3Com 6000 manuale d’uso

® LAN PLEX 6000 E XTENDED S WITCHING U SER G UIDE Part No. 801-00257-000 Published December 1995 Revision 01[...]

3Com Corporation ■ 5400 Bayfront Plaza ■ Santa Clara, California ■ 95052-8154 © 3Com Corporation, 1995. All rights reser ved. No par t of this documentation may be reproduced in an y form or by any means or used to make any derivative w ork (such as translation, transformation, or adaptation) without permission from 3Com Corporation. 3Com Co[...]

C ONTENTS A BOUT T HIS G UIDE Introduction 1 How to Use This Guide 1 Conv entions 2 LANplex 6000 Documentation 3 Documentation Comments 4 P ART IG ETTING S TARTED 1 LAN PLEX E XTENDED S WITCHING F EATURES About LANplex Extended Switching 1-1 Using Menus to Pe r form T asks 1-2 IP Menu 1-3 IPX Menu 1-4 AppleT alk M enu 1-5 2 I NSTALLING E XTENDED S [...]

P ART II A BOUT R OUTING P ROTOCOLS 3 R OUTING AND THE LAN PLEX S YSTEM What is Routing? 3-1 LANplex in a Subnetted Environment 3-2 Integrating Bridging and Routing 3-3 Bridging/Routing Models 3-4 T raditional Bridging/Routing Model 3-4 LANplex Bridging/Routing Model 3-6 4 R OUTING WITH IP IP Routing and the OSI Model 4-1 The Elements of IP Routing[...]

Ser vice Advertising Protocol (SAP) 5-10 Internetwork Service Information 5-10 SAP P ack et Structure 5-11 Ser ver Information T able 5-13 Ser ver Information Maintenance 5-14 6 R OUTING WITH A PPLE T ALK About AppleT alk 6-1 AppleT alk Net work Elements 6-1 AppleT alk Networks 6-2 AppleT alk Nodes 6-2 Named Entities 6-2 AppleT alk Zones 6-3 Seed R[...]

Removing an ARP Cache Entr y 7-10 Flushing the ARP Cache 7-10 Administering UDP Helper 7-11 Displaying UDP Helper Information 7-11 Defining a Port and IP Forwarding Address 7-12 Removing a Port and IP F or warding Address 7-12 Setting the Hop Count Limit 7-13 Setting the BOO TP Relay Threshold 7-13 Enabling/ Disabling IP F or warding 7-13 Setting [...]

9 A DMINISTERING A PPLE T ALK R OUTING Administering Interfaces 9-2 Displaying AppleT alk Inter faces 9-3 Defining an Inter face 9-3 Removing an Inter face 9-4 Administering Routes 9-4 Displaying the Routing T able 9-5 Flushing all Routes 9-6 Administering the AARP Cache 9-6 Displaying the AARP Cache 9-7 Removing an Entr y in the Cache 9-8 Flushin[...]

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A BOUT T HIS G UIDE Introduction The LANplex 6000 Extended Switching User Guide provides inf ormation about the features included with the LANplex Extended Switching software. These features include IP , IPX, and AppleT alk routing. Y ou will use this guide with the LANplex 6000 Administration C onsole User Guide when you work with the A dministrat[...]

2 A BOUT T HIS G UIDE C onv entions T able 1 and T able 2 list conventions that are used thr oughout this guide. T able 1 Notice Icons Icon Type Description Information Note Information notes call attention to important features or instructions. Caution Cautions alert you to personal safety risk, system damage, or loss of data. Warning Warnings ale[...]

LANplex 6000 Documentation 3 LANplex 6000 Documentation The following documents comprise the LANplex 6000 documentation set. If you want to order a document that y ou do not have or order additional documents, contact your sales representative f or assistance. ■ LANplex 6000 Unpacking Instructions Describe how to unpack your LANplex system. It al[...]

4 A BOUT T HIS G UIDE ■ LANplex 6000 Administration C onsole User Guide Pro vides information about using the Administration Console to configur e and manage your LANplex system. (Shipped with system/Part No. 801-00254-000) ■ LANplex 6000 Extended Switching User Guide Describes how the routing protocols are implemented in the LANplex system an[...]

I Chapter 1 LANplex Extended Switching Features Chapter 2 Installing Extended Switching Sof tware G ETTING S TARTED[...]

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1 LAN PLEX E XTENDED S WITCHING F EATURES This chapter provides an o ver view of the Ex tended Switching software, and describes the new enhanced Administration Console menus . About LANplex Extended Switching The LANplex Extended Switching soft ware replaces y our existing LANplex software and adds new functionalit y to your system. Ex tended Swit[...]

1-2 C HAPTER 1: LAN PLEX E XTENDED S WITCHING F EATURES Using Menus to P er form T asks When you gain access to the Administration C onsole, the top-level menu appears. The Extended Switching sof tware contains two new top-level menus (IPX and AppleT alk) and enhancements to the IP menu option: Menu options: ----------------------------------------[...]

Using Menus to Perform Tasks 1-3 IP Menu From the ip menu , you can view information about and configure Internet Protocol (IP) interfaces and routes. Y ou can also administer the Addr ess Resolution Pr otocol (ARP), the Routing Information Protocol (RIP), UDP Helper , IP Forwarding, and ping IP stations. See Figure 1-1. F or example, to define a[...]

