Black Box IC026AE-R2 manuale d’uso

CUSTOMER SUPPORT INFORMATION Order toll-free in the U.S. 24 hours, 7 A.M. Monday to midnight Friday: 877-877-BBOX FREE technical support, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week: Call 724-746-5500 or fax 724-746-0746 Mail order: Black Box Corporation , 1000 Park Drive, Lawrence, PA 15055-1018 Web site: www.blackbox.com • E-mail: info@blackbox.com MARCH 199[...]

2 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER EUROPEAN UNION DECLARA TION OF CONFORMITY To maintain safety, emission, and immunity standards of this declaration, the following conditions must be met. • Serial and IEEE cables must have a braided shield connected circumferentially to their connectors’ metal shells. • All cable screw locks must be [...]

3 W ARNING! Noted conditions pertain to potential safety hazards. When you see a WARNING!, CAUTION!, or IMPORTANT! note, carefully read the information and be alert to the possibility of personal injury. Failure to follow these directives voids emission and immunity compliance. TRADEMARKS USED IN THIS MANUAL AT ® , IBM ® , and PS/2 ® are registe[...]

4 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER FEDERAL COMMUNICA TIONS COMMISSION AND INDUSTR Y CANADA RADIO FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE ST A TEMENTS This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used properly, that is, in strict accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, may cause interference to ra[...]

5 NOM ST A TEMENT NORMAS OFICIALES MEXICANAS (NOM) ELECTRICAL SAFETY ST A TEMENT INSTRUCCIONES DE SEGURIDAD 1. Todas las instrucciones de seguridad y operación deberán ser leídas antes de que el aparato eléctrico sea operado. 2. Las instrucciones de seguridad y operación deberán ser guardadas para referencia futura. 3. Todas las advertencias [...]

6 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER 11. El aparato eléctrico deberá ser connectado a una fuente de poder sólo del tipo descrito en el instructivo de operación, o como se indique en el aparato. 12. Precaución debe ser tomada de tal manera que la tierra fisica y la polarización del equipo no sea eliminada. 13. Los cables de la fuente de [...]

7 CONTENTS Contents Chapter Page 1. Specifications ..................................................................................................10 2. Introduction ...................................................................................................12 2.1 Description ................................................................[...]

8 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER Chapter Page 4.4 Talk-Back Features ................................................................................34 4.4.1 Talk-Back on Terminator ..........................................................34 4.4.2 Talk-Back on Timeout ...............................................................36 4.5 [...]

9 CONTENTS Chapter Page 6.5 Handshake Lines ...................................................................................57 6.5.1 Data Valid (DAV).......................................................................57 6.5.2 Not Ready For Data (NRFD) ....................................................57 6.5.3 Not Data Accepted (NDAC) ......[...]

10 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER IEEE-488 Interface Implementation — C1, C2, C3, C4, and C28 controller subsets. Serial to IEEE: SH1, AH1, T6, TE0, L4, LE0, SR1, RL0, PP0, DC1, DT0, E1. Terminators — Selectable CR, LF, LF-CR, and CR-LF with EOI Connector — Standard IEEE 488 connector with metric studs Serial Interface EIA RS-232C ?[...]

11 General Data Buffer — 32,000 characters dynamically allocated Indicators — LEDs for IEEE Talk and Listen, Serial Send and Receive, and Power Power — 105-125V or 210-250V; 50-60 Hz, 10 VA max. Size — 2.7"H x 5.5"W x 7.4"D (6.9 x 14 x 18.8 cm) Weight — 3.6 lb. (1.6 kg) Environment — 0 to 50°C; 0 to 70% R.H. to 35°C. Li[...]

12 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER 2.1 Description The RS-232 ↔ 488 Interface Converter provides transparent communication from a serial computer to an IEEE 488 printer, plotter, or other device. It also can be used to control a serial device, such as a printer or terminal, from an IEEE 488 host computer. As a serial-to-IEEE-488 converte[...]

13 2.2 Abbreviations The IEEE 488 abbreviations listed below are used throughout this manual. addr n IEEE bus address “n” ATN Attention line CA Controller Active CO Controller CR Carriage Return data Data String DCL Device Clear GET Group Execute Trigger GTL Go To Local LA Listener Active LAG Listen Address Group LF Line Feed LLO Local Lock Out[...]

14 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER 3.1 Inspection The interface converter was carefully inspected, both mechanically and electrically, prior to shipment. When you receive it, carefully unpack all items from the shipping carton and check for any obvious signs of damage that may have occurred during shipment. Immediately report any damage fo[...]

