Dell PC2748 manuale d’uso

www .dell.com | support.dell.com Dell™ PowerConnect™ 27XX Sy stems User’ s Guide[...]

Notes, Notices, and Cautions NOTE: A NOTE indicates important info rmation that helps you make better use of your computer . NOTICE: A NOTICE indicates either potential damage to hardware or loss of data and tells you how to avoid the problem. CAUTION: A CAUTION indicates a potential for pro perty damage, personal injury , or death. _______________[...]

Contents 3 Contents 1 Introduction Sy stem Descriptio n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8 1-Gigabit Ethernet Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 16 1-Gigabit Ethernet Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 24 1-Gigabit Ethernet Ports + 2 SFP Combo ports . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 48 1-Gigabit [...]

4 Contents Power Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Internal Power Supply Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3 Installing the Dell™ PowerConnect™ 27XX Installation Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]

Contents 5 Resetting the Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Displaying Configuration on Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 6 Configuring Sy stem Information Defining Switch Informatio n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Viewing the Switch Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]

6 Contents[...]

7 1 Introduction This User ’s Guide contains the information needed for in stalling, configuring and maintaining the P owerConnect 2708, P owerConnect 2716, P o werConnect 2724, and P owerConnect 2748 W eb- managed Gigabit Ethernet s witches. These switches can be used to connect workstations and other network devices, such as: •S e r v e r s ?[...]

8 16 1-Gigabit Ethe rnet Ports The following figure illustrates the P owerCon nect 2716 front panel. Figure 1-2. PowerConnect 2716 Front Panel The P owerConnect 2716 switch supports 16 GbE copper ports. 24 1-Gigabit Ethe rnet Ports + 2 SFP Combo ports The following figure illustrates the P owerCon nect 2724 front panel. Figure 1-3. PowerConnect 272[...]

9 Features General Features Head of Line Blocking Prevention Head of Line (HOL) blocking results in traffic delays and frame loss caus ed by traffic competing for the same egress port resources. HOL blocki ng queues packets, and the pack ets at the head of the queue are forwarded befor e packets at the end of the queue. By default, the device is co[...]

10 Auto Negotiation Auto negotiation allows an Ethernet switch to advertise modes of operation. The auto negotiation function provides the means to ex change informat ion between two Ethernet swi tches that share a point-to-point link segment, and to automatica lly config ure both Ethernet switches to take maximum advantage of their transmission ca[...]

11 MAC Address Supported Features MAC Address Capacity Support The P owerConnect 2708, 2716, and 2724 switch es support a total of 8K MAC addr esses , and the P owerConnect 2748 supports a total of 16K MAC addr e sses. Auto-Learning MAC Addresses The switch enables MAC addr ess auto-learning fr om incoming packets. The MAC addr esses are stored in [...]

12 VLAN Supported Fe atures VLAN Support VLANs are collections of switching ports that co mprise a single broadcast domain. P ackets are classified as belonging to a VLAN based on either the VLAN tag or based on a combina tion of the ingress port and package contents. P ackets sharing common attributes can be grouped in the same VLAN. Port Based Vi[...]

13 A CoS is defined by the user , whereby packets ar e related to the same Class of Service. After a packet has been classified, it is assigned to one of the queues. The P owerConnect 2708/2716/2724 /2748 system can classify accordin g to IPv4 information (DSCP). Class Of Service 802.1p Support The IEEE 802.1p signaling techn ique is an OSI Layer 2[...]

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15 2 Hardware Description Switch Port Configurations PowerConnect 2708/2716/2724 /2748 Front Panel Port Description The Dell™ P owerConnect™ 2708, 2716, 2724 and 2748 switches use 10/100/1000BASE- T ports on the front panel for connecting to a network. The Gigabit Ethernet ports can operate at 10, 100 or 1000 Mbps. These ports support auto- neg[...]

16 Figure 2-2. PowerConnect 2708 Back Panel Figure 2-3. PowerConnect 2716 Front Panel On the front panel, there are 16 ports, which are numbered 1 to 16, top down and le ft to right. On each port there ar e LEDs to indicate the port status. On the left side of the front panel is the Mana ged Mode LED which indicates the Ethernet switch operational [...]

