Cisco Systems CCNA 2 manuale d’uso

This docum ent is exclus ive property of Cisc o System s, Inc. Permiss ion is granted t o print and copy this doc ument fo r noncomm ercial dist ribution and exclusive us e by instruct ors in the CCNA 2: Routers and Rout ing Basics course as part of an offic ial Cisco Net w orking Ac ademy Program .[...]

1 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Welcome Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. I. Welcome Welcome to the CCNA 2 version 3.1 Instructor Guide. Cisco Worldwide Education (WWE) has developed this guide to provide a helpful resource for instructors. This introduction will emphasize four themes: • Student-centered,[...]

2 - 238 CCNA 2 Routers and Routing Basi cs v3.1 Instructor Guide – Welcome Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. One Size Does Not Fit All The Cisco Networking Academy Program serves hundreds of thousands of students in almost 150 countries. Students range from early teens to mature adults and from advanced middle school students to undergraduat[...]

3 - 238 CCNA 2 Routers and Routing Basi cs v3.1 Instructor Guide – Welcome Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Standard and extended access-list configuration and placement • show , debug , ping , trace , and telnet commands to verify and troubleshoot Global Community WWE instructors are members of a global co mmunity of educators. There[...]

4 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Course Overview Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. II. Course Overview Target Audience The target audience is anyone who desires a practical and technical introduction to the field of networking. This includes high school, community college, and lifelong-learning students who [...]

5 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Course Overview Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Students must successfully complete the CCNA 2 course before they can achieve CCNA certification. Upon completion of this course, students will be able to perform tasks related to the following: • Routers and their roles in [...]

6 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Course Overview Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Connect router Fast Ethernet, serial WAN, and console ports • Perform, save, and test an initial configuration on a router • Configure additional administrative functionality on a router • Use embedded data-link laye[...]

7 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Course Overview Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. The following changes have taken place since CCNA version 2.x: • More emphasis on router configuration early in semester • More efficient presentation and practice of IOS • IGRP moved from CCNA 3 to CCNA 2 • Access lis[...]

8 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Teaching Guide: TI by TI Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. III. Teaching Guide for Each TI Nomenclature The CCNA curriculum uses the following hierarchy: • Course • Module • Learning objective (LO) • Target indicator (TI) For example, 3.2.5 references Module 3, LO 2, [...]

9 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Teaching Guide: TI by TI Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Module Logical groupings that comprise a course. Modules contain multiple lessons or LOs. Modules are also referred to as chapters. • Learning objective (LO) A statement that establishes a measurable behavioral [...]

10 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 1 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 1: WANs and Routers Overview When teaching Module 1, show the students how router configuration relates to the Internet, which is a global internetwork made possible by routers. Students will learn the difference between WANs[...]

11 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 1 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1.1 WANs Essential labs: None Optional labs: None Core TIs: All Optional TIs: none Course-level claim: Students can identify the important characteristics of common WAN configurations and technologies, differentiate between these an[...]

12 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 1 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Memory • Interfaces However, the main purpose of a router is to route, not to compute. The main components of the router are as follows: • RAM • NVRAM • Flash • ROM • Interfaces The following topics should be covered[...]

13 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 1 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1.1.4 Role of Routers in a WAN There are several encapsulations associated with serial lines: • HDLC • Frame Relay • PPP • SDLC • SLIP • LAPB Some of the most common WAN technologies are as follows: • POTS • ISDN •[...]

14 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 1 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Each student should build a complete topology and then take it apart and let the next student do the lab. These labs are a review of the cabling labs in CCNA 1. This may be one of the last opportunities students have to cable a netw[...]

15 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 1 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Ask students the following questions: • What are the different types of RAM used by a router? • Can the RAM be upgraded in a router? 1.2.3 Router external connections The three basic types of connections on a router are LAN inte[...]

16 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 1 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Students may not be familiar with the term out-of-band. Out-of-band refers to the fact that the management control communications use a different path or channel than the data communications. Ask students the following questions: ?[...]

17 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 1 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 1 Summary Before students move on to Module 2, they must be able to cable the lab setup, identify all external relevant ports, and identify internal router components. Online assessment options include the end-of-module onlin[...]

18 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 2 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 2: Introduction to Routers Overview Consider the prior knowledge of students when teaching Module 2. Some students may be familiar with command-line interfaces (CLIs). Students who have only used GUIs may not know how to use [...]

19 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 2 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2.1 Operating Cisco IOS Software Essential Labs: None Optional Labs: None Core TIs: All Optional TIs: none Course-Level Claim: Students can describe the purpose and fundamental operation of the router IOS. Certification-Level Claim:[...]

20 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 2 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Students should be able to identify the router prompts. The user mode prompt is Router> . The privileged mode prompt is Router# . 2.1.4 Cisco IOS software features Cisco IOS devices have three operating environments: • ROM moni[...]

21 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 2 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2.2 Starting a Router Essential Labs: 2.2.1, 2.2.4, and 2.2.9 Optional Labs: None Core TIs : All Optional TIs: none Course-Level Claim: Students can describe the purpose and fundamental operation of the router IOS Certification-Leve[...]

22 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 2 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. If a router does not boot up correctly, issue the show version command to examine the configuration register to see if it is booting. Remind the students that the router is a special purpose computer. It has a boot sequence that is [...]

23 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 2 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. To demonstrate the help feature, instruct students to set the clock without telling them which commands to use. The question mark (?) will guide students through the process. 2.2.7 Enhanced editing commands Enhanced editing commands[...]

24 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 2 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. The syntax of IOS commands can be complex. The feature used to recall commands can help students save time when they program or troubleshoot a router. 2.2.9 Troubleshooting command line errors This troubleshooting lab allows student[...]

25 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 2 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 2 Summary Before students move on to Module 3, they must be able to interact with the router through a HyperTerminal session and the CLI. Online assessment options include the end-of-module online quiz in the curriculum and t[...]

26 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 3: Configuring a Router Overview When teaching Module 3, emphasize the empowerm ent that students will gain from the ability to configure routers and the importance of familia rity with the IOS through extensive practice. The[...]

