Honeywell BENDIX/KING KLN 94 manuale d’uso

Pilot’ s Guide ORS 01, 02 and 03 KLN 94 Bendix/King ® GPS Navigation System N[...]

WARNING Prior to export of this document, review for export license requirement is needed. COPYRIGHT NOTICE Copyright ©2000-2002 Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction of this publication or any portion thereof by any means without the express written permission of Honeywell International Inc. is prohibited. For fur- ther i[...]

KLN 94 Pilot’ s Guide 006-18207-0000 Operational Revision Status ORS 01, 02 and 03 July 2002 The ORS level is annunciated on the Turn-on page each time power is applied to the KLN 94 (see figure 3-3). Features limited to specific ORS levels are so designated in the text of this manual. The operational differ- ences between ORS levels are describe[...]

NOTE: A white border is used around data on some of the figures in this Pilot's Guide to indicate that the data inside the border is flashing. WARNING: The KLN 94 displays GPS-derived altitude on the AUX 1 page. Due to many factors, GPS altitude may typically be several hundred feet in error. Do not use the GPS-derived altitude for naviga- tio[...]

Revision History and Instructions Manual KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Revision 2, July 2002 Part Number 006-18207-0000 This revision incorprates software changes for ORS 03. R-1[...]

Revision History and Instructions Manual KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Revision 1, March 2001 Part Number 006-18207-0000 This revision incorprates software changes for ORS 02. R-2[...]

R-3 Revision History and Instructions Manual KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Revision 0, September 2000 Part Number 006-18207-0000 This is the original version of this publication.[...]

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KLN 94 Pilot’ s Guide T able of Contents TOC-1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................i KLN 94 SNEAK PREVIEW ...............................................................ii HOW-TO INDEX ..........................................................................iv 1. KLN 94 System Components .....[...]

T able of Contents TOC-2 3.8.2. Selecting Waypoints by Scanning .........................3-23 3.8.3. Selecting Waypoints by Name or City ..................3-24 3.9. “Nearest” Functions ........................................................3-27 3.9.1. Viewing the Nearest Waypoints ............................3-28 3.9.1.1 Nearest Airport Criter[...]

3.11.4.9. Changing the Map Range Scale .............3-47 3.11.4.10 Decluttering The Screen .........................3-48 3.11.4.11. Waypoint Scan Feature .........................3-48 3.11.4.12. Holding Patterns and Procedure Turns .3-50 3.12. Waypoint Pages ............................................................3-51 3.12.1. Airport Pages ....[...]

3.13. Special Use Airspace Alerting ......................................3-66 3.14. Remote Mounted Annunciators ....................................3-69 3.15 QuickTune™ Nav/Comm Frequency Selection .........3-70 3.15.1. Quicktune™ Operation with One Compatible NAV/COMM .................................................3-71 3.15.2. Quicktune™ [...]

4.2.4.2 Direct To Operation From Any Page ...........4-12 4.2.4.3 Direct To Operation From The FPL 0 Page 4-13 4.2.4.4 Cancelling Direct To Operation ....................4-13 4.2.5. Viewing Distance, ETE, ETA, or Desired Track to Flight Plan Waypoints ......................................................4-14 4.2.6 Changing The System Time Zone ...[...]

5.8. The Auxilary (AUX) Pages ..............................................5-21 5.9. Determining the Status of the GPS Signals ....................5-21 5.10. Calculator (AUX 4 – AUX 11) pages ............................5-24 5.10.1. The Auxilary 4 (AUX 4) Trip Planning Page .......5-24 5.10.2. The Auxilary 5 (AUX5) Trip Planning Page ........5-2[...]

5.16. Manual Magnetic Variation Selection ...........................5-41 5.17. Setting the Units of Measure ........................................5-42 6. APPROACHES and DP/STARs ..............................................6-1 6.1. Procedure (PROC) Pages ...............................................6-1 6.2. Non-Precision Approach Operations .[...]

APPENDIX A - NAVIGATION TERMS .........................................A-1 APPENDIX B - MESSAGE PAGE MESSAGES ..........................B-1 APPENDIX C - SCRATCHPAD MESSAGES ..............................C-1 APPENDIX D - ABBREVIATIONS ................................................D-1 STATE ABBREVIATIONS ............................................[...]

KLN 94 Pilot’ s Guide Introduction i INTRODUCTION Congratulations for choosing the Bendix/King KLN 94 GPS! Celestial navigation will now be a way of life for you. The phenomenal accuracy of GPS, along with the KLN 94’s user-friendly operation and color graphics display will make flying a delight. Not only will the KLN 94 help you to navigate mo[...]

KLN 94 SNEAK PREVIEW If you absolutely can’t wait to use your KLN 94 until you’ve read this Pilot’s Guide, this section is for you. This short section will teach you just enough to get going and then learn by doing. This operational preview assumes the KLN 94 has been properly installed, the unit was previously opera- tional in the same gener[...]