1-4 C HAPTER 1: LAN PLEX E XTENDED S WITCHING F EATURES IPX Menu From the ipx menu , you can view information about and configure Internet P ack et Exchange (IPX) interfaces, routes, and ser vers. Y ou can also administer the Routing Information P rotocol (RIP), Enhanced RIP mode, Ser vice Advertising Protocol (SAP), and statistics. See Figure 1-2[...]

Using Menus to Perform Tasks 1-5 AppleT alk Menu From the appletalk menu , you can view information about and configure Appletalk inter faces, routes, and zones. Y ou can also administer the Appletalk Address Resolution P rotocol (AARP), Appletalk for warding, and statistics. See Figure 1-3. F or example, to define a new appletalk inter face, you[...]

1-6 C HAPTER 1: LAN PLEX E XTENDED S WITCHING F EATURES[...]

2 I NSTALLING E XTENDED S WITCHING S OFTWARE This chapter explains how to install Extended Switching soft ware onto your system. Refer to the LANplex 6000 Release Notes for the latest system soft ware installation information. About Installing Software When you upgrade to the Extended Switching Software, all configuration information is preserved.[...]

2-2 C HAPTER 2: I NSTALLING E XTENDED S WITCHING S OFTWARE Cop ying to UNIX The LANplex software for a UNIX-based hard disk is distributed on f our floppy diskettes. Diskettes #1, #2, and #3 contain the LANplex sof tware. Diskette #4 contains the SNMP MIBs. The SNMP MIBs, on diskette #4, are provided so that you c an compile on 3rd part y applicat[...]

Copying Software to a Hard Disk 2-3 6 Use the supplied script to decompress and restore the split file ( lp6000R00, lp6000R01, and lp6000R02 ). # ./restore_lpxR See the README1 file for size and checksum information. Cop ying to DOS The LANplex software for a DOS-based hard disk is distributed on two floppy diskettes. Diskette #1 contains the LA[...]

2-4 C HAPTER 2: I NSTALLING E XTENDED S WITCHING S OFTWARE Loading Software Before loading the system software on the LMM+, you must verify that the host machine, which has a copy of the updated system software, is connected to the system by one of the methods described in Chapter 3: Configuring Management Acc ess to the System in the LANplex 6000[...]

Loading Software 2-5 See the following screen for an example of the software installation prompts. Host IP address [192.9.200.14]: 192.9.200.96 Install file path name [/usr/ lp6000R/lp6000R ]: User name: ronnyk Password: After the software is loaded, you are notified that installation has been completed: Installation complete. If the LANplex execu[...]

2-6 C HAPTER 2: I NSTALLING E XTENDED S WITCHING S OFTWARE[...]

II Chapter 3 Routing and the LANplex System Chapter 4 Routing with IP Chapter 5 Routing with IPX Chapter 6 Routing with AppleT alk A BOUT R OUTING P ROTOCOLS[...]

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3 R OUTING AND THE LAN PLEX S YSTEM This chapter shows how the LANplex system operates in a subnetted routing envir onment and describes the LANplex routing methodology — specifically , how the LANplex bridging and routing model compares with traditional models. What is Routing? Routing is the process of distributing packets over potentially dis[...]

3-2 C HAPTER 3: R OUTING AND THE LAN PLEX S YSTEM Figur e 3-1 Traditional Architecture of a Routed Netw ork LANplex in a Subnetted Envir onment The LANplex system allows you to fit E thernet switching capabilit y into highly subnetted environments . When you put the LANplex system into a subnetted network, it streamlines your network architecture [...]

What is Routing? 3-3 Integrating Bridging and Routing The LANplex system has bridging and routing integrated into the Ethernet/FDDI Switching Module (EFSM) and the Ethernet Switching Module (ESM). T he T oken Ring Switching Module ( TRSM) suppor ts bridging only . Multiple switch por ts can be assigned to each subnet. See Figure 3-3. T raffic betw[...]

3-4 C HAPTER 3: R OUTING AND THE LAN PLEX S YSTEM Ethernet ports to expand your existing subnets. This is in contrast to more traditional forms of bridging and r outing where, at most, one por t is connected to any subnet. In the traditional model, if you want to increase the level of segmentation in your network, you must create additional subnets[...]

Bridging/Routing Models 3-5 Figur e 3-4 Bridging in the T raditional Bridging/Routing Model In the traditional bridging/routing model, a pack et is rout ed as follows (see F igure 3-5): 1 The packet enters the bridge/router . 2 The bridge/router determines that the packet belongs to a recognized routed protocol, so the pack et is passed to the rout[...]

3-6 C HAPTER 3: R OUTING AND THE LAN PLEX S YSTEM LANplex Bridging/Routing Model The LANplex 6000 determines whether a packet should be bridged or routed using the destination MAC address . Before a host sends a packet to another host, it compares its own network address to the network address of the other host as follows: ■ If network addresses [...]

Bridging/Routing Models 3-7 In the LANplex bridging/routing model, a pack et is rou ted as follows (see F igure 3-7): 1 The packet enters the module. 2 The packet ’ s destination address is examined by the bridging layer . 3 The destination address corresponds to the addr ess of one of the module por ts configured for r outing (as opposed to a l[...]

3-8 C HAPTER 3: R OUTING AND THE LAN PLEX S YSTEM[...]

4 R OUTING WITH IP This chapter gives an ov er view of IP routing, specifically defining: ■ What IP routing inv olves ■ What elements are necessary for IP routers to effectively transmit packets ■ How IP routing transmission errors are detected and resolved IP Routing and the OSI Model An IP router , unlike a bridge, operates at the network[...]