27 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Configure an interface description • Configure a message-of-the-day banner • Configure host tables • Understand the importance of backups and documentation[...]

28 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 3.1 Configure a Router Essential Labs: 3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.1.4, 3.1.5, 3.1.6, and 3.1.7 Optional Labs: None Core TIs: All Optional TIs: none Course-Level Claim: Students can perform, save, and test an initial configuration on a router. [...]

29 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. be changed does not need to be specified in the command. Another advantage is that only the parameters, or objects of the mode, i.e., the interface, or routing protocol, can be modified by the command. This helps prevent accidental [...]

30 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Discuss the differences between the various passwords. Students need to understand when each password is used. If students ask if user ids and passwords can be used instead of just passwords, the answer is that they can, but that is[...]

31 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Ask students the following questions: • Which command will show the configuration file in NVRAM? • Which command will show the configuration file in RAM? 3.1.5 Configuring a serial interface A serial interface can be configured [...]

32 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Remove the startup configuration file with the erase startup-config command. • Restart the router and enter setup mode. To save the configuration variables to the startup configuration file in NVRAM, enter the following comman[...]

33 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 3.2 Finishing the Configuration Essential Labs: 3.2.3, 3.2.5, 3.2.7, and 3.2.9 Optional Labs: None Core TIs: All Optional TIs: none Course-Level Claim: Students can configure additional administrative functionality on a router Certi[...]

34 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. associate did not have or follow standards, then the next associate will need to analyze how the device is supposed to be connected or configured. For example, if the headquarters router always has the lowest address in a subnet con[...]

35 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Ask students the following questions: • Which configuration mode is used to enter the description? • What are the commands to add a description to an interface? 3.2.4 Login banners Students must realize that a login banner can b[...]

36 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Ask students the following questions: • What is a host name is associated with? • Can each unique IP address have a host name associated with it? 3.2.7 Configuring host tables This is a simple process. Students need to understan[...]

37 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. capturing text in the router. If the file needs to be copied back to the router, it can be pasted into the router. Ask students the following questions: • What is the command used to copy RAM to NVRAM? • What is the command used[...]

38 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 3 Summary Before students begin Module 4, they must be able to perform a basic router configuration in a limited amount of time and without assistance. Basic configuration includes hostnames, passwords, interfaces, and the ab[...]

39 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 4: Learning about Other Devices Overview Module 4 will introduce students to the Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP). CDP is enabled by default on all Cisco devices. CDP allows devices such as Cisco routers to obtain information a[...]

40 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Troubleshoot remote terminal connections 4.1 Discovering and Connecting to Neighbors Essential Labs: 4.1.4 and 4.1.6 Optional Labs: None Core TIs: All Optional TIs: none Course-Level Claim: Students can use embedded data-link la[...]

41 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 4.1.2 Information obtained with CDP CDP is used to collect information about dire ctly-connected devices. The types of information it collects are referred to as Type Length Values (TLVs). This TI includes a table that defines each [...]

42 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 4.1.3 Implementation, monitori ng, and maintenance of CDP CDP implemented by default on all interfaces that support it. The following table lists variations of the CDP command and their functions. These commands should be used in pr[...]

43 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. If students have limited or no experience with the us e of Telnet to move from device to device, this concept and skill should be reviewed. If students do not understand this capability, it will be difficult to understand the proced[...]

44 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Command Purpose clear cdp table Deletes information about neighbors from the CDP table clear cdp counters Reset traffic counters to zero show cdp traffic Displays CD counters such as the number of packets sent and received and check[...]

45 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 4.2 Getting Information about Remote Devices Essential Labs: 4.2.2, 4.2.3, 4.2.4, 4.2.5a, 4.2.5b, and 4.2.6 Optional Labs: None Core TIs: All Optional TIs: none Course-Level Claim: Students can perform simple LAN troubleshooting. Ce[...]

46 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 4.2.3 Disconnecting and su spending Telnet sessions Network administrators may need to establish multiple Telnet sessions. The keystroke Ctrl - Shift - 6 and then the letter X can be used to suspend a current Telnet session. The sus[...]

47 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. The show sessions command output is as follows: Stanly_Lab# show sessions Conn Host Address Byte Idle Conn Name 1 lab-b 192.168.10.1 4 5 lab-b 2 lab-d 192.168.10.1 0 0 lab-d * 3 lab-e 192.168.10.1 0 0 lab-e 4.2.5 Alternative connect[...]

48 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. The procedure to use the ping command is as follows: • ping IP address or name of destination • Press Enter The procedure to use the trace command is as follows: • trace IP address or name of destination • Press Enter Demons[...]

49 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Show a routing table. LAB-C# show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B – BGP, D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area, E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external typ[...]

50 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 4 Summary Students must master CDP and network troubleshooting commands before they move on to Module 5 Online assessment options include the end-of-module online quiz in the curriculum and the online Module 4 exam. Students [...]

51 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 5: Managing Cisco IOS Software Overview When teaching Module 5, emphasize the importance of the router boot sequence. The router boot sequence verifies the proper operation of the router hardware, identifies the correct IOS a[...]

52 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 5.1 Router Boot Sequence and Verification Essential Labs: 5.1.3 and 5.1.5 Optional Labs: None Core TIs: All Optional TIs: none Course-Level Claim: Students can Identify the stages of the router boot-up sequence and show how the conf[...]

53 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. It is important to realize that these boot system commands must be saved in NVRAM to be executed at the next start-up. If no boot system commands are saved in NVRAM, the router will use the default fallback process, flash, TFTP, and[...]

54 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. If the router does not boot properly, the show version command can be used to identify the configuration register setting. The boot field indicates where the router is configured to boot from and the config-register command is used [...]

55 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 5.2.1 IOS file system overview A router or switch requires software to operate. The following are two basic types of essential software: • The operating system • The config file The operating system that is used in almost all Ci[...]