17 Figure 2-5. PowerConnect 2724 Front Panel On the front panel there ar e 24 po rts which are number ed 1 to 24, top down and left to right. On each port there ar e LEDs to indicate the po rt status. There ar e two SF P (Small F orm-F actor Plugable) ports, designated as ports 23 and 24 , for fiber connection. The two combo ports ar e logical port[...]

18 Figure 2-7. PowerConnect 2748 Front Panel On the front panel, ther e are 48 ports, which are number ed 1 to 48, top down and left to right. On each port, ther e are LEDs to indicate th e port status. There ar e four SFP (Small F orm- F actor Plugable) ports, designated as ports 45 , 46, 47 and 48, for fiber connection. The four combo ports are l[...]

19 Phy sical Dimensions The P owerConnect 2708 switch has the following physical dimensions: • Height — 43.2 mm (1.7008 in.) • W idth — 256 mm (10.079 in.) • Depth — 161.7 mm (6.366 in.) The P owerConnect 2716 and P owerConnect 2724 swit ches have the followin g physical dimensions: • Height — 43.2 mm (1.7008 in.) • W idth — 330[...]

20 Fan LED (2748 only) On the P owerConnect 2748 front panel there is a fan LED. The following table describes the fan status LED indications. Port LEDs 10/100/1000BASE-T Port LEDs Each 10/100/1000BASE- T port has two LEDs. Speed/Li nk/Activity is indicate d on the left LED and the duplex mode is indicated on the right LED. The following figure ill[...]

21 SFP Port LED The following table describe s the SFP LED indications. Managed Mode Butt on The P owerConnect 2708/2716/2724/2748 has a Mana ged M ode push button on the front panel. The Managed Mode button is for changing between Managed Mode and Unmana ged (or Secure) Mode. After a change from Unmana ged (or Secure) Mode to Managed Mode, the swi[...]

22 Switch V entilation Fan The P owerConnect 2748 swit ch has thr ee fans an d the P owerConnect 2724 switch has one fan for system ventilation. The P owerConnect 2708 and P owerConnect 2716 devices have no internal fans. Cables, Port Connections, and Pinout Information This section explains the switch physical interf aces, and provides information[...]

23 T able 2-7. RJ-45 Pin Number Allocation for 10/100/ 1000BASE-T Ethernet Port SFP Ports The P owerConnect 2724 switch support s two SFP transceivers combo ports , and the P owerConnect 2748 switch supports four SFP transceivers combo ports for various fiber -base d modules (1000BASE-SX or 1000BASE-LX). Only o n e of the two physical connections o[...]

24 Pin Connections for SFP Interfaces T a ble 2-8. SFP Pin Connections Power Connectors The P owerConnect 2708/27 16/2724/2748 switches are power e d by using the AC internal power supply . Internal Power Supply Connector The P owerConnect 2708, P owerConnect 2716, P owerConnect 2724 and P owerConnect 2748 switch systems sup ports a single internal[...]

25 3 Installing the Dell™ PowerConnect™ 27XX This chapter con tains information about u npacking, installa tion procedures, and how to make cable and port connections for the P owerC onnect 2708, 2716, 2724, and 2748 devices. Installation Precautions CAUTION: Before performing a ny of the following procedures, read and follow the s afety instru[...]

26 to Managed Mode. Th e chapter "Starting and Configur ing the Dell™P owerConnect™ 2708/2716/2724/27 48 for Managed Mode Operation" explains how to set the switch to Managed Mode. Site Requirements The P owerConnect 2708/27 16/2724/2748 devices can be mounted in a standard equipment rack, placed on a tabletop, or mounted on the wall.[...]

27 Handling Static Sensitive Devices NOTICE: Static electricity can damage electronic Ethernet switch sy stem. T o avoi d damage, keep static- sensitive Ethernet switches in their static-protective packages until they are ready to be installed. T o reduce the possibility of electrostatic di scharge, observe the following precautions: • Limit your[...]

28 Mounting the Device The following mounting instruct ions apply to the P owerConnect 2708/2716/2724/2748 devices. There ar e three device mounting options: • Installing in a Rack • Installing on a Fl at Surface • Installing on a W all Installation Precautions CAUTION Before performing any of the following procedures, read and fo llow the sa[...]

