HP (Hewlett-Packard) HP 16500C manuel d'utilisation

Use r’s Guide Publicati o n numbe r 165 00-9 7022 August 1 9 97 For Safe ty inform atio n, Warrant ies, and Reg ulato ry informati on, see the pages be hind the Index © Copyrig ht Hewl ett-Packard Company 1987 , 1990, 1993, 1 994, 1996 , 1997 All Rights Rese rved HP 16500C / 16501A Logic Analysis System[...]

HP 16500C—At a Glance A sys tem of me asureme nt mo dules The HP 1 6 500C is th e mainf rame of t he Hewlet t-Pa ckard L og ic A naly sis Syst em. I t of fers a modu lar s truct ure f or plug-in ca rds with a wide r ange of st ate, timing, os cillos co pe, an d patte rn generat or c apab ilities . A pow erf ul , e as y-to -us e i nte rfa ce The t[...]

HP 16 5 00C HP 16 5 01A iii[...]

iv[...]

In This Book This User’s Guid e sho ws y ou ho w t o us e the HP 1650 0C Logic Analy sis System in your every day deb ugg ing work. Chapter 1, “Trigge ring,” shows you how to set up the analyzer to trig ger on the various kinds of events present in your system . Advance d tri ggeri ng capabili ty allows you to look at only the program states [...]

about specific applicatio n problems and how to solve them using an HP log ic analyzer. See Al so For g eneral inform atio n on set up and o perat ion of the H P 165 00C, se e t he HP 16500C /16501A Logic Analysis System User’s Reference . For i nformat ion on program ming the HP 16500 C usi ng a comput er co ntro ller such as a workst ation or p[...]

Cont ents 1 Triggering To sto re and t ime the ex ecution of a sub rout ine 1– 3 To trigg er o n the nth ite ratio n o f a loop 1–5 To trigg er o n the nth recursive call of a recursive functi on 1 –6 To trigg er o n ent ry t o a function 1–8 To capture a write of kno wn bad data to a particular vari able 1–10 To trigg er o n a lo op that[...]

To capture s tat e flo w sho wing how your t arget sy stem pro cesse s an interrupt 2–16 To test a ci rcuit using sti mulus-respo nse 2–17 To use a s tat e analy zer to t rigge r timing analysi s o f a co unt-down o n a set o f data lines 2–1 8 To monit or the activity of two copro cesso rs in a target system 2 –1 9 Special di splays 2– 2[...]

4 Concepts The Tr igge r S equen cer 4–3 The Inve rse Assemb ler 4–10 Co nfigu ration T rans latio n for An alyzer Mo dules 4– 13 5 If You Ha ve a P roblem Analyzer Prob lems 5–3 Intermit tent dat a erro rs 5–3 Unwanted t rigg ers 5–3 No Se tup/ Hold fi eld on fo rmat screen 5–4 No act ivit y o n act ivit y indicato rs 5–4 Capacitiv[...]

Mess ages 5– 12 “Default Calibrat ion Fact ors Loaded” (HP 1654 0, 1654 1, and 1654 2) 5–12 “. . . Inve rse A ssem bler N ot F ound” 5–12 “Measurement Init ializ at ion Error” 5–13 “No Co nfigurat io n File Loade d” 5–14 “Selected Fi le is Incompatibl e” 5– 14 “Slow or Missi ng Clo ck” 5–14 “State Cl ock Viol[...]

1 Trigger ing[...]

Trig gering As you begi n to u n derstan d a probl em in you r sys tem, you may realize that certain condi tion s mu st o ccur befor e th e p rob lem occu rs. Y ou can use sequen tial trigge rin g to en sur e that those cond itio ns have occu rred before the analy ze r re cogn izes its trigger and captu res info rmation. You set up seq uential trig[...]

To store and time the execut ion of a subroutine Most syst ems soft ware of any kind is compo sed of a hierarchy of functions and procedures. During i nteg ratio n, test ing, and perfo rmance evaluat ion, yo u will want to look at specific procedures to verify that they are e xecuti ng correctly and that the implem entat io n is efficient. The anal[...]

Example Suppos e you want to trigge r on entry to a routi ne called MY_SU B. You can define the address of MY_SUB in t he Format m enu, allowi ng you to re ference the sym bol name when setting up the t race specification. Assume t hat MY_SUB ex tends for 0A hex lo cations. You can set up t he trigg er sequencer as shown i n the displ ay. Trig ger [...]

To t rigger on the nth ite ration of a loop Traditional deb ugging requires print statem ents around the area of interest . This is no t possi ble in most emb edded systems designs. But , the analyz er allows y ou to view the syst em’s behavi or when a part icular event occurs. Suppose t hat your s y stem behave s incorrect ly on t he last iterat[...]

To t rigger o n the nth recursive call o f a recursive function 1 Select the state ana lyzer Trigger menu . 2 Defin e t he terms CALL_ADD, F_START, and F_END to represen t the cal led add ress of th e recursive f unctio n , an d the start a nd end addre s ses of the f unctio n . Define F_ EXIT to repre s ent the addre ss of the first progra m state[...]

