The GaAsP sens[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Techn ical Reference section • • • • 73 Cosine responses of probe and BFS The cosine response curves show a dim inishing response com pared to the ideal at high z enith angles. For this reason, you should av oid taking m easurements when the sun is strong and near the horiz on. Most studies will be looking at the[...]

74 • • • • A ppendices Document code: SS 1-UM-1.05 A ppendices A . Logging the probe as a Linear Quantum Sensor This application of the SunScan probe turns it into a simple Line Quantum sensor that can be attached to a data logg er. No Data Collection Terminal is used, but you do require a data logg er that can supply power to the probe whe[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 A ppendices • • • • 75 B. Logging the Beam Fr acti on sensor You can log the Beam Fraction sensor in a similar m anner, using the (optional) special logg ing cable for it. Two outputs are available, corresponding to the Total incident PAR and Diffuse PAR photodiode readings. Be aware that the shade ring elevation[...]

76 • • • • A ppendices Document code: SS 1-UM-1.05 C. Upgrading the SunScan sy stem From tim e to time, new issues of the software program s in the SunScan system may be released and offered to existing custom ers. Brief notes follow for what is involv ed in installing them . The SunData PC s/w New versions of the PC prog ram file SunData.e[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 A ppendices • • • • 77 D. Fil e tr ansfer betw een Workabout and PC Choice of different programs For the transfer of data files from the Work about to a PC, the SunData software that resides in the Workabout and on y our PC provides all you need, but it is specific for this purpose. There are other occasions howe[...]

78 • • • • A ppendices Document code: SS 1-UM-1.05 If PsiWin has difficulty establishing the link to the Workabout at any stage, powering down PsiWin and the Work about and physically rem aking the RS232 connections before running them again m ay clear the problem. Don't forg et to turn off the remo te link in the Workabout when y ou h[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 A ppendices • • • • 79 ♦ From the Psion Sy stem Screen, press Menu, Disk, Directo ry, Enter . ♦ Press ← ← ← ← → → → → to select the Disk I nternal, (or any other Disks or drives). Note : the Workabout refers to its own drives as Internal and Disk A, B, C etc . The drives on the PC are referred[...]

80 • • • • A ppendices Document code: SS 1-UM-1.05 Example using RCOM On the Workabout: ♦ Exit from the SunData application on the Work about by pressing ∪ ∪ ∪ ∪ +X . ♦ In the Sy stem Screen, press M enu, Spec, Re mote Link , and press Enter . Set the Remote Link to On , Baud r ate to 19200 , and the Port to A . ♦ Connect the [...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 A ppendices • • • • 81 E. A lternative file transfer mechanisms Sending a file to a Communication program You can send your files to a com munications prog ram such as Windows Terminal or ProCom m. H owever, if y ou do this there will be no error checking during the file transfer. Connect the Workabout to an appr[...]

82 • • • • A ppendices Document code: SS 1-UM-1.05 F. Glossary Beam fraction - the fraction of the Total incident PAR in the Direct beam. Beam Fraction Sensor (BFS) - consists of two PAR sensors and a shade ring, used for measuring Direct and Diffuse light abov e the canopy. Beer’s law - a general law describing transmission throug h an a[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 • • • • 83 Local time - the tim e used in your particular time z one. It v aries from GMT by an amount depending on longitude, political boundaries, and any daylig ht saving tim e. Mean Leaf Angle (also Mean Tip Angle, Mean I nclination Angle) is the av erage angle of all the leaf elem ents relative to the horiz [...]

84 • • • • Index Document code: S S1-UM-1.05 Index A About ........................................................................ 31 Absorption incom plete ................................................. 52, 56, 59 values .................................................................... 42 Accuracy LA I ..............................[...]

SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Index • • • • 85 H Hemi spherical respon se ....................................... 58, 80 Hot key s .............................................................. 19, 32 I Invers ion.................................................................... 53 L LA I, display............................................[...]

86 • • • • Index Document code: S S1-UM-1.05 Transfer, file ............................................................. 30 Transmitted f raction.................................................. 81 Tripod Mount...................................................... 47, 69 Troubleshooting .............................................. 8, 27[...]