29 Installing the Device The following mounting inst ructions appl y to all three hardware configurations of P owerConnect 2708, 2716, 2724 and 27 48 devices. The section describes how to install a single device as a stand- alone device. Installing the Device in a Rack CAUTION: Disconnect all cables from the unit before mounting the device in a rac[...]

30 Installing the Device on a Flat Surface The device can be installed on a flat surface, such as a desk-top, if it is not installed on a rack or on a wall. The surface must be able to support th e weight of the device and the device cables. 1 Attach the self -adhesive rubber pads (provided with the device) on each marked location on the bottom of [...]

31 7 Secure the unit to the wall with screws (not provided). Ensure that the ventilation holes are not obstructed. Figure 3-4. Mounting Device on a Wall Connecting the Device to AC Power Supply 1 Using a 5-foot (1.5 m) standard power cable with sa fety ground connected, connect the power cable to the AC connector located on th e back panel.[...]

32 Figure 3-5. Back Panel Power Connector 2 After connecting the device to a pow er source, confirm that the device is connected and operating correctly by e xaminin g the LEDs on the front panel. Connecting the Devi ce to the Network T o connect to an uplink port, use Category 5 Unshielded T wisted-P air (UTP) cables with RJ-45 connectors at both [...]

33 4 Starting and Configuring the Dell™ PowerConnect™ 27XX NOTE: Before proceeding, read the release notes for this product. The release notes can be downloaded from support.dell.com . NOTE: It is recommended that the most recent revision of the user documentati on is obtained from the Dell Support W ebsite at support.dell.com. V iewing Switch [...]

34 The following information must be obtained from the network administrator before configuring the device: • The IP address to be assigned to the VLAN 1 interface thr ough which the device is to be managed (by default, every port is a me mb er of the VLAN 1 in Mana ged Mode). • The IP subnet mask for the network • The default gateway (next h[...]

35 2 Enter the IP address, Subnet Mask and De fault Gateway as supplied by th e System Administrator . 3 Click Apply Changes . The switch is configured with the updated configuration parameters.[...]

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37 5 Using the Dell OpenManage™ Switch Administrator This section provides an introduction to the Em bedded W eb Server (EWS), which serves HTML pages through which the user can monitor the switch interface. Understanding the Interface The home page contains a T ree V iew — located on the left side of the home page. The tree view provides an ex[...]

38 The following table lists the interface comp onents with th eir corresponding numbers. T able 5-1. Interface Components Component Description 1 The tree view contains a li st of the different Ethernet switch featur es. The functions in the tree view provide a view of all the components under a specific feature. 2 The Ethernet switch view provide[...]

39 Using the OpenManage Switc h Administrator Buttons This section describes the buttons found on the Dell™ P owerConnect™ OpenManage Switch Administrator interface. Information Buttons Information buttons provide access to on-line support and online help, as well as information about the OpenManage Switch Administrator interfaces. PowerConnect[...]

40 Starting the Application 1 Open a W eb browser . 2 Enter the Ethernet Switch IP ad dress (the default IP address is: 192.168.2.1) in the address bar and press <Enter> . F or information about assignin g an IP address to the Ethernet Switch, see " V iewi ng System IP Address ." 3 When the Enter Network P assword window opens, e nt[...]

41 Resetting the Device The Reset page resets the device. T o open the Reset page, click Res e t in the tree view . Figure 5-2. Reset 1 Click Res et . A confirmation message displays. 2 Click OK . The device is reset.[...]

42 Displaying Configuration on Demand The EWS shorte ns user wait time by provi ding Data Display on D emand. When the system retrie ves vast amounts of configuratio n data, the data is divided into groups. The system administrato r can peruse the config uration information by either se lecting a specific interface or using the Previ ous and Next l[...]

43 6 Configuring Sy stem Information This section provides information for defining syst em parameters including switch status fe atures, downloading switch software, an d modifying switch parameters. Defining Switch Information Viewing the Switch Status The Switch Status page contains parameters for configuring and viewing general switch informati[...]

44 Asset T ag (0-16 Characters) — Specifies the user-defined switch r eference. Service T ag — The service refer ence number used when servicing the switch. System Name (0-32 Characters) — Defines the user-defined switch name. Location Name (0-32 Characters) — The location where the system is curr ently running. Serial Number — Specifies [...]