Triggerin g on the 22nd Ca l l of a Recursive Fu n ction Triggering To tri gger on t he nth r ecursiv e call o f a recur sive fu nction 1–7[...]

To t rigger on ent ry to a function This seq uence trigg ers on ent ry to a function only when it is called b y one particular funct ion. 1 Select the state ana lyzer Trigger menu . 2 Defin e t he terms F1_S TART and F1_END to repre s ent the start and end addresses of the ca llin g fun ction. De fine F2_ START to rep resen t the start address of t[...]

Trigger i ng on Ent ry to a Fun c tio n Triggering To trig ger on ent ry to a function 1–9[...]

To capture a wri te o f known bad data to a particular variable The trigge r specification ANDs the bad data on the data bus, write transactio n on the status bus , and address of the variable on the address bus. 1 Select the state ana lyzer Trigger menu . 2 Defin e t he terms BAD_DATA , WRITE , a n d VAR_ADDR to re present the bad data valu e, wri[...]

To t rigger on a loop that occasion ally runs t oo long This exam ple assumes the loop no rmally execut es in 1 4 µ s. 1 Select the state ana lyzer Trigger menu . 2 Defin e t erms LP_S TART, LP_END, and Timer1 to re p resent the start and end addre s ses of the l oop , and the normal dura t ion of the lo op. You can mak e the se quence specificat [...]

To verify that all stack s and registers are res t ore d correctly bef ore exitin g a subroutine The exit code for a function will oft en contain inst ructions for deallocat ing stack s t orage fo r local vari ables and restoring regi sters t hat were save d during the function call. Some language imple mentatio ns vary on these points, with the ca[...]

To t rigger afte r all statu s bus lines finish transition ing In some applications , you wil l want to trigge r a measureme nt when a particular pat tern has beco me stab le. For exam ple, you might want to trigge r the analyz er when a m icroprocessor’ s stat us bus has b ecome stab le during the b us cycl e. 1 Select the timin g a n alyzer Tri[...]

To find the nth assertion of a chip select line 1 Select the timin g a n alyzer Trigge r menu. 2 Defin e t he gli t ch/e dge1 term to represen t the asser ting transition on the chip select line. You can rename the Edge1 term to make it correspond more closel y to the proble m domain, for exam ple, to CHIP_ SEL. 3 Und er Timi n g Sequ ence Lev els,[...]

To verify that the chip select line o f a mem ory chip is strobed after the ad dr ess is stable 1 Select the timin g a n alyzer Trigge r menu. 2 Defin e a t erm call ed ADDRE SS to repr esent the addr ess in que s tion and the Edge 1 t e rm to represen t the asser t ing tran sition on th e chip select line. You can rename the Edge1 term to suit the[...]

To t rigger when expected data does not appear o n the data bu s from a remo te device wh en requested 1 Select the timin g a n alyzer Trigge r menu. 2 Defin e a t erm call ed DATA to represen t the exp ected data, the E dge 1 term to represen t the chip selec t line of the remote d evice, and the Timer 1 t e rm to identify the time li mit for rece[...]

Trig ger i ng Wh en I/O Dat a Not R e turn ed Triggering To tr igger w hen expe cted dat a does not appe ar on the dat a bus f rom a remot e device w hen requ e sted 1– 17[...]

To test minimu m and maxim um pulse limits 1 Select the timin g a n alyzer Trigge r menu. 2 Defin e t he Edge1 term to repr esent the positive-go ing transitio n , and defi ne the Edg e2 term t o represen t the neg ative-going tran sition o n the li ne with the pulse to b e t ested . You can rename these terms t o P OS_ED G E and N EG_EDGE. 3 Defin[...]

Triggerin g when a Puls e Exc eeds Mini mum or Maximum Li mits Triggering To tes t minimum and maximum pul s e l imit s 1– 19[...]

To d etect a han dshake violation 1 Select the timin g a n alyzer Trigge r menu. 2 Defin e t he Edge1 term to repr esent either transi tion on the first hand s hak e line, and the Edge2 term to re pre sent eithe r t ransitio n on the seco nd handsh ake line . You can rename these terms to match yo ur problem, for exam ple, to REQ and ACK. 3 Und er [...]

To detect bus co ntent ion In this sequencer setup, the trigger occurs only if bo th devices assert their bus transfer acknowl edge lines at the same time. 1 Select the timin g a n alyzer Trigge r menu. 2 Defin e t he Edge1 term to repr esent assertion of the bus transfer ack nowl edge line of one device, and E d ge2 term to repr esent assertio n o[...]

Cross -Arm ing Tri g g er Exa mple s The foll owing ex amples use cross arming to coord inate measu rements between two i nstrumen ts. The cross-ar ming is set up in the Arming Co ntro l men u (obtain ed by sel ectin g Arming Contro l in the Trigge r menu ). When coordinatin g measure m e nts be tween two o r more analyzers , select Count Time so y[...]