15 Figure 3-1. Factor y-Default Settings. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 OPEN SW3 IEEE Addr IEEE T erm EOI 10 LF Disabled Switch Side View DOT 12345678 OPEN SW2 Mode T alk-Back on Timeout Serial T erm C Enabled LF Switch Side View DOT Echo Parity No Echo No Parity 12345678 OPEN SW1 Baud Rate Handshake Word Length 9600 RTS/CTS 8 Data Bits Switch Side View DOT T al[...]

16 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER Note that the interface converter comes configured as an IEEE controller. In this mode, the interface converter is designed to allow an RS-232 computer to communicate with an IEEE peripheral such as a plotter. This controller mode is described in detail in Chapter 4 . The interface converter may also be c[...]

17 CHAPTER 3: Getting Started Figure 3-2. Switch SW1: Selecting the Serial Baud Rate. Switch Side View DOT 11 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 OPEN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 OPEN 1800 300 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 OPEN 11 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 OPEN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 OPEN 2400 11 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 OPEN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 OPEN 3600 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 OPEN 4800 135 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 OPEN 1 2 3 4 5 6[...]

18 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER 3.3.2 S ERIAL W ORD L ENGTH (D ATA B ITS ) SW1-6 determines the number of data bits, often referred to as word length, for each serial character transmitted or received. The factory default is 8 data bits. Figure 3-3. Switch SW1: Selecting the Serial W ord Length (Data Bits). 3.3.3 S ERIAL S TOP B ITS Swi[...]

19 3.3.4 S ERIAL P ARITY Serial Parity is selected with S2-6 through S2-8. The interface converter generates the selected parity during serial transmissions but it does not check parity on data that is received. The factory default is parity disabled. Figure 3-5. Switch SW2: Selecting the Serial Parity . 3.3.5 S ERIAL E CHO Serial data sent to the [...]

20 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER 3.3.6 S ERIAL H ANDSHAKE Switch SW1-5 is used to select hardware [RTS/CTS] or software [Xon/Xoff] serial handshake control. With X-ON/X-OFF, the interface converter issues an X-OFF character [ASCII value of $13] when its buffer memory is near full. When the X-OFF character is sent, there are still more th[...]

21 CHAPTER 3: Getting Started 3.4 Selecting T erminator Substitution The interface converter can be configured to provide RS-232-to-IEEE-488 and IEEE-488-to-RS-232 terminator substitution. This is useful when interfacing an RS-232 device which only issues carriage return [CR] as an output terminator to an IEEE controller which expects a carriage re[...]

22 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER 3.4.2 IEEE B US T ERMINATOR SW3-6 through SW3-8 set the IEEE bus terminators used for data sent or received by the interface converter. EOI, a line used to signal the end of a multiple character bus transfer, may also be enabled. If enabled, EOI is asserted when the last selected bus terminator is sent. F[...]

23 CHAPTER 3: Getting Started Figure 3-10. Switch SW2: Selecting the Mode. 3.6 Selecting the IEEE Address SW3-1 through SW3-5 select the IEEE bus address of the interface converter when in the IEEE Peripheral mode. These same switches are used in the IEEE Controller mode to select the address of the device that will be controlled. [Refer to Chapter[...]

24 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER 3.7 Feature Selections The functions of the remaining switches are dependent on the mode selected. A brief description of each of these features follows. You should refer to the listed sections for additional information. 3.7.1 C ONTROLLER F EATURES In the IEEE Controller (RS-232-to-IEEE 488 Converter) mo[...]

25 CHAPTER 3: Getting Started 3.7.2 P ERIPHERAL F EATURES In the IEEE Peripheral (IEEE 488 to RS-232 converter) mode, SW1-7 enables the interface to assert the SRQ IEEE bus interface line to indicate that it has received the last switch selected serial terminator character from the serial device. Figure 3-14. Switch SW1: Enabling or Disabling SRQ o[...]

26 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER 3.8.1 RS-232/RS-422 S IGNAL L EVEL S ELECTION The interface converter’s factory default signal levels are compatible with RS-232. To select RS-422 levels, carefully remove the 8-position shorting plug with a small flat blade screwdriver from J106. Install the DIP jumper into J205 making certain that all[...]

27 CHAPTER 3: Getting Started Figure 3-16. Rear View of the Interface Conver ter’s Serial Connector . -RxD Receive Data—Input—Pin 2 This pin accepts serial data sent by the RS-232 or RS-422 host. The serial data is expected with the word length, baud rate, stop bits, and parity selected by the internal switches. The signal level is low true. [...]