56 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 5.2.3 Managing configur ation files using TFTP The active configuration uses RAM and the default location for the startup configuration is NVRAM. Students must understand the differences between RAM, ROM, NVRAM, and flash. If the co[...]

57 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. After the configuration has been displayed, students should select Transfer > Capture Text > Stop to stop the capture. After the capture is completed, the configuration file needs to be edited to remove text that is not requir[...]

58 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Discuss the difference between running configuration and startup-configuration. This concept is very important. Also stress the benefits of comments in the configuration. These comments can explain the function of the various comman[...]

59 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. The default console speed of 9600 bps can be used or it can be changed to 115200 bps. This will speed up the download. The console speed can be changed with the confreg command. To restore the IOS image from the PC, students should [...]

60 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Discuss the following alternatives with the students: • NVRAM • TFTP server • ROM Make sure the boot commands are reviewed. Stress the importance of familiarity with the bootup procedures.[...]

61 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 5 Summary Students must be able to manage configuration files and verify the file system with show commands before they begin Module 6. Online assessment options include the end-of-module online quiz in the curriculum and the[...]

62 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 6: Routing and Routing Protocols Overview When teaching Module 6, remind students that routing refers to the directions that are given to move packets from one network to another. These directions, which are also known as rou[...]

63 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 6.1 Introduction to Static Routing Essential Labs: 6.1.6 Optional Labs: None Core TIs: All Optional TIs: none Course-Level Claim: Students can identify, configure, and verify the use of static and default routes. Certification-Level[...]

64 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. From Rt1 either of the following commands will work. Rt1(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2 This command should be interpreted as “To reach the network 192.168.2.0 that has a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, the [...]

65 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 6.1.3 Configuring static routes Use the following steps to configure static routes: 1. Determine all desired destination networks, their subnet masks, and their gateways. A gateway can be either a local interface or a next hop addre[...]

66 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 6.1.4 Configuring default route forwarding Default routes are used to route packets with destinations that do not match any of the other routes in the routing table. A default route is actually a special static route that uses the f[...]

67 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. interface Serial0/0 ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 no ip directed-broadcast no fair-queue clockrate 56000 ! interface FastEthernet0/0 ip address 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0 no ip directed-broadcast no keepalive ! ip classless ip[...]

68 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Here are the outputs of the show interface , ping , and traceroute commands. Rt1# show interfaces s0 Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is PowerQUICC Serial Internet address is 192.168.1.1/24 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 128 Kbit, [...]

69 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 6.2 Dynamic Routing Overview Essential Labs: None Optional Labs: None Core TIs: All Optional TIs: none Course-Level Claim: Students can evaluate the characteristics of routing protocols. Certification-Level Claim: Students can evalu[...]

70 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. At this point, students do not have to underst and the details of an autonomous system. They just need to understand the basic concepts of an autonomous system. Students do not have enough experience to understand policy-based routi[...]

71 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. network topology information. This is measured in hop counts, or the number of routers in the path to a destination network. Distance vector algorithms do not allow a router to know the exact topology of an internetwork. The router [...]

72 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Certification-Level Claim: Students can evaluate the characteristics of routing protocols. Hands-on skills: none 6.3.1 Path determination Path determination occurs at the network layer, or Layer 3, for traffic that goes through a ne[...]

73 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 6.3.4 IGP versus EGP Interior routing protocols are designed to be used in a network that is under the control of a single organization. The protocols used in CCNA 2 will be IGPs. The protocols RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF are all IGP[...]

74 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 6 Summary Before students begin Module 7, they must be able to configure static routes and use the show ip route , ping , and traceroute commands to perform basic network testing. Online assessment options include the end-of-[...]

75 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 7: Distance Vector Routing Protocols Overview When teaching module 7, emphasize both skills development and conceptual understanding of the routing protocols RIP and IGRP. Students must master the basic routing skills and con[...]

76 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 7.1. Distance Vector Routing Essential Labs: None Optional Labs: None Core TIs: All Optional TIs: none Course-Level Claim: Students can identify, analyze, and show how to rectify inherent problems associated with distance vector rou[...]

77 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • When Network 1 fails, Router E sends an update to Router A. Router A stops routing packets to Network 1, but Routers B, C, and D continue to route packets because they have not yet been informed of the failure. When Router A sen[...]

78 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 7.1.3 Defining a maximum count The previous section described a situation in which slow convergence created the impression that a fictitious path to a network existed, which leads to a routing loop. Routing loops have a packet that [...]

79 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Figure [1]: Routing Update Figure [2]: Split Horizon Split horizon is another mechanism to help prevent routing loops. Split horizon does not allow the originator of network information to receive updates about the network from anot[...]

80 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 7.1.5 Route poisoning Route poisoning is another process used by routers to prevent routing loops. Briefly review the fact that routing loops are typically the result of slow convergence. The loops are interrupted when maximum hop c[...]

81 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 7.1.7 Preventing routing loops with holddow n timers Holddown timers are used to prevent update messages from reinstating inaccessible routes. When a router receives an update that indicates that a network is unreachable, it starts [...]

82 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 7.2.1 RIP routing process RIP is a distance-vector routing protocol that uses hop count as the metric for path selection. By default, the maximum hop count for RIP is 15 and routing updates are broadcast every 30 seconds. If RIP rou[...]

83 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 7.2.3 Using the ip classless command The ip classless command allows packets that are bound for an unknown subnet to be routed out the same interface as other known subnets in the same range of addresses. IP classless only affects t[...]

84 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. command. The RIP version can also be changed with the version [1 | 2] router configuration command. Other variations of this command may be placed on the interface to specify which version of packets to send and receive. 7.2.5 Verif[...]

85 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 219.17.100.0 in 1 hops 199.6.13.0 in 1 hops 210.93.105.0 in 3 hops Other commands that can be used to troubleshoot RIP update issues include the following: • show ip rip database • show ip protocols • show ip route • debug i[...]

86 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. This does not consider the bandwidth of each link. So while load balancing may allow packets to travel multiple paths to reach a destination, huge bandwidth differences among equal-cost paths could actually slow throughput. 7.2.9 Lo[...]