6. Use the right outer knob to turn to the NAV page type. Watch the page bar at the very bottom of the screen. As the outer knob is turned the selected page type becomes reverse video (white letters on a blue background). Turn until NAV is selected. Then use the right inner knob to select the NAV 2 page if not already there. The NAV 2 page shows yo[...]

HOW -T O INDEX This index will help you quickly find important procedures at a glance. The list is alphabetized by action words. TO: SEE Section: Activate one of the previously created numbered flight plans . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1.3 Add a waypoint to a flight plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1.4 A[...]

TO: SEE Section: Delete a waypoint remark from the AUX 13 page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.11.2 Delete an approach from FPL 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.2.5 Delete an individual waypoint in a DP or STAR procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.3.3 Display the nearest airport continuously [...]

Chapter 1 System Components 1-0 AIRCRAFT POWER AL TITUDE 11-33V GRA Y CODE WPT ALERT MESSAGE KA 92 GPS ANTENNA HSI CDI AUTOPILOT REMOTE ANNUNCIA TORS RS-232 OUTPUT KLN 94 SYSTEM REQUIRED FOR ALL INST ALLA TIONS INST ALLA TION DEPENDENT OR KI 525A KI 206 COMP A TIBLE FUEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM REQUIRED FOR IFR APPROACH INST ALLA TIONS RS-232 INPUT RS-23[...]

1. KLN 94 SYSTEM COMPONENTS A basic KLN 94 system consists of a panel mounted KLN 94 GPS and a KA 92 GPS antenna. An altitude input is required to obtain full navigation and operational capabilities. Additional system components may be added or interfaced to the KLN 94 which increase its features and capabilities. Some of these optional components [...]

Each KLN 94 system includes a configuration module which is attached to the KLN 94 mounting rack. The module allows the KLN 94 to be config- ured for the unique characteristics of your equipment installation. Parameters that are set by the configuration module include: • Whether the KLN 94 may be used for IFR operations or not, and if it may be u[...]

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Chapter 2 Data Base 2-0 CANADA USA LA TIN AM P ACIFIC SOUTH P AC SOUTH AM EUROPE EAST EUR MID EAST AFRICA SOUTH P AC P ACIFIC 75 ° 60 ° 45 ° 30 ° 15 ° 0 ° 15 ° 30 ° 45 ° 60 ° 75 ° 60 ° 45 ° 30 ° 15 ° 0 ° 15 ° 30 ° 45 ° 60 ° 165 ° 150 ° 135 ° 120 ° 105 ° 90 ° 75 ° 60 ° 45 ° 30 ° 15 ° 0 ° 15 ° 30 ° 45 ° 60 ° 75 ° [...]

2. DA T ABASE 2.1. FUNCTIONS OF THE DA T ABASE The database provides four primary functions. First, it makes pilot inter- face with the GPS sensor much easier. Rather than having to manually look up and then enter the latitude and longitude for a specific waypoint, it allows you to merely enter a simple waypoint identifier. The database automatical[...]

The following is a listing of the KLN 94 database contents: AERONAUTICAL DATA AIRPORTS Identifier Name City, State or Country Use type (if heliports, military, or private) Latitude and Longitude Elevation Runway numbers, lengths, surfaces, and lighting Fuel availability Approach types available (precision, non-precision, or none) Radar approach/dep[...]

NDBs (En Route and Terminal) Identifier Name Frequency Latitude and Longitude (Note - Outer Compass Locators may be stored as an NDB by their NDB identifier or as an intersection by their intersection name) DMEs associated with ILS/LOC type approaches – Stored with Intersections by the approach identifier (e.g. IJFK) Identifier Latitude and Longi[...]

2.3. ICAO IDENTIFIERS Waypoints are stored in the KLN 94 database almost exclusively by their ICAO identifiers. ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) is an internationally accepted reference for the data. In almost all cases the proper ICAO identifiers may be taken directly from Jeppesen-Sanderson or NOS aeronautical charts. Airport iden[...]

A KLN 94 data card plugs into the left side of the KLN 94 front panel. The land data resides full time in the data card. The KLN 94 accesses the land data directly from the data card. The land data can only be updated by inserting a new data card. New land data is generally available from Honeywell about once a year. The aeronautical data is initia[...]

2.4.1. COMPUTER UPDATING OF THE DATABASE USING DISKETTES (ORS 02 AND HIGHER UNITS ONLY) Update information is sent to you on 3.5” disks. In order to use the update program you must have access to a computer having a disk drive capable utilizing 3.5-inch 1.44 megabyte high density diskettes. This computer also needs to have an available COM 1 or C[...]