4-2 C HAPTER 4: R OUTING WITH IP When an IP router sends a packet over multiple physical networks , it does not know the complete path to a destination — only the nex t hop. Each hop involv es the following: ■ The IP routing algorithm computes the nex t hop IP address (the next router inter face) using the routing table entries. ■ ARP transla[...]

The Elements of IP Routing 4-3 Addr ess Classes The boundary of the net work part and the host par t depends on the class of network you are assigned by the central agency . The primar y classes of IP addresses are Class A, Class B, and Class C. ■ Class A addresses — have seven bits f or the net work part and 24 bits for the host part. Although[...]

4-4 C HAPTER 4: R OUTING WITH IP Figur e 4-3 How a Subnet Mask is Applied to the IP A ddress An example of an IP address that includes the network, subnet, and host par ts is 158.101.230.52 with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 . This address is divided as follows: ■ 158.101 is the network par t ■ 230 is the subnet par t ■ 52 is the host par t [...]

The Elements of IP Routing 4-5 Figur e 4-4 Router Interfaces Routing T able A routing table allows a router or host to determine how to send a packet toward the packet ’ s ultimate destination. The routing table contains an entr y for every destination network, subnet, or host to which the router or host is capable of forwarding packets. A router[...]

4-6 C HAPTER 4: R OUTING WITH IP Figur e 4-5 Example of a Routing T able Routing table information is generated and updated in the following ways: ■ Statically — Y ou manually enter routes, which do not change until you change them (that is, they will not time out). ■ Dynamically — T he router uses a routing protocol, such as RIP , to excha[...]

The Elements of IP Routing 4-7 An active router sends a RIP message ever y 30 seconds. This message contains both the IP address and a metric (the distance to the destination from that router) for each destination. In RIP , each router that a packet must travel through to reach a destination equals one hop. Default Route In addition to the routes t[...]

4-8 C HAPTER 4: R OUTING WITH IP source addresses for both the har dware (MAC addresses) and the protocol (IP addresses). See Figure 4-7. Figur e 4-7 Example of an ARP Request P acket When the devices on the network receive this packet, they examine it, and if their address is not the target protocol addr ess, they discard the packet. When a device[...]

IP Routing Transmission Errors 4-9 IP Routing T ransmission Errors Because each router only knows about the nex t hop , it is not aware of problems that may be further “ down the road” toward the destination. Destinations can be unreachable if : ■ Hardware is temporarily out of service ■ Y ou inadver tently specify a nonexistent destination[...]

4-10 C HAPTER 4: R OUTING WITH IP IP Routing Referenc es Comer , Douglas E. Internetworking with TCP/IP V olume I: Principles, Protocols , and Architecture . Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey : Prentice Hall, Inc., 1991. P erlman, R adia. Interconnections: Bridges and Routers . Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-W esley Publishing Compan y , Inc., 1992. St[...]

This chapter provides an o ver view of IPX routing, specifically defining: ■ What par t IPX plays in the NetW are envir onment ■ How IPX works ■ What elements are necessary for IPX routers to transmit packets effectively IPX Routing in the NetW are En vironment NetW are is a network operating system (NOS) developed and introduced to the mar[...]

5-2 C HAPTER 5: R OUTING WITH IPX Figur e 5-1 NetW are Prot ocols and the OSI Reference Model The LANplex system uses the following protocols f or routing in a Netware environment: ■ Internet P ack et Exchange (IPX) ■ Routing Information P rotocol (RIP) ■ Ser vice Advertisement Protocol (SAP) Internet Pack et Exchange (IPX) IPX is the primar [...]

IPX Routing in the NetWare Environment 5-3 Routing Information Protoc ol (RIP) RIP allows the exchange of routing inf ormation on a NetWare network. IPX routers use RIP to dynamically create and maintain their routing tables . RIP allows a router to exchange r outing information with a neighboring router . As a router becomes aware of any changes i[...]

5-4 C HAPTER 5: R OUTING WITH IPX How IPX Routing Wo r k s A router operates at the network layer of the OSI Ref erence Model. This means that it receives its instructions to route packets from one segment to another from a network layer pr otocol. IPX, with the help of RIP and SAP , per forms these network lay er tasks. These tasks include address[...]

How IPX Routing Works 5-5 The packet format consists of the following elements: ■ Checksum — The IPX packet begins with a 16-bit checksum field that is set to ones. ■ Packet L ength — This 16-bit field contains the length, in bytes, of the complete network packet. This includes both the IPX header and the data. The IPX length must be at l[...]

5-6 C HAPTER 5: R OUTING WITH IPX IPX Pack et Delivery On a NetW are network, the successful deliver y of a packet depends on the proper addressing of the packet and the internetwork configuration. Packet addressing is handled in its Media Access Contr ol (MAC) protocol header and IPX header address fields. T o send a pack et to another node, the[...]

How IPX Routing Works 5-7 segment responds to the RIP request. The router ’ s response includes its network and node address in the IPX header . If the sending node is a router rather than a workstation, the router can get this information fr om its internal routing tables and need not send a RIP request. Once the sending node knows the router ?[...]

5-8 C HAPTER 5: R OUTING WITH IPX The Elemen ts of IPX Routing IPX routers use the following elements to transmit packets ov er an intranetwork: ■ Router inter faces ■ Routing tables ■ SAP Router Inter faces A router interface is the connection bet ween the router and the network number (address). In traditional routing models, the inter face[...]