87 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 7.3.1 IGRP features IGRP is a Cisco proprietary distance-vector interior gateway routing protocol. Distance vector routing protocols mathematically compare routes to determine the best path. IGRP was designed to take advantage of th[...]

88 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. The lower the metric is, the better the route. Make sure that students understand that the default metrics for IGRP are bandwidth and delay. The other metrics can be used but are not used by default. Allow the students to configure [...]

89 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. The debug ip igrp events command can be used to verify that the timers affect routing updates. Have the students configure IGRP on the lab topology. 7.3.5 Configuring IGRP To enable IGRP routing use the router igrp as-number global [...]

90 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. the networks advertised, timer values, and other routing protocol-specific information. The show ip route command displays the routing table and lists the next hop to all known networks, how the route was learned, the metric, and ot[...]

91 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 7 Summary Before students begin Module 8, they must be able to configure and troubleshoot RIP and IGRP by themselves. Online assessment options include the end-of-module online quiz in the curriculum and the online Module 7 e[...]

92 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • How to migrate RIP to IGRP • How to verify IGRP configuration • How to troubleshoot IGRP[...]

93 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 8 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 8: TCP/IP Suite Error and Control Messages Overview The main goal of Module 8 is for students to learn how the IP protocol uses the ICMP protocol to provide control messages to hosts on a network. IP does not have the facilit[...]

94 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 8 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 8.1 Overview of TCP/IP Error Message Essential Labs: None Optional Labs: None Core TIs: 8.1.1, 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.1.5, 8.1.6, and 8.1.8 Optional TIs: 8.1.3, 8.1.7, and 8.1.9 Course-Level Claim: Students can describe the operation of IC[...]

95 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 8 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 8.1.4 Unreachable networks Network communications depend on certain basic conditions: • The sending and receiving devices must have the TCP/IP protocol configured. • This includes a correct IP address and subnet mask. • A defa[...]

96 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 8 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 8.1.7 Echo messages ICMP message formats have three fields: • Type • Code • Checksum The type field indicates the type of ICMP message that is sent. The code field includes additional information that is specific to the messag[...]

97 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 8 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 8.2 TCP/IP Suite Control Messages Essential Labs: None Optional Labs: None Core TIs: None Optional TIs: All Course Level Claim: Students can describe the operation of ICMP and identify the reasons, types, and format of associated er[...]

98 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 8 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • The route for the redirect is not another ICMP redirect or a default route. • The router is configured to send redirects. Make sure students understand default gateways. Instruct students to look at the router lab setup and vi[...]

99 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 8 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. process begins when the host sends a multicast router solicitation message to all routers with the address 224.0.0.2. If a router solicitation message is sent to a router that does not support the discovery process, the solicitation[...]

100 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 8 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 8 Summary Before students begin Module 9, they should know where to look for many of the error messages they may encounter. Online assessment options include the end-of-module online quiz in the curriculum and the online Mod[...]

101 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 9 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 9: Basic Router Troubleshooting Overview When teaching Module 9, emphasize the fact that the ability to interpret a routing table is of fundamental importance to networking professionals. This module is dedicated to routing [...]

102 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 9 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 9.1 Examining the Routing Table Essential Labs: 9.1.1, 9.1.2, and 9.1.8 Optional Labs: None Core TIs: All Optional TIs: none Course-Level Claim: Students can configure, verify, analyze, and troubleshoot simple distance vector routi[...]

103 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 9 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. An administrator can use two different commands to configure default routes: • ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [next-hop-ip-address | exit-interface] • ip default-network The ip default-network command establishes a default route in n[...]

104 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 9 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Explain administrative distances to the student s. The administrative distance represents the trustworthiness of the source of a route. The Cisco IOS is designed to trust directly connected routes more than any other source. Direct[...]

105 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 9 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 9.1.9 Observing multiple paths to destination Some routing protocols support multiple paths to the same destination. Multipath algorithms permit traffic over multiple lines, provide better throughput, and are more reliable. Discuss[...]

106 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 9 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 9.2.3 Testing by OSI lay ers Testing should begin with Layer 1 of the OSI model and work to Layer 7 if necessary. The ping command is used at Layer 3. The telnet command is used at Layer 7. Both of these commands will be discussed [...]

107 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 9 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 9.3 Troubleshooting Router Issues Overview Essential Labs: 9.3.4, 9.3.5, and 9.3.7 Optional Labs: None Core TIs: All Optional TIs: none Course-Level Claim: Students can use the commands incorporated within IOS to analyze and rectif[...]

108 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 9 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. This is an important concept for the students to understand to help in the troubleshooting process. Two important facts for the students to learn are that CDP is Cisco proprietary, which means that it only works between Cisco devic[...]

109 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 9 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. the troubleshooting process. Students need to realize that there is a lot of output that will be completely unfamiliar to them. The two main reasons for them to use this command are to discover the cable type connected to the seria[...]

110 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 9 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 9 Summary Before students begin Module 10, they must be able to read and interpret a routing table and must have mastered a range of IOS commands for troubleshooting. Online assessment options include the end-of-module onlin[...]

111 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 10 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Intermediate TCP/IP Overview Module 10 is a good place to have the student compare IP and TCP. It is essential for the students to understand that IP is connectionless and unreliable, while TCP is connection- oriented a[...]

112 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 10 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10.1 TCP Operation Essential Labs: 10.1.6 Optional Labs: None Core TIs: 10.1.6 Optional TIs: 10.1.1 – 10.1.5, and 10.1.7 Course-Level Claim: Students can describe the operation of the major transport layer protocols and the inte[...]

113 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 10 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 3. The source host responds with a simple acknowledgement of y + 1 to indicate that it received the previous ACK. This finalizes the connection process. The three-way handshake is an important concept for the student to understand[...]

114 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 10 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10.1.5 Sequencing numbers Since TCP breaks data into segments, the receiver must reassemble the data segments once all of the data is received. TCP issues a sequence to the data segments so that the receiver can properly reassembl[...]