To ex amine softw a re executio n w hen a timing violat ion occurs The timing analyzer trig gers when the timing violati on occurs, and when it triggers , it als o sets its “arm” level to t rue. When the stat e analyz er receives the arm s ignal, it triggers immediat ely on t he present state. 1 Select the timin g a n alyzer Trigge r menu. 2 De[...]

To lo ok at co ntrol an d stat us signals d uring execu tion of a routine The state analyzer will trig ger on the start of the routi ne whose contro l and status signal s are t o be exami ned with finer resolution than once per bus cycle. When it trigg ers, it will switch its “arm” level true. The timing analy zer will trigger when it receives [...]

2 Intermodul e M easurements[...]

Inte rmodule Measure ments An intermod u le measure ment is a m e asuremen t that is coordin ated between two or more modules to captu re differen t types of info rmation rel ated to a p roblem y o u are tr ying to solve. T h is ch apter shows you h ow to make s everal kin d s of i nter module meas urements . Intermo d ule measurements can involve [...]

Int ermodul e Bus Bl ock Funct ional Di agram Intermo dule Meas urement s 2–3[...]

Intermodul e M e asure m ent Exampl es To set up an intermodu le m easu rement, you must use the Inter module men u. Al l module s that wil l particip ate in th e intermod ul e measuremen t must b e repre s ented in thi s men u and the ir rel ation s hips must b e shown u nder th e Gro u p Run field . To set up a group run of mod ules wit hin the H[...]

Osci l loscop e Arms St a te Anal yzer in Grou p Run The analy ze r i n slot B is armed whe n the oscill oscope in slo t D f inds its trigg er condit ion. Intermo dule Meas urement s To set up a group run o f module s w ith in t he HP 1 6 500 C 2–5[...]

To start a group run o f modules from an external trigger source 1 Connect the ar m signal from the ex terna l instrument or system to the PORT IN BNC connec tor o n the rea r pa nel o f the HP 16500 frame . 2 Select the Inter module menu. 3 Set up the group run spec ificatio n. 4 Select the POR T IN/OUT field. a Select the field under POR T IN Lev[...]

Stat e Ana lyzer and O sci llosc ope ar med fro m PORT I N B oth th e analyzer in slot B and t he oscillosc ope in slot D are armed whe n t he PORT I N signal ar ri ve s. Intermo dule Meas urement s To s tart a g roup run o f module s from a n extern al trigger source 2–7[...]

To start an ex ternal instrum ent on comm and from a module with in t he HP 16500 and 16501 m ainframe You can set up a module in a group run so that it sends a pulse through the PORT OU T rear panel BNC. The pulse can be used to start or stop a measurement in an ex ternal instrume nt or sy s tem. 1 Set up the group run spec ificatio n. See “To s[...]

Driv ing t he Por t Out BNC in a n In termod u le Me asureme n t The a nalyzer in slot B d r ives port out af ter finding its tr igger. Intermo dule Meas urement s To st ar t an ex te rnal i nst rument on comman d from a mod u le wi t hin t he HP 1 6500 and 1650 1 mainframe 2–9[...]

To see the status o f a mo dule within an intermo dule me asu rement 1 Select the Inter module menu. 2 Fin d the name of the mo dule unde r the “Modu les” list, and read the statu s und er the module name. The status can be e ither Running or St opped. Yo u can interpret these indicatio ns as foll ows: • If a module was running and i s now st[...]

Modul e Stat us Both modu l es ar e running bec ause neither has foun d its res pect ive trigger cond i tion. Intermo dule Meas urement s To see the st a tus of a modul e w ithin an i ntermodule measure ment 2– 11[...]

To see time correlation o f each module with in an int ermodule measuremen t Time correlatio n in the intermodul e menu can help you see when the trigg er occurred for each module and the relative time range of data captured by that mo dule. 1 Select Time in t he Count field of the tr igger menu of e ach logi c state analyzer whose measur ement wil[...]

Modul e Time Corr elat i on This portion of the ba r indicate s the re l ativ e time ran ge of data acquire d by this module. T indicate s t he time at which t he trigger was fo und. Intermo dule Meas urement s To s ee time c orrelatio n of each module w i thi n an intermod ule meas urement 2– 13[...]

To use a timing analyzer to detect a glitch The following setup uses a state analyz er to capture state flow occurring at the ti me of t he glitch. This can be useful in troub leshoo ting. Fo r example , you might fi nd that the gl itch is ground b ounce cause d by a num b er of simultane ous signal transiti ons. 1 Select the Inter module menu. 2 S[...]

To cap ture th e wavef orm o f a glitch The follo wing setup uses the triggering capabilit y of the timing analyzer a nd the acquisit ion capab ility o f the o scillosco pe. 1 Select the Inter module Menu. 2 Select the timin g a n alyzer from the Mod u les li st a nd set it to Gr oup Run. Select the o scillo scope mod u l e and se t it to respon d [...]