The Elements of IPX Routing 5-9 ■ Hops to Network — Pro vides the number of routers that must be crossed to reach the network segment. ■ Ticks to Network — Pr ovides an estimate of the time necessar y to reach the destination segment. ■ Node — The node address of the r outer that can for ward packets to each segment. When set to all zer[...]

5-10 C HAPTER 5: R OUTING WITH IPX LANplex system uses RIP (one of the most widely used IGPs), to dynamically build its routing tables. RIP operates in terms of active and passive devices. The active devices, usually routers, broadcast their RIP messages to all devices in a network; they update their own routing tables when they receive a RIP messa[...]

The Elements of IPX Routing 5-11 W orkstations cannot initiate a session with a file ser ver without first knowing the ser ver’ s address. SAP Pack et Structure SAP uses IPX and the medium-access protocols for its transport. The packet structure allows for the following functions: ■ A workstation request for the name and addr ess of the neare[...]

5-12 C HAPTER 5: R OUTING WITH IPX 4=Get Nearest Ser ver Response ■ Ser ver Entry — Each ser ver entr y includes information regarding a par ticular ser ver and consists of the following fields: ■ Ser vice T ype — T his field identifies the t ype of ser vice the ser ver provides. Although IPX routers use SAP , routers typically do not ac[...]

The Elements of IPX Routing 5-13 Ser ver Inf ormation T able A ser ver information table holds inf ormation about all the ser vers on the internetwork. I t is this table that SAP agents use to store information received in SAP broadcasts . Figure 5-6 shows an example of a typical ser ver information table. Figur e 5-6 Server Information T able The [...]

5-14 C HAPTER 5: R OUTING WITH IPX automatically change in response to network topology changes, you should only manually configure a small number of servers. Dynamic Routes Using SAP. The automated method of adding and removing services help you keep up with a changing net work envir onment, allowing ser vers to advertise their ser vices and addr[...]

The Elements of IPX Routing 5-15 SAP Request Handling . When a SAP agent receives a general request , a SAP response packet containing information about all servers of any type known to the SAP agent is sent to the sending source. T his response includes the same information sent out in a periodic broadcast. When the request is specific, the SAP a[...]

5-16 C HAPTER 5: R OUTING WITH IPX[...]

This chapter provides an o ver view of AppleT alk routing , and specifically defines these topics: ■ Appletalk Network Elements ■ AppleT alk Protocols ■ About AARP About AppleT alk AppleT alk is a protocol suite defined by Apple Computer , Inc., for connecting computers and peripherals, and other devices on a network. AppleT alk protocols [...]

6-2 C HAPTER 6: R OUTING WITH A PPLE T ALK AppleT alk Networks A network in an AppleT alk internet is a cable segment attached to a router . Each network is identified by a network number or range of network numbers. The network administrator assigns these numbers from a range of valid network numbers. T wo AppleT alk network numbering systems are[...]

AppleTalk Network Elements 6-3 AppleT alk Zones An AppleT alk zone is a logical collection of nodes on an AppleT alk internet. A zone can include all nodes in a single network or a collection of nodes in different networks. Y ou assign a unique name to each zone to identify it in the internet. Figure 6-1 illustrates the relationship between physica[...]

6-4 C HAPTER 6: R OUTING WITH A PPLE T ALK Y ou will gain access to the printer more quick ly within the zone because the zone includes fewer devices than the entir e internet. Seed Routers A seed router initializes the internet with AppleT alk configuration information including network numbers and zone names. The seed router broadcasts this info[...]

AppleTalk Protocols 6-5 Figur e 6-2 AppleT alk Protocols and the OSI Refer ence Model The AppleT alk six-layer protocol suite is not fully compliant with the OSI seven-layer r eference model. However , AppleT alk provides many of the functions and ser vices provided by OSI. Note that AppleT alk has no specific protocols for the application lay er [...]

6-6 C HAPTER 6: R OUTING WITH A PPLE T ALK The AppleT alk Address Resolution P rotocol (AARP), which translates hardware addresses to AppleT alk addresses, also exists at the datalink layer because it is closely related to the Ethernet and token ring LAPs . This protocol is usually included in the definition of each LAP , so it does not appear in [...]

AppleTalk Protocols 6-7 Each router builds a routing table that is the basis of dynamic routing operations in an AppleT alk internet. Every ten seconds, each router sends an RTMP data packet to the network. Routers use the information that they receive in the RTMP broadcasts t o build their routing tables. Each entr y in the routing table contains [...]

6-8 C HAPTER 6: R OUTING WITH A PPLE T ALK Figur e 6-3 A Simple AppleT alk Network Y ou can view the AppleT alk routing tables in y our network through the Administration Console . The AppleT alk Echo Protocol (AEP). AppleT alk nodes use the AEP to send datagrams to other nodes in the network. The AEP causes the destination node to return, or echo,[...]

AppleTalk Protocols 6-9 The AppleT alk T ransaction Protocol (A TP). A TP , along with the AppleT alk Data Stream Pr otocol (ADSP), ensures that DDP packets are delivered to a destination without any losses or corruption. The Name Binding Protoc ol (NBP). The NBP translates alphanumeric entity names to AppleT alk addresses. The NBP maintains a tabl[...]

6-10 C HAPTER 6: R OUTING WITH A PPLE T ALK The AppleT alk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP). The ADSP works with the A TP to ensure reliable data transmission. Unlike A TP , however , ADSP provides full-duplex byte-stream delivery . This means that two nodes can communicate simultaneously . ASDP also includes flow control, so that a fast sender does no[...]