4. Turn on the KLN 94. Press F as required to approve the Self Test, Initialization, and Database pages. Use the right outer knob to select the Setup (SET) type pages and the right inner knob to select the SET 3 page (figure 2- 2). 5 . Press B . Update Pub DB ? will now be flashing as in figure 2-3. 6. Press F . The estimated load time in minutes i[...]

The chances are small of having difficulty updating the database but— If you have a problem: • First check that the interface cable is properly connected and that the computer is turned on. If there is a problem with the connection or the computer, the KLN 94 will display Data Loader Not Ready . When the problem is corrected this prompt is remo[...]

KLN 94 Pilot’ s Guide Chapter 2 Data Base 2-9 2.5. USER DEFINED DA T ABASE In addition to the aeronautical and land databases, you may create up to 500 other user-defined waypoints. Section 5.4, “Creating User-defined waypoints” describes this further. The KLN 94 contains an internal lithium battery that is used to “keep-alive” the user-d[...]

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BUSINESS REPLY MAIL FIRST-CLASS MAIL PERMIT NO. 121 OLATHE, KANSAS POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEE Fold here NO POSTAGE NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL INC. M D66 - NAVIGATION SERVICES 23500 W. 105 STREET OLATHE, KS 66061 Tape here[...]

Name: Company: Address: City: State: Zip Code: Country: Telephone: ( ) FAX: ( ) Aircraft Make: Aircraft Model: ______ Please set up the service under: MasterCard/VISADiscover/AMEX Method of Payment Check/Money order enclosed Wire Transfer: Chase Manhattan Bank, NY Acct #910-2-538734 Include sales tax for your state. Number Expires Signature Honeywe[...]

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Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation GPS PROC KLN 94 TSO CRSR PULL SCAN PUSH ON ENT CLR MSG NRST AL T OBS ı D RNG MNU BRT 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 10 11 12 13 15 14 16 Figure 3-1 KLN 94 Controls[...]

Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3-0 1. On/Off/Brightness knob – Used to turn the unit on and off and adjust display brightness. 2. Right outer knob – When the cursor is off, used to select the page type (e.g. APT, NAV, FPL, etc.). When the cursor is on, used to move the cursor from one position to another on the display. 3. Right inner knob – W[...]

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3. BASIC GPS OPERA TION This is the first of four chapters specifically dealing with operating the KLN 94. In this chapter you will learn the basic operation of the front panel controls and then how to perform Direct To navigation (navigating from your present position direct to your desired location). 3.1. COVERAGE AREA The KLN 94 was designed to [...]

output displayed on the unit’s internal course deviation indicator (CDI) and provided to an external horizontal situation indicator (HSI) or CDI is five nautical miles (full scale sensitivity) left and right in Leg mode. The other modes are described in section 5.5 and chapter 6. To turn on and initialize the KLN 94: 1. Turn on the KLN 94 by push[...]

2. Use the right inner knob to enter the current altimeter setting into the “Baro” field and then press the F button. (If the KLN 94 is inter- faced to a compatible airdata system you will not be able to enter data into this field. Verify that the data displayed on the Self Test page is the same as is being displayed on the appropriate equipmen[...]

The KLN 94 has an internal battery powered calendar/clock, so the date and time normally don’t require setting. The battery has a life of approximately 3 years. In addition, the KLN 94’s system date and time are automatically updated very precisely when at least one satellite is being received. However, if for some reason the date or time are i[...]

The KLN 94 is capable of displaying the following time zones: UTC Coordinated Universal Time (Zulu) GST Greenland Standard Time (UTC - 3) GDT Greenland Daylight Time (UTC - 2) ATS Atlantic Standard Time (UTC - 4) ATD Atlantic Daylight Time (UTC - 3) EST Eastern Standard Time (UTC - 5) EDT Eastern Daylight Time (UTC - 4) CST Central Standard Time (U[...]

this process for the last digit of the time field. When the correct time has been entered (figure 3- 14), press F to start the clock running. Don’t worry that you can’t update the seconds. The KLN 94 system time will auto- matically be corrected very precisely once a satellite is received. 7. To aid the GPS receiver in acquiring your position, [...]

1 0 . The Database page will now be displayed with the cursor over Acknowledge? . Line 1 indicates whether an Americas, Atlantic International, or Pacific International aeronautical database is being used. If the aeronautical database (airports, navaids, approaches, etc) is current, line 2 will show the date when the aeronautical database expires ([...]

set the amount of fuel on board (FOB) and initializes the Auxiliary (AUX) 15 and 16 fuel calculator pages. Possible units are gallons ( GAL ), pounds ( LB ), imperial gallons ( IMP ), liters ( L ), or kilograms ( KG ). If you wish to manually set the FOB, use the right outer knob to move the cursor to line 2 and use the right inner knob to select t[...]