To cap ture state flow show ing h ow your target system processes an interr upt Use an o scilloscope with a sampl e rate fast er than t he micropro cessor clo ck rate to trigge r on the asynchronous inte rrupt reque s t. 1 Select the Inter module menu. 2 Se lect the osc illoscop e from the Modules list and s e t it to Gro up Run . Select the state [...]

To t est a circuit using stimu lus-response 1 Select the Inter module menu. 2 Select the p attern ge nerator fro m the Mod ules list and set it to Group Run. Select the o scillo scope mod u l e and se t it to respon d to the arm sign al from the pattern g enerator . Selec t the state a n alyzer and set it to resp ond to the arm signal from the pa t[...]

To u se a stat e analyzer to trigger tim ing an alys is of a cou nt-down on a set of data lines 1 Select the Inter module menu. 2 Select the state ana lyzer from the Mod ul es list and set it t o Group Run. Select the timin g analyzer and set it t o respond t o the arm signal from the state analyzer . 3 Select the state ana lyzer Trigger menu . 4 S[...]

To monit or the activity of two cop rocessors in a target system Deb ugging copro cessor s ystems can be a co mplex task . Replicat ed syste ms and content ion for shared resource s increase t he potential proble ms. Using two st ate analyz ers with preprocesso rs can make it much e asier to disco ver the so urce of such prob lems. For example, you[...]

7 Se lect Gro up R un from the u p per rig ht cor ner of the disp lay. After the measureme nt is complet e, you can interleave the trace lists of bo th state analyzers t o see the acti vity execut ed by bo th coproce ssors during related cl ock cycle s. You can use a similar procedure if you have only one processor, but wish to monito r its act ivi[...]

Spec ial di spl ays Interl eaved Trace Li sts Inter leaved trace lists allow you to view d ata captured by two or more anal yzers in a sing le trace list. Whe n you inte rleave the traces, you see each state that was cap tured by each analy z er. Thes e states are shown on con secutive lin es. You can interl eave state l istings from HP 16510B, 165[...]

To in terleave trace lists 1 Set up the analy zers who se data y o u wish to inte rleave as par t of a gro u p run . You won’t need to do this if the two measurem ent modules for which you want mixed display are really part of the same module. Fo r exampl e, you might have an HP 1 655 0A state/ timing analyzer co nfigured as t wo separat e analyz[...]

Interlea ved Trace Li s ts on th e HP 16550A See Al s o “To set up a group run of mo dules wit hin the H P 1650 0C” in this chapt er. Labels f or the interlea ved s tates are shown abo ve those f or the pr i mary analyz er. Int erleaved st a tes are shown i n yellow with line number s indente d f rom thos e of th e primary analy zer. Intermo du[...]

To view trace lists and waveforms together on the same display 1 Set up the mo dules wh ose d a ta you wish to vi ew as part of a g roup ru n . You won’t need to do this if the two measurem ent modules for which you want mixed display are really part of the same module. Fo r exampl e, you might have an HP 1 655 0A state/ timing analyzer co nfigur[...]

You can us e the M ixed D i splay featu re in the s tate analy zer menus to s how both wavefo rms and trac e lists in t he same d isplay, mak ing it eas ier to correla te the event s of int erest. If you are using m ixed display as part of a group run, you may need to adjust intermo dule skew t o ensure proper ti me correlatio n and display result [...]

Skew A djustm ent You can modify th e skew o r timing d eviation between mo d ules within the intermod ule measu rement. T hi s allows you to co mpensate for an y known delay of th e sys tem under tes t, or to compare two s ignals by firs t removing any displ ayed skew between the sign al channels . Skew ad ju stments can corr ect module delays to [...]

To adjust for minimum skew between two mo dules invo lved in an intermodule measurement 1 Connect an input signa l from each module to the same signal. An ideal s ignal for t esting skew is a single-s hot sig nal with fast riseti me. Such a signal simpli fies triggering and makes it easie r to correlat e the input event betwe en the modules . Ensur[...]

8 Re cor d the diffe rences show n by the two modu les. You can use the X and O markers to measure the differences in delays. 9 Select the Inter module Menu. 10 Select Sk ew, then ente r a s kew corr ection value for one of the mod u les using the kn o b o r the keyb oard. 11 Re t urn to th e mod ule w ave form d i splay and rech eck th e sk ew adj[...]

3 File Man agement[...]

Fil e Man a gement A ho st computer such as a PC o r UNIX works tation can enhance the HP 16 500C in many ways. Y ou can u se the host to store co nfiguratio n files or measuremen t resu lts for later review. Scre en images from the HP 16500C can be saved in bitmap fi les for inclu s i on in rep orts develop ed us i n g wor d p roce ssors or des kt[...]