115 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 10 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. UDP is often used for applications and services such as real-time audio and video. These applications require less overhead. They also do not need to be resequenced since packets that arrive late or out of order have no value. 10.[...]

116 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 10 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10.2.2 Ports for services Services that are used on hosts must have a port numbers assigned so communication can occur. Some ports are reserved in both TCP and UDP. These are considered well-known ports. Students must know these p[...]

117 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 10 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10.2.5 Example of multiple sessions between hosts Port numbers are used to track multiple sessions that occur between hosts. The port number combined with the network address forms a socket. A pair of sockets, one for the source a[...]

118 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 10 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10 Summary Before students begin Module 11, they must be able to compare and contrast the roles of MAC addresses, IP addresses, and port numbers. Online assessment options include the end-of-module online quiz in the curric[...]

119 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 11: Access Control List (ACLs) Overview When teaching Module 11, emphasize the importance of access control lists (ACLs). Network administrators must establish a way to deny unwanted access to a network and allow internal u[...]

120 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 11.1.1 Introduction to ACLs ACLs are lists of conditions that are applied to traffic that travels across a router interface. These lists tell the router what types of packets to accept or deny. ACLs can be created for all routed n[...]

121 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. If all the ACL statements are unmatched, an implic it "deny any" statement is placed at the end of the list by default. Even though the "deny any" is not visible, it will deny any packets that are not matched i[...]

122 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. A.B.C.D Wildcard bits log Log matches against this entry <cr> rt1(config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.1 0.0.0.0 ? log Log matches against this entry <cr> Give students a list of rules for access lists to help them [...]

123 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 11.1.4 The function of a wildcard mask A wildcard mask is paired with an IP address. The binary numbers one and zero in the mask are used to identify how the corresponding IP address bits should be handled. Wildcard masks are used[...]

124 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. To test an ACL, the students will need to know what traffic will be permitted, denied, and the path. Have students test for connectivity, apply the ACL, and then check the ACL to see if it works. The show running-config command sh[...]

125 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 11.2.2 Extended ACLs Extended ACLs are used more often than standard ACLs because they provide a greater range of control. Extended ACLs check the source and destination packet addresses and also check for protocols and port numbe[...]

126 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. precedence Match packets with given precedence value psh Match on the PSH bit range Match only packets in the range of port numbers rst Match on the RST bit syn Match on the SYN bit time-range Specify a time-range tos Match packet[...]

127 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Then enter extended or standard : rt1(config)# ip access-list extended ? <100-199> Extended IP access-list number WORD Access-list name The name used is named_ACL : rt1(config)# ip access-list extended named_ACL rt1(config-e[...]

128 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 11.2.6 Restricting virtual terminal access Standard and extended access lists apply to packets that travel through a router. They are not designed to block packets that originate within the router. By default, an outbound Telnet e[...]

129 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 11 Summary Before students take the final exam, they should have mastered the configuration and placement of standard and extended IP access-lists. Online assessment options include the end-of-module online quiz in the curr[...]

130 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. IV. Case Study Overview and Objectives This case study allows students to complete a network design, implementation, and troubleshooting project using the skills gained in CCNA 2. Students will use the skills that have already b[...]

131 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Scenario and Phase 1: Project Description A company has several people responsible for maintaining various sections of the internetwork infrastructure. Many technicians have done an ex cellent job with the small portion for whic[...]

132 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Phase 2: IP Addressing Now that the basic plan is in place, the team leader assigns the technician to develop a prototype for the new internetwork. Use the network address assigned along with the subnetting requirements, to subn[...]

133 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Phase 3: Basic Router and Workstation Configuration After the team leader inspects the prototype cabling, the technician is assigned to create a basic configuration on the router and workstations. Use the diagram and planning sh[...]

134 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Boaz Center Eva * Host Table - contains all routers and servers Message of the Day Serial 0/0 description Serial 0/1 description Fa 0/0 description Fa 0/1 description Instructor approval _____________________________ Date ______[...]

135 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Phase 4: Access Control Lists While testing the network, the team leader discovers that security has not been planned for the network. If the network configuration were installed as designed, any network user would be able to ac[...]

136 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Phase 5: Documenting the Network In order to support the network properly, documentation is required. Create documentation that is logically organized to make troubleshooting simpler. Configuration management documentation Boaz [...]

137 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Case Study Deliverables The key lesson of this case study is the importance of thorough and clear documentation. There should be two types of documentation completed. General Documentation: • A complete narrative of the projec[...]

138 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • show ip interface • show version • show hosts • show startup-config • show ip access-list[...]

139 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Case Study – Instructor Notes Phase 1: Project Description This phase of the case study can begin early in the semester, as students should be familiar with subnetting. The entire case study should be discussed in class so tha[...]

140 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • The concept of reserved address space for routers, servers, and hosts • The reasons for developing an IP address scheme to allow for future growth Phase 3: Basic Router and Workstation Configuration This Phase should be co[...]

141 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Case Study – Instructor Sample Outputs Phase 5: Documenting the Network – Sample outputs Boaz (2500) Configuration Management documentation – Boaz (2500) Boaz# show cdp neighbors Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bri[...]

142 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Boaz# show ip interface brief Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol Ethernet0 172.16.96.1 YES manual up up Serial0 172.16.64.2 YES manual up up Serial1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down Boaz# show version[...]

143 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Boaz# show startup-config Using 1090 out of 32762 bytes ! version 11.1 service slave-log service udp-small-servers service tcp-small-servers ! hostname Boaz ! enable secret 5 $1$5EE4$v86z7o8zMLehnIWA0T7LB/ ! ! interface Ethernet[...]

144 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Security Management documentation – Boaz (2500) Boaz# show ip interface Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up Internet address is 172.16.96.1/19 Broadcast address is 255.255.255.255 Address determined by setup command MTU is 15[...]

145 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. deny tcp 172.16.96.0 0.0.31.255 any eq telnet deny icmp 172.16.96.0 0.0.31.255 any (8 matches) Boaz#[...]