3.3. DISPLA Y FORMA T The KLN 94 uses a color LCD. In normal operation, the display screen is divided into four segments (figure 3-24). When the map page (NAV 4) page is displayed the page bar is removed to maximize the height of the map. Also, in some cases such as the display of system messages the segment dividers disappear and you have a “ful[...]

Display segment 1 changes somewhat when the map page (NAV 4) is being displayed. See section 3.11.4. Display Segment 2 (Page) Aeronautical information is presented on the screen in the form of “pages”. Segment 2 is where these pages are displayed. A page is a presentation of specific data in an organized format. Various page “types” are use[...]

Display Segment 4 (Annunciations) Segment 4 displays annunciations associated with the operation of the KLN 94 (figures 3-30 and 3-31). Line one shows the WPT (waypoint alert) annunciation when approach- ing the active waypoint (see sections 3.10.3 and 4.2.2) or the SCAN annunciation when the scan function has been enabled. The scan function is ena[...]

3.4. BASIC OPERA TION OF P ANEL CONTROLS Remember that figure 3-1 is a fold-out page that you may want to refer to as you read this chapter. The KLN 94 has three knobs and eleven buttons which are used to per- form all operations. Most of the page selection and data entry is done with the knobs on the right side of the front panel and the cursor ( [...]

The ten page types are listed across the page bar at the bottom of the screen. Remember that the page type/number of the page actually select- ed is shown in reverse video (white characters on a blue background). The page bar works kind of like a map to get you from one page type to another. To change page types turn the right outer knob either dir[...]

last viewed—we’ll say the NAV 2 page. Turning the right inner knob one click clockwise or three clicks counterclockwise will bring you to the NAV 3 page. Or, from the APT 2 page you could turn the right outer knob four clicks counter-clockwise to get to the NAV pages. Got it? NOTE : In this Pilot’s Guide the right smaller knob is assumed to b[...]

4 . Turn the right outer knob one click clockwise to move the cur- sor to the second character position (figure 3-39). 5 . Rotate the right inner knob to select the second character (fig- ure 3-40). 6 . Use the right outer and inner knobs in this manner until the complete waypoint identifier is displayed (figure 3-41). Note that you may not have to[...]

To change the default first waypoint identifier character: 1. Select the SET 11 page (figure 3-44) and turn on the cursor by pressing the B button (figure 3-45). 2. Use the right inner knob to select the desired character (figure 3- 46), such as a K in the U.S., a C in Canada, a P in Alaska, an E or an L in Europe, etc. 3. Turn off the cursor. To t[...]

To see an example of a Duplicate Waypoint page, try entering the identifi- er “AC” as a Direct To waypoint: 1. Press D . 2 . Select “AC” as the waypoint identifier (figure 3-48). AC is the full identifier of several waypoints in the KLN 94 database. 3 . Press F . The Duplicate Waypoint page will be displayed on the screen (figure 3-49). At [...]

3.5. MESSAGE P AGE Whenever the KLN 94 wants to get your attention, the message prompt (a large yellow “M” on the right side of the screen) begins flashing (figure 3- 52). If you have a remote message annunciator in your aircraft, it will also begin flashing at that time. You should view the message at your earliest opportunity because the unit[...]

3.7. INITIALIZA TION AND TIME TO FIRST FIX Since the KLN 94 stores its position and other required parameters in memory when power to the unit is removed, it is seldom necessary to aid the unit in reaching a NAV ready condition. The time required from power on until the KLN 94 determines its present position and is therefore ready to navigate is ca[...]

To initialize the position from the SET 1 page: 1. If the cursor is not on the screen (figure 3-55), press the B but- ton to bring it on the page over the INIT POS field (figure 3-56). 2 . Using the right inner and outer knobs, enter the identifier for the airport where you are presently located or the identifier of a navaid or other airport which [...]

NOTE : If the KLN 94 is in the Take-Home mode, you are allowed to enter the groundspeed ( kt) and heading ( ° ) fields in order to simulate flight (fig- ure 3-60). They are not used for actual initialization in an aircraft. However, entering a groundspeed will allow the KLN 94 to “fly” along the active flight plan (or to a direct to waypoint) [...]

Airport pages but we’ll use the APT 1 since it displays the airport name and city). 2 . Turn on the cursor ( B ) and make sure the right inner knob is pushed in. The cursor will appear over the first character of the airport identifier (figure 3-62). 3 . Turn the right inner knob to select a “K” as the first character (figure 3-63). You may t[...]

3. Change the first character to a “ B ” (figure 3-67). 4. Move the cursor to the second character and select “ M ” (figure 3-68). Eureka! When you entered the “ M ”, the KLN 94 searched its database for the first VOR identifier beginning with the letters “ BM ” and found BMI . Many times you will only have to enter two or three cha[...]