Tra ns fer ring Fil es Usi ng the Fl exibl e Dis k Drive Be caus e the flexib le dis k drive on the HP 16500C will read and write double-si de d, d o uble density o r high - density disks in MS-DOS format, it is a u seful tool fo r transfer ring images to a nd from IBM PC-comp atibl e computer s as wel l as oth er sys tems that can read an d write [...]

To save a measurem ent configu ratio n You can save measurement configurati ons on a 3.5-inch disk or on the internal hard disk for later use. This is es pecially use ful for automat ing repetit ive measurements for product ion testing . 1 Select Sy s tem from the mod u le field. 2 Select Hard Disk or Fl exi ble Di sk from the men u field. 3 Select[...]

Savi ng the Os cillos cope Conf igurat ion for Sk ew Testing If yo u want to sa ve yo ur file in a direct ory ot her tha n the roo t, you c an select Change D irectory from the dis k ope rations field. The n type the name of t he desired directory in the director y name field, or select it from t he list o f visible director ies us ing the knob . F[...]

To lo ad a measuremen t co nfiguration You can q uickly load a pre viously saved me asurement co nfiguratio n, saving the tro uble of manual ly setting up the measurement parameters for each module. 1 Select Sy s tem from the mod u le field. 2 Select Hard Disk or Fl exi ble Di sk from the Men u field. Your choice here depends on where yo u saved th[...]

Loadi ng Conf i gura t ion for al l HP 165 00C M odules and t he Syst em File Ma nagement To lo ad a measureme nt configu r ation 3–7[...]

To save a trace list in ASCII format Some H P 16500C displays, such as fi le list s and trace l ists, contai n columns o f ASCII data that you may want to move to a PC for further manipulatio n or analysis. You can save t hese displ ays as ASCII files, using a pro cedure simil ar to that fo r creating graphics image s. While a g raphics capture s a[...]

Part of a Tr ace Listi ng Saved as an ASC I I Fi le 68 33 2E VS - St at e Li st in g La bel AD DR CP U32 Mn emon ic ST AT _ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 0 40 6F 4 A ND I. L #* ** ** ** *, (A 6) + O pc od e Fe tc h 1 0 FF7A 00 04 d at a wr it e Da ta W ri te 2 0 FF7C 06 F6 d[...]

To save a m enu or measuremen t as a graphic image You can save menus and measurement s to disk in one of four different graphics form ats. 1 Insert a DOS-formatted flexible disk in t he flexi bl e disk drive . 2 Set up the menu w hose image yo u want to cap ture, or run a measuremen t from wh ich you want to save data. 3 Select Prin t Di sk from t[...]

An Osci ll osco pe Display Sav ed as a TI F Image File Ma nagement To sa ve a menu or mea suremen t as a graph ic image 3– 11[...]

To lo ad system soft ware 1 Insert the first disk containi ng the system software. 2 Select Sy s tem from the mod u le field. 3 Select Hard Disk from the menu field. 4 Select Ch a nge Dire ctory from the disk o peratio n fiel d. 5 Select the d irectory SYSTE M using the knob , a nd sele ct Exe cute. 6 Select Flex ible Disk fro m the menu field . 7 [...]

Using the LA N Inter f ace The LAN I nterface of the HP 16 500C ex tends the Logic Analys is System by making it look like a NFS (Network File System) no de. Using NFS utiliti es f or the PC or NFS on a UNIX workstatio n , you can tran sfer files to and from the HP 16500C as if it were a disk dri ve attache d to you r machine . The LA N Interface a[...]

To set up the HP 16500C You can set up the H P 16500 C from the front panel, or via t he LAN. To se t up the sys tem via t he LAN, yo u can use one o f three me thods: • Copy a configuration file from your PC or wo rkstat ion to one of the files called setup.r aw in the H P 165 0 0C directory tree. • Remote ly load a configuratio n file into th[...]

Example You want to load a configurati on file called “486_bus” from the hard disk of the HP 1650 0C into an HP 1 655 0A s tate/ timing modul e. The H P 16550 A i s installe d in slot B o f the HP 1650 0C mainframe. To load the configuratio n file from the HP 1 6500C hard disk, you nee d to send the programming com mand to the analy zer. The s [...]

To transfer d ata files from the HP 16500C system to you r computer You can transfer data from the HP 16500C syst em to your PC or workstat ion by co pying files . Data files in b inary format are available in file l ocations slot_x data.raw . These binary files can be transferred t o your co mputer and then relo aded into the HP 1 650 0C syst em[...]

Example You have an HP 16550 A state /timing analyzer installed in slot C of you r HP 16500C mainframe. The name of analyzer 1 of the HP 16550A is 68000_ BUS. You have created some lab els under analyze r 1 of t he HP 16550A, including one called “addr_lo.” The directory s tructure of the HP 16 5 00C syst em loo ks like this: After se tting up [...]