146 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Phase 5: Documenting the Network – Sample outputs Centre (2500) Configuration Management documentation Centre# show cdp neighbors Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge S - Switch, H - Host, I [...]

147 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Centre# show version Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) 3000 Software (IGS-J-L), Version 11.1(5), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) Copyright (c) 1986-1996 by Cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Mon 05-Aug-96 11:48 by mkamson I[...]

148 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial0 description Centre WAN interface to Boaz ip address 172.16.64.1 255.255.224.0 no fair-queue clockrate 56000 ! interface Serial1 description Centre WAN interface to Eva ip address 172.16[...]

149 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Security Management documentation – Centre (2500) Centre# show ip interface Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up Internet address is 172.16.32.1/19 Broadcast address is 255.255.255.255 Address determined by setup command MTU i[...]

150 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Helper address is not set Directed broadcast forwarding is enabled Outgoing access list is not set Inbound access list is not set Proxy ARP is enabled Security level is default Split horizon is enabled ICMP redirects are always [...]

151 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Phase 5: Documenting the Network – Sample outputs Eva (2500) Configuration Management documentation – Eva (2500) Eva# show cdp neighbors Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge S - Switch, H -[...]

152 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Image text-base: 0x0303794C, data-base: 0x00001000 ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), SOFTWARE ROM: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) Eva uptime is 5 hours, 4 minutes System r[...]

153 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Eva# show startup-config Using 1156 out of 32762 bytes ! version 11.1 service slave-log service udp-small-servers service tcp-small-servers ! hostname Eva ! enable secret 5 $1$ejwr$qcHMWf3GAiWytPceeWK1y0 ! ip subnet-zero ! inter[...]

154 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Security Management documentation – Eva (2500) Eva# show ip interface Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is down Internet address is 172.16.160.1/19 Broadcast address is 255.255.255.255 Address determined by setup command MTU is 1[...]

155 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. permit ip 172.16.160.0 0.0.31.255 172.16.160.0 0.0.31.255 (225 matches) deny tcp 172.16.160.0 0.0.31.255 any eq telnet deny icmp 172.16.160.0 0.0.31.255 any (20 matches) Eva#[...]

156 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendices Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. V. Appendices: A) Cisco Online Tools and Utilities B) Instructional Best Practices[...]

157 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix A Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Appendix A: Cisco Online Tools and Utilities Cisco Systems offer a wide range of online documents and tools to assist in the configuration, troubleshooting, and optimization of routers and switches. These resources can be found o[...]

158 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix A Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1 Output Interpreter Output Interpreter is a Web-based application that provides a troubleshooting analysis and a course of action for a router, switch, or PIX device. Output Interpreter uses a collection of show command output t[...]

159 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix A Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2 Error Message Decoder Explanations for console error message strings are listed in the Cisco Software System Messages guide. http://www.cisco.com/cgi-bin/Support/Errordecoder/home.pl[...]

160 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix A Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 3 Software Bug Toolkit The Software Bug Toolkit is a Web-based resource that is used to search for software bugs based on version and feature sets. The toolkit can be used to determine why a feature does not work. http://www.cisc[...]

161 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix A Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 4 IP Subnet Calculator IP Subnet Calculator is a Web-based resource that is used to calculate the subnet mask based on several variables. This tool can be used to verify network settings. http://www.cisco.com/cgi-bin/Support/IpSu[...]

162 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix A Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 5 Password Recovery Procedures This Web page is the source for Cisco password recovery procedures. The password recovery procedure for every Cisco device can be found here. http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/474/[...]

163 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix A Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 6 TAC Case Collection The TAC Case Collection, is an evolution of the Troubleshooting Assistant tool. It allows users to interactively identify and troubleshoot common problems that involve hardware, configuration, and performanc[...]

164 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix A Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 7 Software Advisor The Software Advisor helps users choose the appropriate software for network devices. Users can match software features to Cisco IOS and CatOS releases, compare IOS releases, or find out which software releases[...]

165 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix A Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 8 Feature Navigator II Cisco Feature Navigator II is a Web-based application that allows users to quickly find the right Cisco IOS Software release for the features they want to run on their networks. Users can search by feature,[...]

166 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix A Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 9 TAC Advanced Search TAC Advanced Search can be used to access the same resources used by TAC. Users can search the entire TAC database for technical documents published by the Cisco TAC, for TAC technical support tools, for doc[...]

167 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Appendix B: Instructional Best Practices B.1 Definition of Best Practices B.1.1 What is meant by best practices? Figure 1: Best Practices Since the early 1980s, schools have explored the us e of technology as an effective tool fo[...]

168 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Web Links International Society for Technology in Education: http://www.iste.org/ Southeast Center for Teaching Quality: http://www.teachingquality.org/ Milken Family Foundation: http://www.mff.org/edtech/ North Central Regional [...]

169 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Planning and designing learning environments and experiences • Teaching, learning, and curriculum • Assessment and evaluation • Productivity and professional practice • Social, ethical, legal, and human issues The IST[...]

170 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Web Links National Council for Teachers of English: http://www.ncte.org/standards/standards.shtml Council for Teachers of Math: http://www.nctm.org/ National Science Teachers Association: http://www.nsta.org/ American Association[...]

171 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.1.4 TIMSS report Figure 1: TIMSS Report Participating Countries The Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) indicate how U.S. students perform academically in comparison to students in other countries. The cur[...]

172 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Web Links Third International Math and Science Study: http://isc.bc.edu/timss1999benchmark.html TIMSS International Study Center: http://timss.bc.edu/ B.1.5 Student-centered learning Figure 1: Learner Mode l: A cademy Stude nt Fi[...]

173 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Students will also assign roles and identify jobs that need to be completed for the benefit of the group. This allows students to tap into their current knowledge, and journey into new levels of comprehension through a continuous[...]

174 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Bodily/Kinesthetic intelligence gives students a strong connection to new content through the movement and manipulation of body and external objects. Activities help students create cognitive connections for easy recall and c[...]