About AARP 6-11 If an address is not in this table, AARP sends a request to the protocol address and adds the hardware addr ess to the table when the destination node replies. Y ou can view this table, called the AARP Cache, through the Administration Console .[...]

6-12 C HAPTER 6: R OUTING WITH A PPLE T ALK[...]

III Chapter 7 Administering IP Routing Chapter 8 Administering IPX Routing Chapter 9 Administering AppleT alk Routing A DMINISTERING R OUTING P ROTOCOLS[...]

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7 A DMINISTERING IP R OUTING This chapter describes how to set up your LANplex system to r oute pack ets using IP . F or more information about how IP works , see Part II of this Guide. Y ou can display and/or configure the following: ■ IP inter faces ■ Routes ■ Address Resolution P rotocol (ARP) cache ■ UDP Helper ■ IP forwarding ■ Ro[...]

7-2 C HAPTER 7: A DMINISTERING IP R OUTING packets to or from the switching module itself . Second, the IP address defines the network and subnet numbers of the segments connected to that inter face. Pack ets to be for warded by the switching module c ontain the IP addresses of the original source and the ultimate destination. ■ Subnet Mask A su[...]

Administering Interfaces 7-3 Displaying Inter faces Y ou can display a table that shows all IP inter faces configured for each switching module in the system, including their parameter settings. T o display IP inter face information: 1 F rom the Administration Console top-level menu , enter : ip interface display 2 Enter the slot(s) of the switchi[...]

7-4 C HAPTER 7: A DMINISTERING IP R OUTING 6 Enter the cost value of the interface. 7 Enter the por t(s) that you want to include in the interface. Separate nonconsecutive ports with commas (,). Enter a consecutive series of por ts using a dash (-). See the example below : Select slot {3-4} [3-4]: 3 Enter IP address: 158.101.1.1 Enter subnet mask [[...]

Administering Routes 7-5 Removing an Inter face Y ou may want to remove an interface if you no longer route on the por ts associated with the inter face. T o remove an IP inter face definition: 1 F rom the top level of the Administration Console , enter : ip interface remove 2 Enter the slot of the switching module from which you want to remo ve a[...]

7-6 C HAPTER 7: A DMINISTERING IP R OUTING ■ Status The status of the route pro vides the information described in T able 7-1. In addition to the routes to specific destinations , the routing table may contain an additional entr y called the default route. The switching module uses the default route to forward packets that do not match any other[...]

Administering Routes 7-7 Defining a S tatic Route Prior to defining static routes on a giv en switching module, you must define at least one IP inter face. Static routes remain in the table until you remove them, or until you remove the corr esponding inter face. Static routes take precedence over dynamically-learned r outes to the same destinati[...]

7-8 C HAPTER 7: A DMINISTERING IP R OUTING Removing a Route T o remove a route: 1 F rom the top level of the Administration Console , enter : ip route remove 2 Enter the slot of the switching module for which you want to remo ve a static route. 3 Enter the destination IP address of the route. 4 Enter the subnet mask of the route. The route is immed[...]

Administering the ARP Cache 7-9 Removing the Default Route If a switching module’ s routing table does not contain a default route — either statically configured or learned using RIP — then it cannot forward a packet that does not match any other routing table entr y . If this occurs, then the module drops the packet and sends an ICMP “ de[...]

7-10 C HAPTER 7: A DMINISTERING IP R OUTING The contents of the ARP cache are display ed as shown in the example below . Slot 3- IP forwarding is enabled, IP Address MAC Address Interface 158.101.1.112 08-00-1e-31-a6-2 1 158.101.1.117 08-00-1e-65-21-07 1 Slot 3- IP forwarding is enabled Removing an ARP Cache Entry Y ou may want to remove an entry f[...]

Administering UDP Helper 7-11 Administ ering UDP Helper UDP Helper allows you to send User Datagram P rotocol (UDP) packets between routed networks. UDP Helper provides suppor t for UDP services such as BOO TP or DHCP (D ynamic Host Configuration Prot ocol), that rely on the BOO TP relay agent. For example , by configuring the logical BOOTP port,[...]

7-12 C HAPTER 7: A DMINISTERING IP R OUTING Defining a Port and IP F or warding Addr ess Y ou can define por t numbers and IP for warding addresses f or the UDP Helper . Y ou can have up to 32 combinations of por t numbers/IP forwarding addresses per router . Y ou can also have multiple IP address entries for the same por ts. T o define por t nu[...]

Enabling/ Disabling IP Forwarding 7-13 Setting the Hop Co unt Limit Y ou can set the maximum hop count that a packet is for warded through the router . The range is 0 through 16. T he default is 4. T o set the hop count limit: 1 F rom the top level of the Administration Console , enter : ip udpHelper hopCountLimit 2 Enter the slot of the switching [...]

7-14 C HAPTER 7: A DMINISTERING IP R OUTING T o enable or disable IP for warding: 1 F rom the top level of the Administration Console , enter : ip forwarding 2 Enter the slot(s) of the switching module(s) for which you want to enable IP forwarding. Separate non-consecutive slots with commas (,). Enter a consecutive series of slots using a dash (-).[...]

Pinging an IP Station 7-15 See the example below : Select slot(s) (3-4|all) [3-4]: all Slot 3 - Select RIP mode (off,passive,active) [passive]: active Slot 4 - Select RIP mode (off,passive,active) [passive]: active Pinging an IP Station Ping uses the Internet Control Message P rotocol (ICMP) echo facility to send an ICMP echo request packet to the [...]