To t ransfer graphics files from th e HP 16500C system to you r comp uter The current dis play of t he HP 1650 0C is avai lable in four different fo rmats. 1 Set up the displa y y ou wan t to transfer. 2 Copy the file in the format of your choice from the dire ctory sy ste mgraph ics . • The file sc reen.tif is a col or Tagged Imag e File Forma[...]

4 Co ncept s[...]

Conc e p ts Und ers tand ing ho w the analyzer d oes its jo b wi ll h elp yo u use it more effectively an d minimize meas urement proble m s. T h is ch apter explai ns the general operatio n of the trigg er seq uencer an d the invers e assemb ler. 4– 2[...]

The Trig ger Se que ncer Logic state and timing analyzer modu les for the HP 1650 0C have trig geri ng and data storage features that allow you to capture only the system acti vity of interes t. Unders tandin g how th ese featur es work will help you set up analyzer trigg er spe cifications that satis fy your measu remen t need s. There are sever a[...]

Stat e Analyze r Sequenc er wi th Fou r States Each state, excep t for the last, has two branch cond itions . Thes e are the se quence - advance and s e quen ce-else s pecification . (The trig ger-on speci fication is a s pecial s equen ce-advance s peci fication that is describ ed in the section “TRIGG ER On Speci fication .”) Sequen ce-Advanc[...]

Sequen ce-Else S pecifi cation The sequ ence-els e branch , sometimes called the “els e if” branch or second ary branch, may branch to any other s tate, inclu d ing the cur rent state , a previ o us s tate, or a l ater state. The se q uence -else specificati o n looks like the followi ng: E ls e on " <T ER M> " go t o le ve l &l[...]

you want to captur e activity after the trigger is captur ed , define an additio nal seque nce level and speci fy the desir ed storage qual ification for pos t- trigge r activity (for e xample, s tore “anystate ”). Ana lyze r Resou rces The sequen ce-advance, seq uence-els e, storage, and trigger-on specificati o ns are set by a combinati on of[...]

Where <TERM> can be a s ingle value on a set o f labe ls, any valu e with in a ran ge of value s on a set of labels , or a glitch or edge transiti o n on a b it or se t of bits. Limitati o ns Affec ti ng Use o f Analyzer R esources There are limitation s o n the way resources can be combined to form compl ex patter n e xpres sions. R esource [...]

Tab le 4-1 HP 16 550A Res ource D ivis ion Group Pair Resour ce Operati on Resour ce Pair Links Group L ink Group 1 Pair 1 Off, On, Negate a Combine resou rces within pairs us ing AND, NAND, OR, XNOR Off, On, Negate b Pair 2 Off, On, Negate c Off , I n Range, Out of Range Range 1 Pair 3 Off, On, Negate d Combine pairs within groups or in group 1 an[...]

The foll owing figu re shows the pos sible combinatio n s of th e a, b, c and Ran ge1 terms: Combin in g a , b, c, and Range 1 Terms The followin g combinati on is not valid, becaus e p airs cross group bo u ndari es: (( a+b) + ( h • In_R an ge 2) ) • ( j xo r Ti me r2 > 4 00 n s) Note that the analyzer interface will not allow you to enter [...]

T h e I n ve r se As se mb l er When the analy z er capture s a trace, it capture s bin ary i nformation. The an alyzer can th en pr esent th i s in formation in bi nary, octal , decimal, h exadeci m al, or A SCII. Or , if given info rmation abo ut the meani ng of the data captured , the analyzer can i n verse as semble the trace. The in verse as s[...]

Inve rse Assembl y S ynchroni za ti on I f you roll th e trace lis t to a ne w positi on and pr ess Invas m again , th e invers e assemb ler re peats the above proces s . However, it does not work back ward in the trace l ist from the starting p o siti on. This may caus e d ifferences in the trace lis t above an d belo w the point where you synch r[...]

Symbols When you specif y symbols as t he format fo r display ing the address b us in the trace lis t, the sy mbol lookup ha ppens in dependently of invers e assembly . Thus, you can have s ymbols in t he addres s field with out inv erse-a s semb led data a nd status. The HP E24 50 A s ymbol download utility allows you t o download sy mbols from OM[...]

Config uration Tra nslation for Ana lyzer Module s Configu ration files pro vide an easy way for you to save an d restore measu remen t setup s, si mplifying repeated measuremen ts. Howeve r, some times you might change analy z er module s in the HP 16500C Logic Analys i s Sy stem to gain additio nal measuremen t features. Or, you might wan t to us[...]

re move pod assignme n ts. Which p ods are removed from the con figu ration wil l depe n d on the wid th s of each p od in the original analyzer and new analyzer. The con figuration transl ation als o need s to accou nt for many difference s in the for mat and trace m enus b etween th e analyzer s , in cludin g • lab el names, • polariti es, ?[...]

When you move a co nfigurat ion file from on e analyze r to anot her, the tra ce data from prev ious me asurements is not moved. I f you need to s tore t race dat a for future referen ce, see “ To sa ve a tr ace list in ASCII format” in chapt er 3. Con cepts 4– 15[...]