28 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER Vtest Test Voltage—Output—Pin 6 This pin is connected to +5 volts through a 1K resistor. It is also common to Vtest on Pin 9. Gnd Ground—Pin 7 This pin sets the ground reference point for the other RS-232 inputs and outputs. Vtest Test Voltage—Output—Pin 9 This pin is connected to +5 volts throu[...]

29 3.8.3 S ERIAL -C ABLE W IRING D IAGRAMS If a cable was not purchased with the interface, the following diagrams will be helpful in making your own cable. Simple soldering skills and an attention to detail will ensure successful construction. Figure 3-17. Wiring Diagram: Macintosh to Interface Conver ter (RS-422). Figure 3-18. Wiring Diagram: IBM[...]

30 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER Figure 3-19. Wiring Diagram: IBM A T or Compatible with DB9 Serial Connector to Interface Conver ter (RS-232). NOTE Standard AT 9-pin-to-25-pin adapter cables are not wired as shown above and will not work with the interface converter. 3.9 General Refer to the following sections for specific operational m[...]

31 After plugging the power-supply connector into the interface, plug the power supply into AC line power. Turn the rear-panel power switch ON (the “1” position). All the front-panel indicators should light momentarily while the interface converter performs an internal ROM and RAM self-check. At the end of this self-check, all indicators except[...]

32 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER 4.1 Controller-Mode (Serial to IEEE) Operation The IEEE Controller mode allows a serial RS-232 or RS-422 host device to send data to a single IEEE bus peripheral or to multiple peripherals if they occupy the same bus address. Applications include interfacing a listen-only or addressable IEEE printer/plott[...]

33 CHAPTER 4: Controller Operation 4.2 Serial and IEEE T erminator Substitution The interface converter can be configured to provide serial-to-IEEE-488 and IEEE-488-to-serial terminator substitution. This is useful when interfacing a serial host which only issues carriage return [CR] as an output terminator to an IEEE peripheral which expects a car[...]

34 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER 4.3 IEEE Address Selection SW3-1 through SW3-5 select the IEEE bus address of the IEEE peripheral the interface converter will be communicating with. These switches set the address of the IEEE device that will be controlled, not the address of the interface converter. The address of the interface converte[...]

35 Figure 4-2. Switch SW1: Enabling or Disabling “T alk-Back on T er minator .” When the serial input buffer becomes empty, the interface converter checks the last characters sent to the IEEE bus device. If these were the IEEE bus terminators and Talk-Back on Terminator is enabled, the IEEE bus device is addressed to talk. Any data received by [...]

36 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER 4.4.2 T ALK -B ACK ON T IMEOUT SW2-2 selects whether the interface converter should address the attached bus device to talk when the interface converter has no more serial data to send. This feature relies on time and not on terminators. Its use is primarily for simulating a serial plotter from an IEEE 48[...]

37 CHAPTER 4: Controller Operation The following is an example of how this feature can be used to communicate with an IEEE plotter. The program example is written in BASIC on an IBM PC or compatible. It turns the PC into a dumb serial terminal. When a key is pressed on the keyboard, the character is transmitted out of the serial (COM1) port. Any se[...]

38 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER 4.5 Plotter Applications To use the interface converter to interface an HP-IB plotter to a serial computer port, you will need the following information about your system: 1) The serial data format that the application (plotting or graphics) program expects the plotter to communicate with. These parameter[...]

39 Figure 4-4. A PC-Based Graphics System. The following shows the interface converter’s internal switch settings required to use a Hewlett-Packard 7580A plotter with AutoCAD ® from AUTODESK on an IBM PC or compatible. Because PCs and compatibles output RS-232 levels, the shorting DIP jumper should be set to the RS-232 position (J206). Figure 4-[...]

40 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER Figure 4-6. Interface Conver ter Settings for Use with HP 7580A Plotter on an IBM PC. When using the interface converter with plotting programs on the Macintosh computer with graphic drivers such as MacPlot ® , some serial data format parameters are user-modifiable. The following is a partial MacPlot con[...]

41 Figure 4-7. MacPlot Configuration Screen. Figure 4-8. A Macintosh Based Graphics System. The Macintosh computer outputs RS-422 levels. Because of this, the internal DIP shorting jumper is set to the RS-422 position (J205). Baud Rate: 57600 Paper Si Stop Bits: 1 Parity: None Settings for HP 7500A Apple Plotter Calcomp 104x/7x,9x5 Calcomp 81 Color[...]

42 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER Figure 4-9. Setting the Inter nal DIP Shorting Jumper for RS-422. The following illustrates the interface converter’s internal switch settings for use with MacPlot, using the previously described format. RS-422 RS-232 Shorting Plug[...]