To select a waypoint by scanning with the cursor on: 1. Select the page type for the waypoint you are looking for (APT, VOR, NDB, INT or USR). In this case, we want the APT 1 page. 2. Turn on the cursor ( B ). It will appear over the first character of the waypoint identifier. Select a K with the right inner knob. 3. Move the cursor one place to th[...]

To select a VOR or NDB by navaid name: 1. With the cursor off, use the right knobs to select the VOR 1 page (figure 3-73). The VOR waypoint in view is not important. 2. Press B and then make sure the right inner knob is pushed to the “in” position. 3. With the right outer knob, move the cursor over the first charac- ter in the VOR name which is[...]

5. Move the cursor one place to the right, and select an “ E ” (figure 3- 79). 6. Enter the “ W ” and “ P ” in a similar manner (figure 3-80). 7. Now, move the cursor one place to the right of the “P” and pull the right inner knob out. The rest of the airport name field will be in reverse video (figure 3-81). 8. Turn the right inner[...]

2. Unless the first word is greater than eight characters, it is usually not abbreviated. 3. Delete most punctuation such as periods and apostrophes. 4. Abbreviations for International are INTL, INT, and IN. 5. Abbreviations for Regional are REGL and REG. 3.9. “NEAREST” FUNCTIONS At any time, you can have access to the nearest airports, waypoin[...]

3.9.1. VIEWING THE NEAREST WAYPOINTS There are actually two waypoint scan lists for airports, VORs, NDBs, inter- sections and user-defined waypoints. These two lists are the “complete” list and the “nearest” list. The complete list contains all of the waypoints in the database for a waypoint type (all the airports, for example). The near- e[...]

To specify the nearest airport criteria: 1. Select the SET 4 page and turn on the cursor ( B ). 2 . Use the right inner knob to select the minimum length run- way desired for the airport to qualify for the nearest airport list (figure 3-86). Values between 1000 feet and 5000 feet or between 300m and 1500m in 100 foot or meter increments may be sele[...]

3 . Rotate the right outer knob clockwise to position the cursor over “ 1 ” (figure 3-87). As long as the cursor is left in this position, this page will update so that the nearest airport is always shown as the flight progresses. 3.9.2. VIEWING THE NEAREST SPECIAL USE AIRSPACES The KLN 94 database stores the locations of areas of special use a[...]

Line 3 : The altitude limits of the SUA. Line 4 : The proximity of the nearest point on the border of the SUA, in the form of the absolute bearing, relative bearing, and distance to the SUA border. The absolute bearing is the approximate heading you would fly to most quickly get into the SUA. The relative bearing arrow in the middle of this line po[...]

NOTE: In some areas of the world the KLN 94 provides the location of the nearest point of communication with a facility providing information (INF) or radio (RDO) services. Pressing the G button and selecting the FSS option will display two of the nearest points of communication with Flight Service Stations. There will normally be two FSS 1 pages, [...]

The frequencies displayed on the nearest Center page are QuickTune TM frequencies. When the cursor is positioned over a frequency displayed on this page and the F button is pressed, the frequency is automatically inserted into the standby window of a Bendix/King KX 155A or KX 165A Nav/Comm. (QuickTune TM must be enabled in the installation for this[...]

3.10.1. INITIATING A DIRECT TO Now that you know the ground rules, let’s go ahead and try some practical examples. First, let’s say we wanted to fly directly to Lovell Airport in Chattanooga, TN. Its ICAO identifier is KCHA. To fly Direct To a waypoint (procedure 1): 1. Press D . The Direct To page is displayed (figure 3-95). The cursor will al[...]

7. Press F again to approve the displayed waypoint page. The screen will change to the NAV 1 page, and the selected waypoint will now be the active Direct To waypoint (figure 3-101). NOTE : In some cases during approach operations, the KLN 94 presents a page asking how a waypoint is used when the waypoint identifier is entered character by characte[...]

NOTE : If the KLN 94 is in the approach mode and this method is used to center the D-bar when the missed approach point is the active waypoint, then the approach mode will be cancelled and the KLN 94B will revert to the approach arm mode. 3.10.2. CANCELLING A DIRECT TO The primary reason for wanting to cancel Direct To operation is to return to fli[...]

3.1 1. NA VIGA TION P AGES As you would expect, the NAV (navigation) pages contain information relating specifically to the KLN 94’s navigation capabilities. The KLN 94 has four NAV pages. The procedure for selecting specific pages, including the NAV pages, was described in section 3.4.1, “Page Selection”. 3.11.1. THE NAVIGATION 1 (NAV 1) PAG[...]

active waypoint while a “down” trian- gle (figure 3-109) indicates “from” the active waypoint. The word FLAG is displayed over the CDI when the KLN 94 is not usable for navigation (figure 3-110). Line 3 : Numeric crosstrack correc- tion – the crosstrack distance (how far off course) and direction to fly to intercept the desired track. The[...]