7-16 C HAPTER 7: A DMINISTERING IP R OUTING Displaying IP Statistics The IP statistics you can view are described in T able 7-2. T o display IP statistics: 1 F rom the Administration Console top-level menu , enter : ip statistics 2 Enter the slot(s) of the switching module(s) for which you want to view IP routing statistics. Separate non-consecutiv[...]

8 A DMINISTERING IPX R OUTING This chapter describes how to set up your LANplex system to use the Internet P ack et Exchange (IPX) protocol to r oute pack ets. For more information about how IPX works , see Part II of this Guide. Y ou can display and/or configure the following: ■ IPX inter faces ■ Routes ■ Ser vers ■ IPX forwarding ■ Rou[...]

8-2 C HAPTER 8: A DMINISTERING IPX R OUTING Administ ering Inter faces Y ou define inter faces to establish the relationship between the por ts on your EFSMs and the network in your IPX network. Y ou must define one inter face for each group of ports that are connected to the same network. T his means that ever y EFSM has one inter face defined [...]

Administering Interfaces 8-3 Displaying IPX Inter faces Y ou can display a table that shows all IPX inter faces and their parameter settings configured for each EFSM in the system. T o display IPX inter face information: 1 F rom the Administration Console top-level menu , enter : ipx interface display 2 Enter the slot(s) of the EFSM(s) for which y[...]

8-4 C HAPTER 8: A DMINISTERING IPX R OUTING 6 Enter the por t(s) that you want to include in the interface. Separate non-consecutive ports with commas (,). Enter a consecutive series of por ts using a dash (-). See the example below : Modifying an Inter face Y ou may want to change the configuration of an inter face you have already defined . T o[...]

Administering Routes 8-5 Administ ering Routes Each EFSM maintains a table of routes to other IPX networks. Y ou can either use the Routing Information P rotocol (RIP) to exchange routing information automatically or make static entries in this table using the Administration Console . Each routing table entry contains the following information: ■[...]

8-6 C HAPTER 8: A DMINISTERING IPX R OUTING Displaying the Routing T able Y ou can display the routing tables for the EFSMs in a system to determine which routes are configured and if they ar e operational. T o display the contents of the routing table: 1 F rom the Administration Console top-level menu , enter : ipx route display 2 Enter the slot([...]

Administering Routes 8-7 6 Enter the node address of the route. A static route is defined in the following example: Removing a Route T o remove a route: 1 F rom the Administration Console top-level menu , enter : ipx route remove 2 Enter the slot of the EFSM for which you want to remo ve any static or dynamic route. 3 Enter the 4-byte IPX network [...]

8-8 C HAPTER 8: A DMINISTERING IPX R OUTING Administ ering Ser vers Each EFSM maintains a table of ser vers on other IPX networks. Y ou can either use the Ser vice Advertising Protocol (SAP) to exchange server information automatically or make static entries in this table using the Administration Console . Each ser ver table contains the following [...]

Administering Servers 8-9 In the following example , ser vers k nown to an EFSM in slot 3 are displayed . The configuration of IPX forwarding, RIP , and SAP is indicated in the display . Defining a Static Serve r Prior to defining static servers on a given EFSM, you must define at least one IPX inter face (see the section “D efining an Inter[...]

8-10 C HAPTER 8: A DMINISTERING IPX R OUTING Removing a Server T o remove a server : 1 F rom the Administration Console top-level menu , enter : ipx server remove 2 Enter the slot of the EFSM for which you want to remo ve any static or dynamic ser ver . 3 Enter the ser vice type of the ser ver . 4 Enter the ser vice name of the ser ver . The server[...]

Setting IPX Forwarding 8-11 Setting IPX F or warding Y ou can control whether an EFSM for wards or discards IPX packets addressed to other routers. When you enable IPX for warding , the EFSM ac ts as a normal IPX router , for warding IPX packets from one network to another when required . When you disable IPX for warding , the EFSM discards any IPX[...]

8-12 C HAPTER 8: A DMINISTERING IPX R OUTING RIP default mode By default, RIP is off. T o set the RIP operating mode: 1 F rom the Administration Console top-level menu , enter : ipx rip 2 Enter the slot(s) of the EFSM(s) for which you want to set the RIP mode . Separate non-consecutive slots with commas (,). Enter a consecutive series of slots usin[...]

Setting the SAP Mode 8-13 Setting the SAP Mode Y ou can selec t a SAP mode that is appropriate for y our network. SAP can operate in any of three modes: ■ Off — The EFSM ignores all incoming SAP packets and does not generate any SAP packets of its own. ■ Passiv e — The EFSM processes all incoming SAP packets, but does not broadcast periodic[...]

8-14 C HAPTER 8: A DMINISTERING IPX R OUTING Displaying Statistics The Administration C onsole allows you to display four types of IPX-related statistics: ■ IPX Summar y statistics ■ IPX RIP statistics ■ IPX SAP statistics ■ IPX F or warding statistics Displaying IPX Summary Statistics T o display IPX summar y statistics: 1 F rom the Admini[...]

Displaying Statistics 8-15 Displaying IPX RIP Statistics T o display IPX RIP statistics: 1 F rom the Administration Console top-level menu , enter : ipx statistics rip 2 Enter the slot(s) of the EFSM(s) for which you want to view IPX RIP statistics. Separate non-consecutive slots with commas (,). Enter a consecutive series of slots using a dash (-)[...]