175 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.1.7 Inquiry-based learning Figure 1: Inquiry Based Learning When people uncover uncertain, curious, or interesting phenomena in life, questions naturally arise that encourage quests for answers. Inquiry is a natural process tha[...]

176 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Web Links Big Rocks and Powerful Kingdoms Personal Learning in Science and Social Studies: http://www.ascd.org/readingroom/classlead/9911/2nov99.html Using the Internet to Promote Inquiry-based Learning: http://www.biopoint.com/m[...]

177 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Be sensitive to background noise in the lab. Turn radios, cell phones, and televisions off during work times. If background noise is unavoidable with online learning, instruct hearing impaired students to use ear phones to ke[...]

178 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.1.9 Learning disabilities Figure 1: Learning Disabilities Instructors will probably have a few students with learning disabilities in their classes. The following list summarizes some approaches to teaching students with learni[...]

179 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Use visual advance organizers to introduce new concepts, analyze, and synthesize levels of comprehension. Organizers prepare the brain for the arrival of new content. This technique builds upon existing knowledge to facilitat[...]

180 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.2 Lab-Centric Instruction B.2.1 CCNA labs The CCNA curriculum teaches students how to plan, design, install, operate, and troubleshoot TCP/IP, Ethernet, routed, and switched networks with some remote connectivity. The CCNA curr[...]

181 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. The required lab equipment for CCNA 4 includes workstations, hubs, switches, and routers. Optional WAN simulation equipment is also recommended. Students acquire lab skills in the following WAN technology areas: • PPP • ISDN [...]

182 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.2.2 CCNP labs Figure 1: CCNP Labs The CCNP curriculum teaches students how to plan, design, install, operate, and troubleshoot enterprise-level TCP/IP, Ethernet, routed, and switched networks with substantial remote access. The[...]

183 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Implement advanced IP address management techniques • Configure and test the EIGRP, OSPF, and BGP routing protocols, which help make most enterprise Intranets and the Internet possible The required lab equipment for CCNP 2 [...]

184 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.2.3 NETLAB Figure 1: NETLA B Many educators are interested in remote access to shared lab equipment to give students more access to hands-on experiences. Remote access technologies can be used in courses such as the CCNA, CCNP,[...]

185 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Students will usually access the equipment in the evening or on the weekends from their homes or another location with Internet access. Some instructors may choose to implement use of the NETLAB system within the classr oom. This[...]

186 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.2.4 Simulations Figure 1: Simulations Research indicates that learning is more ext ensive when content is interactive and provides instant feedback. The Academy curriculum contains a variety of interactive Flash activities. One[...]

187 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Simulation – The third level is called simulation. This is the most open-ended environment. This level is not scripted. Therefore, it supports a wide variety of hardware and software behavior. For command-line interfaces su[...]

188 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Figure 2: Sponsored Curriculum Labs Figure 3: Sponsored Curriculum Labs[...]

189 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. The six sponsored curricula also require dedicated labs and a variety of hardware and software. They are summarized in the following sections: IT Essentials: PC Hardware and Software IT Essentials PC Hardware and Software, which [...]

190 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Laboratory safety • On-the-job safety • Working effectively in group environments Fundamentals of UNIX Fundamentals of UNIX, which is sponsored by Sun Microsystems, provides students with the following: • Ability to use[...]

191 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. longer delivery model or some pre-selection and screening of students. About half of the course time is spent on the instructor-facilitated online multimedia material and the rest is spent on lab exercises. Web Links Instructor C[...]

192 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.2.6 Emerging technologies Figure 1: PIX Firewall PhotoZoom Figure 2: IP Phone[...]

193 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Figure 3: Wireless L AN In the future, new technologies such as network security, IP telephony, and wireless LANs may be the basis for Academy courses. Each of these courses will have an associated lab bundle, which will allow fo[...]

194 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.2.7 Troubleshooting Figure 1: Steps in the Problem -Solving Model Troubleshooting is a form of educational inquiry that is necessary in most Academy courses, even if it is not formally taught. There are literally over a hundred[...]

195 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Provide opportunities for students to practice diagnosis and repair Web Links Teaching Methods Web Resources: http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/education/methods/resources.html The Universal Troubleshooting Process (UTP): http:/[...]

196 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.3 Project-based Instruction B.3.1 Challenges and projects Figure 1: Challeng es an d Projects NetDay challenges are problem-based labs or projects that are advocated by AAAS Project 2061, which is a science education reform pro[...]

197 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. A NetDay occurs when a community volunteers time to wire a school. It is a popular type of community project that involves students, par ents, network administrators, and others who work together to get students connected to the [...]

198 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.3.2 Design activities Figure 1: Dartmouth Problem-Solv ing Cycle Design is an iterative process that starts with brainstorming. From there, it proceeds through research and problem-solving matrices and design specification test[...]

199 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. students will be able to use the lessons learned from failed problem-solving attempts to save time when they try to solve new problems. C hapter 5, Research, Documentation, and Testing, is a good resource for students to learn ho[...]

200 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.3.3 Brainstorming Figure 1: Cluster Diagram Brainstorming techniques can be useful for teaching IT curriculum. These techniques can be applied to areas such as introductions to new topics and integral parts of design work, Figu[...]

201 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. SCAMPER involves a series of questions related to a new process or concept. After students encounter new information, they respond to the following questions: • Substitute – What material, methods, processes, or situations ca[...]

202 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.3.4 Case studies Figure 1: Case Studi es Case study teaching methods have become more im portant in many professions such as law, medicine, and business. Case studies that are specified in the course or instructor-developed can[...]

203 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Web Links Use of Master Classroom Technology to Implement a Case Study Approach to Learning: http://www.mtsu.edu/~itconf/papers96/MASTER.HTM Case Study Teaching in Science: A Bibliography: http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/proje[...]

204 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.3.5 Web research Figure 1: Cisco.com The Internet has a tremendous amount of resources for people who want to understand or install networks. Students can also research products, answer questions, or perform extension activitie[...]