3.11.2. THE NAVIGATION 2 (NAV 2) PAGE The NAV 2 page in figure 3-113 dis- plays the aircraft’s present position in two formats: (1) the radial and dis- tance from a nearby VOR and (2) latitude and longitude. You can change the reference waypoint from the nearby VOR to any waypoint in the published or user database. To change the NAV 2 page presen[...]

3.11.3. THE NAVIGATION 3 (NAV 3) PAGE The Navigation (NAV) 3 page shows you several important times pertain- ing to your flight (figure 3-116). Line 1 : The current system time zone and the actual time. The time zone may be changed by turning the cursor ( B ) on over it and turning the right inner knob. All times shown on the NAV 3 page are in term[...]

3.11.4.2 NAV 4 Page Format The NAV 4 page has a unique for- mat unlike any other KLN 94 page (figure 3-117). The page bar is removed on the NAV 4 page to uti- lize the maximum screen height for the map. The page being displayed, NAV 4, is shown in the bottom right corner of the screen. Display segment one, on the far left side of the screen, now ha[...]

3.11.4.3. Selecting What Is Shown On The Map The aircraft’s present position symbol and route of flight are always select- ed for display on the map. The map range scale will determine how much of the route is displayed. When operating Direct To a waypoint which is not in the active flight plan, the Direct To waypoint and its associated course li[...]

• Nearest 20 user defined waypoints (USR) within 200 NM of the air- craft • Tower rings (TWR Rings). A tower ring is a 4 NM radius circle drawn around airports having a control tower that operates at least part time. Note that a tower ring is not Class D airspace which usually consists of a 3 to 7 NM radius ring plus additional extensions. Towe[...]

4 . Rotate the right inner knob to select the desired range (figure 3-126). Range scales greater than that selected will not display the selected item. Range scales equal to or less than that select- ed will display the item. 5. Use the right inner and outer knobs to finish configuring the rest of the aeronautical items for the map. 6. Press the R [...]

To configure land data for the map: 1. Press the M button while view- ing the NAV 4 map page to bring up the map menu. 2. Turn the right outer knob clock- wise to position the cursor over “Setup Land Data?” (figure 3- 127). 3 . Press the F button. This brings up the SET 8 page (figure 3-128). NOTE : All land data may be turned off by using the [...]

3.11.4.7. Symbols Used On The Map The following symbols are used on the Nav 4 map page: 3.11.4.8. Selecting The Map Orientation All KLN 94 installations are capable of three map orientations: actual track up (TK ↑ ), North up (N ↑ ), and desired track up (DTK ↑ ). In addition, if the KLN 94 is interfaced with a compatible source of heading th[...]

The heading up mode orients the map with the aircraft’s heading as up. The heading up orientation is not presented as a choice if heading is not provided to the KLN 94. If a heading input is available to the KLN 94 then heading up is usually the best map orientation to select. Otherwise, actual track up display is usual- ly preferred for use in f[...]

scale. The scale may be changed from 1/2 NM to 1000 NM (or 1 km to 2000 km if km selected as distance unit on SET 12 page). In addition, an “AUTO” scale mode may be selected so that the map scale automatically changes to display the active waypoint and, if there is one, the next waypoint after the active waypoint (figure 3-136).The AUTO map sca[...]

When the KLN 94 goes into the approach active mode all land data, except for bodies of water, is automatically decluttered from the map. A “ -L ” is then annunciated. In the approach active mode the first press of the E button restores land data and subsequent presses work as described in the previous paragraph. 3.11.4.11. Waypoint Scan Feature[...]

3. (ORS 02 and higher) If the waypoint displayed in the scan field is actually displayed on the map, its map icon is encircled on the map (figures 3-141 and 3-142). Waypoints that are located close together on the map are easy to uniquely identify using this feature. In addition, a line is drawn from the aircraft symbol toward the waypoint even if [...]

For example if an approach has three IAFs but only one of the IAFs uti- lizes a procedure turn, the procedure turn will only be displayed when the one IAF is selected. In addition it is necessary to select a maximum map range scale to display holding patterns and procedure turns on the SET 7 page (see section 3.11.4.4). CAUTION: Fly the published p[...]

Appendix D. The right side of line 4 will read HELIPORT if applicable, MILITARY if it is a military airport (Figure 3-147), and PRIVATE if it is a private use airport. If the airport is being viewed as part of the nearest airports list (see sec- tion 3.9.1, “Viewing the Nearest Waypoints”), the APT 1 page format will differ as follows (see figu[...]