45 Figure 6-2. IP Addressing DHCP — T h e D H C P c l i e n t c a n b e e n a b l e d t o a c q ui r e the network configu ration dynamically . The DHCP default value is Disable . This field enabl es the DHCP cl ient. IP Address — Specifies the static IP Address currently assigned to the device. Subnet Mask — Specifies the subnet mask of the [...]

46 Configuring DHCP Client 1 Open the IP Addressing page. 2 Change the DHCP to Enable . 3 Click Apply Changes . The switch requests from the DHCP server to assign a new dynamic IP Address, Subnet Mask, and Default Gateway Address to manage the device. The dynami c DHCP IP Address, DHCP Subnet Mask, and DHCP Defaul t Gateway Address are displayed. N[...]

47 Defining Interface Configuration The Interface Configuration page enables the user to set the po rt parameters, such as port speed, port type, and additional port operational attributes. T o open the page , click Interface Configuration in the tree view . Figure 6-3. Interface Configuration Interface — The current interface type for a port or [...]

48 Current P ort Speed — The actual synchronize d port speed, in bits p er second. Admin Duplex — F ull Duplex (FDX) indicates that the sw itch interface supports transmission between the device and an other station, in both directions simultaneous ly . Half Duplex (HDX) indicates that the interf ace supports transmission between the device and[...]

49 Aut o — Use to automatically detect the cable type. Current MDI/MDIX — Displays the current MDI/MDIX status of the port. LAG — Specifies if port is a part of a LAG (Link Aggregated Group). Configuring the Interface 1 Open the Interface Configuration page. 2 Define the fields. 3 Click Apply Changes . The switch port parameters are applied a[...]

50 Current — Shows what the curr ent status is for Jumbo F rames suppor t. After Reset — Indicates the Jumbo F rames status after the next time the switch is powered on. Enabling Jumbo Frames 1 Open the Jumbo F rames page. 2 Select Enabled in the Jumbo F rames field. 3 Click Apply Changes . The Jumbo F rames are enabled on the device after powe[...]

51 Blank — The interface is not a VLAN member . P ack ets associated with the interface are not forwarded. Show VLAN ID — Displays the list of the VLAN IDs as d efined in the switch . Create VLAN — Designates the ID of the particular VLAN defin ed. VLAN Name — Defines a new VLAN in the switch. Rem ov e V LA N — Removes a selected VLA N fr[...]

52 Figure 6-6. VLAN Interface Settings Interface — Indicates the interface number of the port, LAG, or VLAN that is configured on the switch. PVID (1-4095) — Assigns a VLAN ID to untagged packets. The possible field values are 1-4094. VLAN 1 is used as the defa ult VLAN. The default VLAN is only use d as a port default VLA N ID (PVID). VLAN 1 c[...]

53 The LAG Aggregation Con figuration page displays the LAGs defined, and the ports aggregated and assigned to them. T o open the p age, click LAG Mem bership in the tree view . Figure 6-7. LAG Aggregation Configurfation Po r t s — Specifies the port(s) aggregated into the LAG and assigned to which LAG. LAG Group — Adds a port to a LAG and indi[...]

54 Managing Sy stem Files Use the F ile Management section to manage switch software, the image file, and the configuration files. F iles can be downloaded or uploaded via a TFTP server . This applies to the P owerConnect 2748 switch configuration only . The configuration file structure consists of th e following configuration fi les: • Startup C[...]

55 Downloading Files From Server The Fi l e D o w n l o a d page contains fields for downloading file s from the TFTP server . T o open the page, click F ile Download in the tree view . Figure 6-8. File Download (PowerConnect 27 08, 2716, and 2724 Sw itch Configuration ) TFTP Server IP Addres s — The TFTP Server IP Address from which files are do[...]

56 Figure 6-9. File Download (PowerCo nnect 2748 Switch Configur ation) Fi r m w a r e D o w n l o a d — The F irmware file is downloaded. If Fi r m w a r e D o w n l o a d is selected, the Configuration Download fields are grayed out. Configuration Download — The Configuration file is downloaded. If Configuration Download is selected, the Fi r[...]