205 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.4 Instructional Strategies B.4.1 Instructor-led classrooms Figure 1: Instructor-Led Classrooms The instructor-led style of instruction is currently the most commonly used approach. Academy instructors must communicate informati[...]

206 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Studies have found that relatively short, engaging lectures that include demonstrations are excellent adjuncts to the online curriculum and lab activities.[...]

207 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.4.2 Self-paced instruction Academy courses implement self-paced instruction and learning strategies. In self-paced instruction, students learn new content at a speed of comprehension that best fits their learning style. The con[...]

208 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.4.3 Cooperative/collaborative work Cooperative work occurs when students work in groups for extended periods of time. Students work together for the benefit of all group members. Research shows that cooperative learning environ[...]

209 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. The student roles within the group may be formal and assigned, or informal and unassigned. A formal or assigned role may be a leader, a speaker, a note taker, a summarizer, or a timekeeper. In informal groups, roles may be unassi[...]

210 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Student-led discussions • Demonstrations • Presentations Web Links Teaching Strategies: Group Work and Cooperative Learning: http://www.crlt.umich.edu/tstrategies/tsgwcl.html Enhancing Student Thinking through Collaborati[...]

211 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.4.4 Jigsaws Figure 1: Jigsaw Puzzle The teaching and learning strategy known as the expert jigsaw was configured by Elliot Aronson in the late 1970s. This strategy asks students to explore new information within the dynamics of[...]

212 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.4.5 Ask the right questions Figure 1: Ask the Right Questions In classrooms and labs across the United States, students are typically given questions that test their low-level and high-level cognitive abilities. Instructors who[...]

213 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. second to beyond 3 seconds, the following si gnificant improvements in classroom dynamics occurred: • Longer responses by students • More participation by more students with more confidence • Increase in student-to-student [...]

214 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.4.6 PMI Figure 1: PMI Many of the best instructional strategies help students think about their thought processes, or engage in metacognition. Other strategies encourage students to use knowledge in new and innovative ways. The[...]

215 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.4.7 Graphic organizers Figure 1: Cluster Diagram Figure 2: Problem-Solv ing Matrix[...]

216 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Figure 3: Flowchart Figure 4: Block Diagrams[...]

217 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Figure 5: Extended Star Topology in a Multi-Building Campus Figure 6: Main Building First Floor[...]

218 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Figure 7: Digital Signal Figure 8: Spectrum Diagram of a Voltage vers us Frequency Graph[...]

219 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Figure 9: Data Encapsulation Figure 10: Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 Frame Format[...]

220 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Figure 11: Local Area Netw o rks and Devices Figure 12: Wid e Area Netw orks and Devices Advanced organizers can be used to tap into the prior knowledge of students. There are many forms of advanced organizers such as exposition,[...]

221 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Cluster diagrams help students generate and organize thoughts. When students brainstorm, a question or concept is put in the center of a cluster and all of their ideas are added to the cluster. Similar ideas are grouped together.[...]

222 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Collision • AC • DC • RFI • EMI • Encoding • Transmission errors Web Links David Ausubel: Advance Organizers http://chd.gse.gmu.edu/immersion/knowledgebase/strategies/cognitivism/AdvancedOrganizers .htm[...]

223 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.4.8 Setting goals Students perform well when they have a plan and access to the necessary resources. The research on goal setting and its impact on learning is impressive. There are certain truths for students who set personal [...]

224 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.4.9 Kinesthetic activities Figure 1: Kinesthetic Activ ities Figure 2: Kinesthetic Activ ities[...]

225 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. A kinesthetic activity refers to the movement of the body to act out or communicate something. The kinesthetic activities in this section demonstrate the networking process. These exercises are also known as role-playing activiti[...]

226 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.5 Assessment Strategies B.5.1 Review strategies Most lessons contain review questions that pertain to content from the previous lesson. Strategies for the use of review questions can be selected from the following list: • Ind[...]

227 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.5.2 Journals and reflection An effective evaluation practice for students is to write in journals and reflect on academic experiences. Students can document their individual learning process and highlight important concepts. A [...]

228 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Progress Throughout the year, students should review their reflections and acknowledge the growth in their comprehension. Prior to a reporting period, students should write a brief paper that explains their growth in knowledg[...]

229 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Web Links Student Reflection Questions: http://pblmm.k12.ca.us/PBLGuide/PlanAssess/StReflectionQuestions.html[...]

230 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.5.3 Rubrics Figure 1: Grading Rubric Sample Another good instructional practice is the use of rubrics as a form of assessment. A rubric allows criteria to be established for outcomes that are acquired through individual or grou[...]

231 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Rubrics that are developed by both students and teachers can help students organize and prepare for learning through advance knowledge of their assessment expectations. It also allows students to contribute to the development of [...]

232 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.5.4 Portfolio A portfolio is an example of authentic assessment. As students complete major presentations or networking projects, they save them in a portfolio. A portfolio of accomplishments must be presented before many compa[...]

233 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.5.5 Oral exams Figure 1: Oral Exams Figure 2: Oral Exams[...]

234 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Well-planned oral examinations can be powerful learning experiences for students. Careful preparation can minimize the intimidation that is felt by some students. The models for oral exams are usually based on job interviews and [...]

235 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.5.6 Lab exams Figure 1: Lab Exam s Lab exams are also known as skills exams. These exams give students an opportunity to demonstrate their knowledge of cable and router configuration. Students use cables and routers to assemble[...]

236 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Web Links Certification Magazine: http://www.certmag.com/issues/aug01/feature_long.cfm CCIE: http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/625/ccie/[...]

237 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.5.7 Six lenses Figure 1: Six Lenses In any learning endeavor, certain lenses are indispensable to ensure a high quality experience for students. There are six different perspectives that are supported in the Academy courses: ?[...]

238 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. As instructors work through this orientation they are encouraged to revisit these essential questions. In this section, Cisco presented some useful content, tools, and perspectives. Ultimately, instructors should decide what teac[...]