Line 2 : The city where the airport is located. Line 3 : The state if the airport is located in the U.S., the Province if locat- ed in Canada, or the country if outside the U.S. and Canada. A listing of the abbreviations used for States, Provinces, and countries is contained in Appendix D. The right side of line 3 displays HELIPORT , MILITARY , or [...]

MLS MLS approach ILS/MLS ILS and MLS approaches If the airport has a GPS approved non-precision approach included in the KLN 94 database, GPS will also be displayed on line 4. The lower right corner will display ( R ) if the airport has an approach/depar- ture radar environment. 3.12.1.4. The Airport 4 (APT 4) Page See figure 3-152 The APT 4 page d[...]

Runway Lighting Abbreviations: L Sunset to sunrise LPC Pilot controlled lighting LPT Part-time or on-request lighting Lines 4-5 : Runway information for the next shortest runway (if any), in the same format as lines 1 and 2. In the event that there is no runway information for an airport, the following message is displayed on the APT 4 page: No Run[...]

CL C class C airspace (VFR frequency) CLR clearance delivery CTA control area (VFR frequency used outside the U.S.) CTAF common traffic advisory frequency CTR center (when center is used for approach/departure control) DEP departure DIR director (approach control/radar) GCO ground communications outlet GRND ground control MCOM multicom MF mandatory[...]

and the 60° radial from KMCO (Orlando International Airport) for altitudes at and below 5500 feet. In a few cases, APR, DEP, CL B, CL C, CTA, and TMA frequencies are sectorized such that the restrictions cannot be displayed on a single page. When this occurs the following message is displayed on the APT 5 page: Text Of Freq Use Not Displayed 3.12.[...]

6 . Use the right inner and outer knobs to complete line 4. The F button must be pressed to approve line 4 separately. 7. Turn the cursor off when you are finished creating the remark (fig- ure 3-159). NOTE : If there are already 200 waypoints with remarks and an attempt is made to enter a remark for a waypoint, a scratchpad message “Remarks Full[...]

The APT 7 page is also used to load DPs and STARs into the active flight plan. This page may be accessed using the manual method of selecting pages using the right inner and outer knobs; however the preferred way of loading DPs and STARs is via the P (procedure) button. See section 6.3. 3.12.1.8. The Airport 8 (APT 8) Page See figure 3-162. The APT[...]

The different types of IAPs and the abbreviations used on the APT 8 page are: Approach Abbreviation ILS & ILS DME ILS LOC & LOC DME LOC LOC BC & LOC DME BC LBC LDA & LDA DME LDA SDF SDF RNAV RNAV & RNV TACAN TACAN VOR/DME VOR/D VOR VOR NDB/DME NDB/D NDB NDB GPS GPS Helicopter HEL 3.12.2. VOR PAGES Two pages of information may be[...]

If the VOR is being viewed as part of the nearest VORs list (see section 3.9.1), the VOR 1 page format will differ as follows (see figure 3-165). Line 1 : After the VOR identifier, the number designating the VOR’s posi- tion in the nearest VOR list is displayed. In figure 3-165, LAX is the second nearest VOR. Lines 3-4 : In place of the latitude/[...]

point. To the right of the identifier is the frequency of the NDB in kilohertz. If the NDB is being viewed as part of the nearest NDBs list (see section 3.9.1) the number designating the NDB’s position in the nearest NDB list is displayed after the NDB identifier. Line 2 : The name of the NDB. Lines 3-4 : The latitude and longitude of the NDB. Li[...]

Lines 2-3 : The latitude and longitude of the intersection. Line 4 : The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the user- defined waypoint and the distance. Placing the cursor over the radial/bearing field and turning the right inner knob changes it between radial from and bearing to the station. 3.12.4.2. The Intersection 2 (INT 2) Page S[...]

3.12.5.2. The User 1 (USR 1) Page See figure 3-173. Line 1 : The user-defined waypoint identifier, preceded by an arrow if it is the active waypoint. Lines 2-3 : The latitude and longitude of the user-defined waypoint. Line 4 : The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the user- defined waypoint and the distance.Placing the cursor over th[...]

KLN 94 Pilot’ s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3-65 lines of 16 characters each are available for the remarks. A combination of up to 200 user-defined waypoints and airports may include remarks. Letters, numbers, hyphens, and spaces may be used in the remark. If no remarks have been entered for the user-defined waypoint, line 2 will dis- pla[...]

3.13. SPECIAL USE AIRSP ACE ALERTING The KLN 94 database contains the location of areas of special use air- space (SUA). The types of SUA areas stored in the database and the abbreviations used to denote these areas are the following: Class B CL B Class C CL C Control Area (used outside USA) CTA Terminal Area (used outside USA) TMA Alert Area ALRT [...]