57 Configuration Download Server IP Addr ess (1-159 Characters) — The Server IP Address fro m which the configuration files are downloaded. Source File Name — Indicates the configuration files to be downloaded . Downloading Files from Server 1 Open the F ile Download page. 2 Define the file type to download. 3 Define the fields on the page. 4 C[...]

58 Destination F ile Name (1-159 Characters) — Indicates the Configuration file path to which the file is uploaded . NOTE: This list of user -defined configuration files on ly appears if the user created backup configuration files. For example, if the user copied the running configuration file to a user -defined configuration file called BACKUP-S[...]

59 Use Saved IP — Uses the saved IP address for device configuration, when selecte d. Use Current IP — Uses the current IP address for de vice configura tion, when selected. Default User — Uses the default user for devi ce con figuration, when selected. Default P assword — Uses the defa ult password for device configuration, when sel ected.[...]

60 Local User Databa se The Loc al Use r D at aba se page contains fields for def ining User Names, P asswords and access Level. T o open the page, click the Loc al Us er Dat ab as e in the tree view . Figure 6-12. Local User Database User Name (1-20 Characters) — Defines a User -defined user name. The Local User Database User Name can be from 1-[...]

61 Adding a User to the Local User Database 1 Open the Loc al Us er D at aba se page. 2 Select New and enter the field. 3 Complete the fields for the new user . 4 Click Apply Changes. The new user information is saved and the switch is updated. Deleting a User from the Local User Datab ase 1 Open the Loc al Us er D at aba se page. 2 Select User Nam[...]

62 Figure 6-13. Integrated Cable T est Po r t — The port to which the cable is connected. T est Result — Specifies the cable tes t results. One of the following results may apply : No Cable — There is no cable connected to the port. Open Cable — The cable is not connected on the other side. Short Cable — A short has occurr ed in the cable[...]

63 Optical T ransceive rs Diagnostics The Optical T ransceivers Diagnostics page contains fields for performing tests on F iber Optic cables. The optical transceiver pr ovides access to a set of parame ters that can be monitored and displayed to the system admin istrator . NOTE: The Optical T ransceivers Diagnostics analysis applies only to P owerC[...]

64 3 Click show All . The test is performed and the Optical T r ansceiver Diagnostics test table opens. Port Mirroring The P ort Mirroring mechanism moni tors and mir rors the network tra ffic by forwarding copies of incoming and outgoing packets from monitored ports (up to four ports) to a monitoring port. P ort Mirroring can be configured by sele[...]

65 Enabling Storm Control When Layer 2 frames are forwarded, Broadcas t, Multicast and Unknown Unicast frames are flooded to all ports on the designated VLANs on the switch. When the switch ex periences an ex cessive amount of Broadcast/Multicast/Unkn own Unicast frames on ne twork links, Storm Control mechanism controls the amount of frames enteri[...]

66 Broadcast Rate Threshold (70-285000) — The rate of Broadcast thre shold ranges fro m 70-285,000 packets per second. The default value is zero . Modifying PowerConnect 2708 Storm Control Port Param eters 1 Open the Storm Control page. 2 Enter the fields. 3 Click Apply Changes . The Storm Control port parameters ar e saved to the P owerConnect 2[...]

67 Po r t — The port from which the storm control is enabled. Broadcast Control — Enables or dis ables forwarding Broadcast packets on the switch. The default is Disable . Modifying PowerConnect 2716/2724 Storm Contro l Port Parameters 1 Open the Storm Control page. 2 Enter the fields. 3 Click Apply Changes . The Storm Control port parameters a[...]

68 The range is 3500 - 1000000. The default value is 3500. Modifying PowerConnect 2748 Storm Control Port Param eters 1 Open the Storm Control page. 2 Enter the fields. 3 Click Apply Changes . The Storm Control port parameters ar e saved to the P owerConnect 2748 switch.[...]

69 7 Configuring Quality of Service This section provides information for defining and configuring Quality of Service (QoS) parameters. Quality of Service (QoS) Overview An implementation example that requires QoS includes certain typ es of traffic such as V oice, Video , and real-time traffic, which can be assigned a high priority queue, while oth[...]