43 Figure 4-10. Interface Conver ter Settings for Use with HP 7580A Plotter on a Macintosh. After configuration, turn on the plotter and the interface converter. The interface converter’s front-panel LEDs should all light momentarily while it performs an internal ROM and RAM test. All LEDs should go out except for the Power and Talk LED. The Talk[...]

44 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER 4.6 Printer Applications Most of the information given for plotter applications applies to applications for interfacing IEEE 488 printers to a serial host. Some high-end printers have a secondary command setting which must be disabled for the interface converter to control them. The interface converter do[...]

45 CHAPTER 5: Peripheral Operation 5.1 Peripheral-Mode Operation This mode of operation is useful in interfacing a serial device, such as a serial printer, plotter or instrument, to an IEEE controller. Data which is sent by the IEEE controller to the interface converter is buffered and transmitted out its serial port. Data received from the serial [...]

46 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER When more than 10 queues become available, it asserts RTS or issues “X-ON.” The IEEE bus input signals that the IEEE input (or serial output) buffer is full when the number of queues available drops below 10 (1280 character locations left). When the number of available queues drops to 4 or less (512 c[...]

47 CHAPTER 5: Peripheral Operation 5.3.2 C ONTROLLED B US D ATA T RANSFERS If the controller must avoid waiting for the serial device, it can “serial-poll” the interface converter. Serial polling is a method by which the controller can inquire the internal status of the interface without disturbing any data being transferred, slowing data trans[...]

48 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER Figure 5-1. Switch SW1: Enabling or Disabling “SRQ on Last T er minator .” 5.4 Serial-Poll Status-Byte Register The following shows and describes the serial-poll status information provided by the interface converter. DIO8 IEEE Input Buffer NOT Empty This bit is set when the IEEE input buffer contains[...]

49 CHAPTER 5: Peripheral Operation DIO7 rsv serial-poll status information This bit is defined by the IEEE 488 Specification and is used to indicate to the bus controller that the interface converter is the bus device that requested service. It is cleared when the interface is serial polled by the controller. DIO6 Not Defined—Always “0” DIO5 [...]

50 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER 5.5 Use of Serial and Bus T erminators The interface converter can be configured to provide RS-232-to-IEEE-488 and IEEE-488-to-RS-232 terminator substitution. This is useful when interfacing a serial device that only issues carriage return [CR] as an output terminator to an IEEE controller that expects a [...]

51 CHAPTER 5: Peripheral Operation 5.6.1 M Y T ALK A DDRESS (MTA) When the interface converter is addressed to talk, it retrieves data from the serial input buffer and outputs it to the IEEE 488 bus. It substitutes the selected IEEE bus terminators for the received serial terminators. The inter- face converter will continue to output serial input b[...]

52 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER 5.7 IEEE Address Selection SW3-1 through SW3-5 select the IEEE bus address of the interface converter when in the IEEE Peripheral mode. The address is selected by simple binary weighting with SW3-1 being the least significant bit and SW3-5 the most significant. The following figure shows the IEEE address [...]

53 CHAPTER 6: IEEE 488 Primer 6.1 History The IEEE 488 bus is an instrumentation-communication bus adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers in 1975 and revised in 1978. The interface converter conforms to this most recent revision, designated IEEE 488-1978. Before this standard was adopted most instrumentation manufacturers o[...]

54 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER At a committee meeting, everyone present usually listens. This is not the case with the GPIB. The Active Controller selects which devices will listen and commands all other devices to ignore what is being transmitted. A device is instructed to listen by being Addressed to Listen. This device is then refer[...]

55 CHAPTER 6: IEEE 488 Primer Figure 6-1. IEEE 488 Bus Structure. 6.3 Send It to My Address In the previous discussion, the terms “ Addressed to Talk” and “Addressed to Listen” were used. These terms require some clarification. The IEEE 488 standard permits up to 15 devices to be configured within one system. Each of these devices must have[...]

56 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER 6.4 Bus Management Lines Five hardware lines on the GPIB are used for bus management. Signals on these lines are often referred to as uniline (single line) commands. The signals are “active low”: A low voltage represents a logical “1” (asserted), and a high voltage represents a logical “0” (un[...]

57 6.5 Handshake Lines The GPIB uses three handshake lines in an “I’m ready—Here’s the data—I’ve got it” sequence. This handshake protocol assures reliable data transfer, at the rate determined by the slowest Listener. One line is controlled by the Talker, while the other two are shared by all Active Listeners. The handshake lines, li[...]