8-16 C HAPTER 8: A DMINISTERING IPX R OUTING Displaying IPX SAP Statistics T o display IPX SAP statistics 1 F rom the Administration Console top-level menu , enter : ipx statistics sap 2 Enter the slot(s) of the EFSM(s) for which you want to view IPX SAP statistics. Separate non-consecutive slots with commas (,). Enter a consecutive series of slots[...]

Displaying Statistics 8-17 Displaying IPX F or warding Statistics T o display IPX Forwarding statistics: 1 F rom the Administration Console top-level menu , enter : ipx statistics forwarding 2 Enter the slot(s) of the EFSM(s) for which you want to view IPX f or warding statistics. Separate non-consecutive slots with commas (,). Enter a consecutive [...]

8-18 C HAPTER 8: A DMINISTERING IPX R OUTING T able 8-4 IPX Forwarding Statistics Field Description Received Number of IPX Forwarding packets received Transmitted Number of IPX Forwarding packets transmitted Forwarded Number of IPX packets forwarded by the IPX router Hdr Errors Number of IPX packets dropped due to IPX Network layer header errors Ho[...]

9 A DMINISTERING A PPLE T ALK R OUTING This chapter describes how to set up your LANplex system to use the AppleT alk protocol to route packets. F or more information on how AppleT alk routing works, see Part II of this Guide. Y ou can display and/or configure the following: ■ AppleT alk inter faces ■ Routes ■ AARP cache ■ Zones ■ AppleT[...]

9-2 C HAPTER 9: A DMINISTERING A PPLE T ALK R OUTING Administ ering Inter faces Y ou define inter faces to establish the relationship between the por ts on your EFSMs and the subnets in your network. Y ou must define one inter face for each group of ports that are connected to the same subnet. This means that every EFSM has one inter face define[...]

Administering Interfaces 9-3 unassigned por ts. However , AppleT alk packets will not be for warded to por ts that are not assigned to an AppleT alk inter face. Displaying AppleT alk Inter faces Y ou can display a table that shows all AppleT alk inter faces and their parameter settings configured for each EFSM in the system. T o display the AppleT[...]

9-4 C HAPTER 9: A DMINISTERING A PPLE T ALK R OUTING 5 Enter the end of the network range associated with the inter face. 6 Enter the default zone name. The default zone name is used by clients that have not been c onfigured to use a particular zone. 7 Enter the zone name. Y ou can enter up to 16 zone names per inter face. 8 Ty p e q after enterin[...]

Administering Routes 9-5 ■ Distance The distance in hops to the destination network ■ Inter face The defined inter face number ■ State The status (good , suspec t, bad , or really bad) of each route Displaying the Routing T able Y ou can display the routing tables for the EFSMs in a system to determine which routes are configured and if the[...]

9-6 C HAPTER 9: A DMINISTERING A PPLE T ALK R OUTING Flushing all Routes Flushing deletes all dynamically learned r outes from the routing table. T o flush all learned routes: 1 At the Administration C onsole’ s top-level menu, enter : appletalk route flush 2 Enter the slot(s) of the EFSM(S) for which you want to flush all learned routes. Admin[...]

Administering the AARP Cache 9-7 Displaying the AARP Cache Y ou can display the AARP cache for the EFSMs in a system to determine which routes are configured and if they ar e operational. T o display the contents of the AARP cache: 1 F rom the Administration Console top-level menu , enter : appletalk aarp display 2 Enter the slot(s) of the EFSM(s)[...]

9-8 C HAPTER 9: A DMINISTERING A PPLE T ALK R OUTING Removing an Entry in the Cache T o remove an AARP cache entr y : 1 At the Administration C onsole’ s top-level menu, enter : appletalk aarp remove 2 Enter the slot(s) of the EFSM(s) for which you want to remo ve the AARP cache entr y . 3 Enter the AARP address at the prompt. The entry is remove[...]

Displaying the Zone Table 9-9 In the Administration Console , you can display the zone table either by network numbers or by zones. T o display the zone table: 1 F rom the Administration Console top-level menu , enter : appletalk zone display network OR appletalk zone display zone 2 Enter the slot(s) of the EFSM(s) for which you want to displa y th[...]

9-10 C HAPTER 9: A DMINISTERING A PPLE T ALK R OUTING C onfiguring F or warding Y ou can control whether the router forwards or discards AppleT alk pack ets addressed to other hosts. When you enable for warding , the router processes packets as usual, for warding AppleT alk packets from one subnet to another when required . When you disable IP for[...]

Pinging an AppleTalk Node 9-11 Pinging an AppleT alk Node The AppleT alk Echo Protocol (AEP) sends a datagram (an E cho Request) from one node to another , which causes the destination node to return or echo , the datagram (an Echo Reply) to the sender . This allows you to determine whether a node is accessible before an y sessions are star ted. T [...]

9-12 C HAPTER 9: A DMINISTERING A PPLE T ALK R OUTING An example of summar y statistics is shown below : The AppleT alk DDP statistics you can view are described in T able 9-1: Slot 2 - DDP forwarding is enabled. inReceives inForwards inLocals inNoRoutes 131131 113171 17906 22 inNoClients inTooShorts inTooLongs inShortDdps 0 0 0 0 inCsumErrors inBc[...]

Viewing Appletalk Statistics 9-13 Displaying RTMP Information T o display RTMP statistics: 1 F rom the Administration Console top-level menu , enter : appletalk statistics rtmp 2 Enter the slot(s) of the EFSM(s) for which you want to view RTMP statistics. Separate non-consecutive slots with commas (,). Enter a consecutive series of slots using a da[...]