4– 16[...]

5 If You Have a Pr o blem[...]

If Yo u Ha v e a Problem Occasi onally, a measuremen t may not g ive the e x pected resul ts. If you encoun ter difficulties while mak ing measuremen ts, use this chap ter to guide you throu gh some possi ble soluti o ns. Each head ing lists a probl em you may e ncou nte r, al ong with so me po s sibl e s olu tions. Err or mess ages which may appea[...]

Anal yzer Probl ems This secti on lists gene ral prob lems that you migh t en counter whil e using th e analyzer. Intermitten t d ata er rors This problem is usually caused by poo r connectio ns, incorrect signal level s, or marginal t iming. Remove and res eat all cables and probes; ensure that there are no bent pins on the preproces sor interface[...]

No Setu p/Hold field on format sc reen The HP 16540 and 16541 (A and D models ), or H P 16542A logi c analyzer cards are not calibrat ed. Refer to your logic analyze r reference manual for procedures t o calib rate the cards. No activity on activity indicat ors On the HP 16510 A Logic Analy z er, che ck the fuse that all ows power to the pre proces[...]

No trace list display If there i s no trace list di splay, it may be that your analy sis specifi cation is not correct fo r the dat a you want to capture , or that the t race memory is only partially fille d. Check your analy s is seq uencer specifi cation to ens ure that it will capture the ev ents of inte rest. Try st opping the analy z er; if th[...]

Pre proce s sor Probl ems This secti on lists prob lems that you migh t encoun ter when usin g a prepr ocessor. If the so lutions s uggeste d here do no t correct th e probl em, you may have a defe ctive prep rocess or. Refer to the User’s Guid e for y our pr epr ocessor for test p rocedures . Contact your lo cal Hewle tt-Packard Sale s Office if[...]

Slo w clo ck If you have the preprocessor interface hooked up and running and obse rve a slow clo ck or no activit y from t he interface b oard, t he +5 V supply co ming from the analyzer may not be getting to the interface board. To check the +5 V suppl y coming from the analyz er, disconnec t one of the logi c analyzer cabl es from the preproc es[...]

Try doing a ful l reset of the targe t system before begi nning the meas urement. Some preprocess or designs require a full reset to ensure correct configurati on. Ensure that your target syste m meets the ti ming requi rements of the process or with the preproces sor probe ins talled. See “Capacitive Loading” in this chapter. Whi le preproces [...]

Inv erse A ssembl er P roblem s This secti on lists prob lems that you migh t encoun ter whil e usin g the invers e assemb ler. When you obtain inco rrect inverse assembl y results, it may be u n clear whe ther the probl em is in the prepr ocessor or in your targ et syste m. I f you follow the s uggesti ons in this secti on to ensure that you are u[...]

Check the acti vity indicat ors for stat u s lines locked in a high or low stat e . Verif y that the STAT, DATA, and ADDR forma t labels have not bee n modifi ed from their default value s . These labels must remain as they are configured by the configurati on file. Do not change the names of these label s or the bit assignment s within the labe ls[...]

Intermodul e M e asure m ent Proble ms Some probl ems occur onl y when you are trying to make a measu remen t involvi ng multip le modules . An event wasn’t cap tured b y one of th e m odules If you are trying t o capture an event that occurs very sho rtly afte r the event that arms one of the measurement modules, i t may be missed, due to intern[...]

Me ssa g es This secti on lists some of the messages that the analy zer displays whe n i t en coun ters a p rob lem. “Default Calibration Facto rs L oaded” (HP 16540, 16541, and 16542) The default cal i bratio n file fo r the logic anal y zer was loaded. The l o gic analyzer must be calibrat ed when using HP 16540A/D , HP 16541A / D or HP 16542[...]

“Measurement In itialization Error ” This error o ccurs when yo u have instal led the cab les inco rrectly for o ne or two H P 16550A l ogic anal ysis cards. T he fol lowing diag rams show t he correct cable co nnections for one- card and two-card installat ions. Ens ure that y our cable co nnections match the drawing, the n repeat the me asure[...]

“No Configuration File Load ed” This is usual ly caused b y trying t o lo ad a configurat ion file for one type of module o r the sy st em int o a differe nt type of m odule. Verif y that the appropriate module has b een selected from the Load {module } from Fi le {file name} in the HP 1650 0 di sk operati on menu. Select ing Load {All} will ca[...]

“State Clock Violates Overdrive Specification” At least one 16-channel pod in the state analysis measurement stored a different num ber of states before trig ger than the other pods. This is usually caused by sending a clock ing signal to the state analyz er that does not meet all of the specifie d conditions, such as minimum period, minim um p[...]

“Wai ting f or Trigger” If a trigg er pattern is specified, t his messag e indicates that the spe cified trigger pattern has not occurre d. Verify that the trigge ring patte rn is correctly set. When analyz ing mic roprocess ors that fetch only from long- word aligne d address es, if the trigg er condition is set to look for an opcode fetch at [...]