58 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER Figure 6-2. IEEE Bus Handshaking. 6.6 Data Lines The GPIB provides eight data lines for a bit-parallel/byte-serial data transfer. These eight data lines use the convention of DIO1 through DIO8 instead of the binary designation of D0 to D7. The data lines are bidirectional and are active low. 6.7 Multiline[...]

59 CHAPTER 6: IEEE 488 Primer 6.7.3 U NLISTEN (UNL) This command tells all bus devices to Unlisten. The same as Unaddressed to Listen. ($3F) 6.7.4 T ALK A DDRESS G ROUP (TAG) There are 31 (0 to 30) talk addresses associated with this group. The 3 most significant bits of the data bus are set to 010 while the 5 least significant bits are the address[...]

60 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER 6.7.12 T AKE C ONTROL (TCT) This command passes bus control responsibilities from the current Controller to another device which has the ability to control. ($09 ) 6.7.13 S ECONDARY C OMMAND G ROUP (SCG) These are any one of the 32 possible commands (0 to 31) in this group. They must immediately follow a [...]

61 6.8.1 S ERIAL P OLL Suppose the Controller receives a service request. For this example, let’s assume there are several devices which could assert SRQ. The Controller issues an SPE (Serial Poll enable) command to each device sequentially. If any device responds with DIO7 asserted, it indicates to the Controller that it was the device that asse[...]

62 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER 7.1 Theory of Operation The heart of the interface converter is a 6809 microprocessor (U101) supported by 8K bytes of firmware EPROM [U102 (2764)] and 32K bytes of static RAM [U103 (58256)]. A Versatile Interface Adapter [U104 (65B22)] is used to generate real-time interrupts for the firmware operating sy[...]

63 7.2 Board Layout Figure 7-1. Component Layout of the Interface Conver ter’s Motherboard. U108 U107 R102 U101 C106 C107 C101 U106 Y101 C1 18 C1 17 U102 C102 U103 C103 C105 C1 10 C1 13 U1 13 C124 U1 10 J104 D102 D106 D105 D104 D103 R104 C104 U104 U105 D101 R101 C108 J101 CHAPTER 7: Theory of Operation and Board Layout[...]

64 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER Figure 7-2. Component Layout of the Interface Conver ter’s Serial I/O board. S201 SW1 R201 C201 R202 C202 R203 C203 U202 U203 C206 U201 U206 C210 U205 R205 C205 C212 C21 1 C213 C214 U209 J206 C209 R207 R206 J205 J204 C208 C207 U207 U208 S205 1 14 BLK RED + S202 SW2 S203 SW3 P204[...]

65 APPENDIX A: Sample Dumb-T erminal Program 10 REM *** DUMB-TERMINAL PROGRAM FOR THE interface converter 20 REM *** Running under IBM BASIC 30 REM *** This Program allows direct interaction between the 40 REM *** IBM PC and an IEEE bus device through the interface converter. 50 REM *** The interface converter must be configured as the IEEE bus 60 [...]

66 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER ACG = Addressed Command Group TAG = Talk Address Group UCG = Universal Command Group SCG = Secondary Command Group LAG = Listen Address Group NUL $00 0 SOH $01 GTL 1 STX $02 2 ETX $03 3 EOT $04 SDC 4 ENQ $05 PPC 5 ACK $06 6 BEL $07 7 BS $08 GET 8 HT $09 TCT 9 LF $0A 10 VT $0B 11 FF $0C 12 CR $0D 13 SO $0E[...]

67 How T o Read the Chart APPENDIX B: Character Codes and IEEE Multiline Messages Hexadecimal Decimal Equivalent Equivalent ASCII Character Address or Command[...]

68 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER Abbreviations IEEE 488 .................................13 Active Controller ...........................53 Address Selection IEEE ........................................34 Applications Plotter .....................................38 Printer .....................................44 ATN ....................[...]

69 INDEX Interface Clear .........................51, 56 Interface Converter Connectors .....................................26 Introduction...................................12 LAG ................................................58 LEDs ...................................31, 37, 43 Listen Address Group....................58 Listen Only ...........[...]

70 RS-232 ↔ IEEE 488 INTERF ACE CONVERTER Serial Parity ....................................18 Serial Poll .......................................61 Serial Poll Disable ....................51, 59 Serial Poll Enable ....................51, 59 Serial Port Settings ........................16 Serial Signal Descriptions .............26 Serial Terminat[...]

1000 Pasrk Drive • Lawrence, PA 15055-1018 • 724-746-5500 • Fax 724-746-0746 © Copyright 1998. Black Box Corporation. All rights reserved.[...]