9-14 C HAPTER 9: A DMINISTERING A PPLE T ALK R OUTING Displaying ZIP Information T o display ZIP statistics: 1 F rom the Administration Console top-level menu , enter : appletalk statistics zip 2 Enter the slot(s) of the EFSM(s) for which you want to view ZIP statistics. Separate non-consecutive slots with commas (,). Enter a consecutive series of [...]

Viewing Appletalk Statistics 9-15 An example of summar y statistics is shown below : The ZIP statistics you can view are described in T able 9-3: T able 9-3 ZIP Statistics Field Description inQueries Number of ZIP queries received inReplies Number of ZIP replies received inExReplies Number of ZIP extended replies received inGniRequests Number of ZI[...]

9-16 C HAPTER 9: A DMINISTERING A PPLE T ALK R OUTING Displaying NBP Information The NBP handles the translations between the numeric internet address and the alphanumeric entity names used by AppleT alk. T o display NBP statistics: 1 F rom the Administration Console top-level menu , enter : appletalk statistics nbp 2 Enter the slot(s) of the EFSM([...]

Viewing Appletalk Statistics 9-17 The NBP statistics you can view are described in T able 9-4: T able 9-4 NBP Statistics Field Description inLkupReqs Number of NBP Lookup Requests received inBcastsReqs Number of NBP Broadcast Requests received inFwdReqs Number of NBP Forward Requests received inLkupReplies Number of NBP Lookup Replies received inEr[...]

9-18 C HAPTER 9: A DMINISTERING A PPLE T ALK R OUTING[...]

IV Appendix A T echnical Suppor t A PPENDIX[...]

[...]

A T ECHNICAL S UPPORT 3Com pro vides easy access to technical suppor t information through a variety of ser vices. T his appendix describes these ser vices. On-line T echnical Ser vices 3Com off ers worldwide product suppor t seven days a week, 24 hours a day , through the following on-line systems: ■ 3Com Bulletin Board Service (3ComBBS) ■ W o[...]

A-2 A PPENDIX A: T ECHNICAL S UPPORT Acc ess by ISDN ISDN users can dial-in to 3ComBBS using a digital modem f or fast access up to 56 Kbps. T o access 3ComBBS using ISDN, dial the following number : (408) 654-2703 W orld Wide W eb Site Access the latest networking information on 3C om’ s W orld Wide W eb site by entering our URL into your Intern[...]

Support from Your Network Supplier A-3 Local access numbers are a vailable within the following countries: Suppor t from Y our Netw ork Supplier If additional assistance is required , contact your network supplier . Many suppliers are authorized 3C om ser vice par tners who are qualified to provide a variety of ser vices, including network plannin[...]

A-4 A PPENDIX A: T ECHNICAL S UPPORT Suppor t from 3C om If you are unable to receive support from your network supplier , technical suppor t contracts are available from 3C om. In the U.S. and Canada, call (800) 876-3266 for customer service. If you are outside the U.S. and Canada, contac t your local 3C om sales office to find your authorized s[...]

I NDEX Numerics 3Com Bulletin Board Service (3ComBBS) A-1 3Com sales offices A-4 3ComF acts A-2 A AARP 6-10 AARP cache administering 9-6 displaying 9-7 removing an entry from 9-8 address classes 4-3 IP 7-1 IP to MAC, translating 7-9 MAC 3-3 network 3-3 Address Resolution P rotocol. See ARP Administration Console menu descriptions 1-2 top-level men[...]

2 I NDEX conventions notice icons 2 text 2 cost of IP inter face 7-2 See also metric D datagram deliver y protocol 6-6 datagrams, statistics 7-16 data-link layer 4-1 DDP statistics 9-11 default route, IP defined 4-7, 7-6 removing 7-9 setting 7-8 direct, route status 7-6 documentation for the LANplex system 3 DOS copying soft ware to 2-3 software m[...]

I NDEX 3 RIP mode 7-14 routes 7-5 statistics, displaying 7-16 IP address address classes 4-3 configuring 7-3 defined 4-2 derived from 4-2 division of network and host 4-2 example 4-4 for IP inter face 7-1 network layer and the 4-1 RIP , and 4-6 routing table, and the 4-5 software installation, and 2-4 subnet mask, and the 4-3 subnet par t 4-3 IP [...]

4 I NDEX network layer , AppleT alk 6-6 network numbers extended 6-2 nonextended 6-2 network supplier suppor t A-3 nodes AppleT alk 6-2 nonextended network numbers 6-2 O on-line technical services A-1 OSI 6-5 OSI Reference Model AppleT alk routing and 6-5 IP routing and 4-1 IPX routing and 5-2 P P AP 6-10 physical layer , AppleT alk 6-5 pinging App[...]

I NDEX 5 S SAP aging mechanism 5-14 packet struc ture 5-11 request handling 5-15 using for dynamic routes 5-14 SAP mode setting 8-13 SAP statistics, displaying 8-16 seed routers 6-4 segmentation, increasing 3-3 ser ver defining a static IPX 8-8 ser ver table contents 5-13 described 5-13 displaying 8-8 Ser vice Advertisement Protocol. See SAP sessi[...]

6 I NDEX[...]

LIMITED W ARRANTY HARDW ARE: 3Com warrants its hardware products to be free from defects in workmanship and materials, under normal use and service, for the following lengths of time from the date of purchase from 3Com or its Authorized Reseller: If a product does not operate as warranted during the applicable warranty period, 3Com shall, at its op[...]