70 P ackets arriving u ntagged are assigned a default VPT value, which is set on a p er port basis. The assigned VPT is used to map the packet to the egress queue. DSCP values can be mapped to priority queues. DSCP mapping is enabled on a per-system basis. The following table contains the default DSCP mapping to egress queue values: T able 7-2. DSC[...]

71 Defining CoS Settings Class of Service global parameters are set from the CoS Settings page. Configuring QoS Settings The CoS Settings page contains fields for enabling or disabling CoS. In addition, the T rust mode can be selected. The T rust Mode relies on predef ined fields within the packet to determine the egress queue. T o open the page, c[...]

72 NOTE: The interface T rust settings ove rrides the global T rust setting. Strict P riority — Specifies if traffic sche duling is based strictl y on the queue priority . This is the default value for queues. WRR — Specifies if traffic scheduling is base d on the W e ighted Round Robin (WRR) weights to assigned egress queues. Configuring the T[...]

73 Mapping a CoS value to a Queue 1 Open the Cos to Queue page. 2 Define the egress queue for each CoS value. 3 Click Apply Changes . The CoS value is mapped to an egr ess queue, and the switch is updated. Mapping DSCP V alues to Queues The DSCP to Queue page provides fields for defining egre ss queue to specific DSCP fields. T o open the page, cli[...]

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75 8 V iewing Statistics RMON Statistics Remote Monitoring (RMON) is an extension to the Si mple Network Management P rotocol (SNMP) which provides network traffic statistics. RMON defin es current and historical MAC-layer statistics and control objects, allowing real-tim e information to be captured across the entire network. The system provides a[...]

76 Received Bytes (Octets) — Number of octets received on the interface since the system was last reset. This number includes bad packets and FCS octets, but ex cludes framing bits. Received P ackets — Number of packets r eceived on the in terface, including ba d packets, Multicast and Broadcast packets, since the system was last reset. Broadca[...]

77 Glossary This glossary contains key technical words of interest. A Auto-negotia tion Allows 10/100 Mpbs or 10/100/1000 Mbps Ethernet ports to establish for the following featur es: • Duplex/ Half Duplex Mode •F l o w C o n t r o l • Speed B Back P ressure A mechanism used with Half Duple x mode th at enables a port not to receive a message[...]

78 Broadcast Storm An ex cessive amount of broadcast messages simultaneous ly transmitted across a network by a single port. F orwarded message responses are heaped onto the netw ork, overloading network resources or causing the network to time out. C Class of Service Class of Service (CoS). Class of Service is the 802.1p pr iority scheme. CoS prov[...]

79 F Flow Control Enables lower speed Ethernet switch modules to communicat e with higher speed Ethernet switch module s, that is, that the higher speed Ethernet switch module refrains from send ing packets. Fr a g m e n t Ethernet packets smaller than 576 bits. Fr a m e P ackets containing the header and trailer information required by the physica[...]

80 Ingress P ort P orts on which network traffic is received. IP Internet P rotocol. Specifies the format of packets and there ad dressing method. IP addr esses packets and forwards the pack ets to the correct port. IP Address Internet Protocol Address. A unique address assigned to a network Eth ernet switch module w ith two or more interconnected [...]

81 MAC Layer A sub-layer of the Data Link Control (DTL) layer . Managed Mode P rovides switch management through a web int erface, and maintains the device configuration through power cycles. Mask A filter that includes or ex cludes ce rtain values, for example parts of an IP address. MDI Media Dependent Interface . A cable used for end s tations. [...]

82 A set of rules that govern s how Ethernet switch modu les ex change information across networks.[...]

83 Q QoS Quality of Service. QoS allows network managers to decide how an d what network traffic is forwar ded accord ing to priorities, application types, an d source and destination addresses. R RMON Remote Monitoring. Pr ovide s network information to be collected from a single workstation. Rou te r A Ethernet switch module that connects to sepa[...]

84 TFT P T rivial F ile T ransfer Protocol. Uses User Data P rotocol (UDP) without security features to transfer files. Tr u n k i n g Link Aggregation . Optimizes port usage by linking a group of port s together to form a single trunk (aggregated groups). U Unicast A form of routing that transmits one packet to one user . V VLAN Virtual Local Area[...]