6 Application Notes[...]

Appl ication Notes Hewle tt-Packard has prepar ed several application notes and prod uct notes that show you how to get more ou t of your HP 16500C Logic Analys i s Sy stem. Each note focu se s on a particu lar app lication o r probl em, showi ng you the compo ne nts of the pr oblem, th e approach req uired to solve it, the i nstru mentatio n, a nd[...]

Note Numbe r HP Part Number T itle Desc r iption Applica tion No te 1 225- 3 5091 - 5447E Digita l Video Testing with t he HP 16 54 2A U ses the deep memory of the H P 16 542A with th e complex tr ig g ering capa bilities of t ha t mo dule and of the 1 65 5 0A st a te/timing an alyzer to cap t ure and ana l yze d at a fr om a digit al video s t rea[...]

6– 4[...]

Glossar y acqui sition Denot es one complete cycle of data gatheri ng by a module. For exam ple, in the HP 16532 osci llo- scope, one comple te cycle gathers 8000 sam ples of i nformatio n and stores them in acquisition memo ry. arm The arm o utput fro m a mod- ule is set false when the module begins running and is se t true when the mo dule finds [...]

in the Del ay field, and is set by using the kno b or the keypad. deskew ing To cance l or nulli fy the effects o f differences between two different i nternal delay paths for a signal. D eskewi ng is norm ally done by ro uting a si ngle test s ignal to the inputs of two different modul es, then adjusting the delay path to one of the modules so tha[...]

ment t o make interactive measu re- ments, either with other modul es in the mainfram e or wit h external mo d- ules. labels Lab els are the names of pods/bit s that are used to identify sig- nal channe ls or buses . A lab el is assigned to ident ify a b it or set of bits . lo w The mo st -negat ive porti on of a logic s ignal. Used in pattern t ri[...]

can be set from 1:1 to 1000:1 in incre- ments o f 1. range t erms In the analyzer, the range term s represent ranges of val- ues to be found on labeled sets of bits. For example, a range of a d- dresses to b e found on the address bus o r a range of data values t o be found on the data bus. Range terms are satis fied by any value wit hin th e range[...]

You shoul d adjust me asurement m od- ules to eliminat e as much s kew as possib le s o that it does not affect the accuracy of yo ur measureme nts. source field In the os cillosco pe, the field that allows you to select a channel for edge trigg ering and trig- ger level setti ng. state sequen ce levels The indi- vidual states for the trigg er sequ[...]

trig ge r T rigger is a reference event aro und which you want to gather info rmation. In the analy zer, you mig ht want to t rigger o n a glitch in hardware or entry to a subro utin e in soft ware. When b eginning , y ou might want to trigg er on the first oc- currence of any kind (trig ger on “anystate ”). As you learn more abo ut the prob le[...]

-002 , etc), and s tates captured aft er the tri gger are numb ered wit h posi- tive numbers (001, 00 2, etc). ve r tical po sition See offset field. V/div See ve rtical sens itivity ve r tical sensi ti vity In the oscillo - scope, t he volt age value that determine s the ampl itude of the waveform o n the scree n. It is meas- ured in vol ts per di[...]

Glossary–8[...]

Index A Acti vation record, 1–6 Address bus, 4–10 Address range s, 1–3 An a lyze r concepts, 4–2 Anal yzer pr oble ms, 5–3 capacit ive l oading, 5 –4 int e rmit t ent data e rror s , 5–3 no act i vity on acti v ity ind icators, 5–4 no setu p /hold field on format screen, 5–4 unwante d trig gers, 5–3 Anystat e, 1– 5, 2– 4, 4?[...]

N NFS nod e, 3–13 No stat e , 1– 3, 4– 5 Non-refe rence ch annel, 2–26 Not, 4–5 O Onscre en ke ypad, 2–6 Output D isk me nu, 3–8 Output Format field, 3–8 P Pair boun d arie s, 4 –8 Pairs, 4–7 Patt ern expressi on, 4–7 Patt ern gener ators, 2–17 Patt ern ter ms, 4–6 PC P aintbrush fil es, 3–10 Pipel ining ad d d ept h to [...]

V Ver ifying chip se lect li n e is st robed, 1–15 corr ect e xecutio n , 1–3 corr ect stor age, 1–12 effici ency, 1– 3 Viewing trace list s and wavefo rms t ogether, 2–25 W Watchdo g t imer b ehavior, 2–20 Waveforms del e ting, 2– 2 7 inse r t ing, 2–27 vi ewing with t race list s, 2 –2 5 Index Index–3[...]

Index–4[...]

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Produc t War ranty Th is Hewlett-Packard product has a warranty agai n st defect s i n mate rial and workmansh ip for a peri od of one y ear from date of shipment . During the warranty period, Hewl ett-Packard C ompan y w i ll , a t it s o p t i o n , ei th er repai r or replace p roduc ts that prove to be defective. For warr anty servi c e or repa[...]