2. Press the B button to turn on the cursor. 3. Use the right outer knob to move the cursor over the desired SUA group (figure 3-180). 4 . Use the right inner knob to select ON or OFF . 5. Turn the cursor off with the B button. The KLN 94 will normally alert you prior to entering one of these areas with a message prompt. When the Message page is vi[...]

Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3-68 If the altitude input to the KLN 94 is pressure altitude from an altitude encoder or air data computer, then you must manually update the KLN 94 with an altimeter setting (baro correction in order to receive accurate SUA alerting. You may easily update the altimeter setting by pressing the A button to display the [...]

If the SUA alert feature has been enabled, the KLN 94 allows you to select a vertical buffer on the SET 5 page in order to provide an additional layer of protection from inadvertently entering an SUA. To select a vertical buffer, make sure the SUA alert fea- ture has been enabled. Turn on the cursor ( B ) and use the right outer knob to position th[...]

Waypoint Alert : The remote waypoint alert annunciator is on whenever waypoint alerting is occurring. See sections 3.10.3. “Waypoint Alerting for Direct To Operation” and 4.2.2. “Turn Anticipation and Waypoint Alerting.” Message : The remote message annunciator is on whenever the mes- sage prompt is on. See section 3.5. “Message Page.” [...]

KLN 94 Pilot’ s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3-71 2. Note what the default number is next to “Comm” and “Nav”. In figure 3-190, the default number is 1 for both Comm and Nav. 3. Press the B button to turn on the cursor. 4 . Rotate the right inner knob to view the comms configured for QuickTune™. If only one number is displayed th[...]

Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3-72 3.15.2. QUICKTUNE™ OPERATION WITH MORE THAN ONE COM- PATIBLE NAV/COMM In order to use QuickTune™ when there is more than one Nav/Comm configured with the KLN 94 it is necessary to specify a default QuickTune™ receiver for both comm and nav. This action is accom- plished on the SET 14 page by turning on the c[...]

just as if it was actually functioning in an aircraft. Distances count down, waypoints sequence, and the deviation bar follows the progress of the simulated flight. Using the take-home mode is an excellent way to learn the operation of the KLN 94 without worrying about the engine running, other traffic, or even terrain. There are products available[...]

fier of the starting point of the trip (figure 3-197). 5. Press F once to view the way- point page and a second time to approve the waypoint page. 6 . Rotate the right outer knob to position the cursor over the groundspeed field (figure 3-198) and then turn the right inner knob to select the desired groundspeed (it must be above 30 knots). 7. Press[...]

KLN 94 Pilot’ s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3-75 that the ATIS frequency is 125.65 MHz, the pre-taxi clearance delivery frequency is 118.95 MHz, and the ground control frequency is 121.90 MHz. After listening to ATIS, we contact clearance delivery for our clearance out of the Little Rock Class C airspace. Next, we give ground control a ca[...]

Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3-76 pages for Hope Municipal. We learn, for example, that it is located in Hope, Arkansas, and has two hard surface runways that are each 5500 feet in length. By pulling the right inner knob to the “out” position, you may now scan clockwise through the remaining 19 airports in the nearest airport list. 4. For the [...]

4. FLIGHT PLAN OPERA TION If you are going to use your KLN 94 for more than just flying VFR, direct from one airport to the next, it will be well worth your while to learn its flight plan capabilities. This section of the Pilot’s Guide describes how to cre- ate, edit, and fly flight plans. 4.1. CREA TING AND MODIFYING FLIGHT PLANS The following r[...]

Chapter 4 Flight Plan Operation 4-2 are: KNEW (Lakefront airport), GPT (Gulfport VOR), SJI (Semmes VOR), CEW (Crestview VOR), MAI (Marianna VOR), SZW (Seminole VOR), CTY (Cross City VOR), and KPIE (St. Petersburg/Clearwater International airport). To create a flight plan: 1. Select the flight plan (FPL) pages with the right outer knob. 2. Select a [...]

KLN 94 Pilot’ s Guide Chapter 4 Flight Plan Operation 4-3 again. If no mistake was made but the waypoint identifier just entered isn’t in the database, a page allowing creation of a user defined way- point will appear on the screen. Refer to section 5.4 for instructions on how to create a user-defined waypoint. 8. Press F again to approve the w[...]

Chapter 4 Flight Plan Operation 4-4 first three waypoints will then be displayed followed by the last way- point in the flight plan. Rotate the right outer knob to move the cursor and manually scroll to see the missing intermediate waypoints. 11. Turn off the cursor with the B button. Additional flight plans may now be created in the same manner. 4[...]

2. Press B to turn on the cursor. It will appear over Use? (figure 4-11). If you haven’t left the numbered flight plan since creat- ing this flight plan, rotate the outer knob counterclockwise to position the cursor over Use? . 3. Press F to activate the flight plan in the order shown (figure 4-12). To activate the flight plan in inverse order (f[...]

position automatically jumps down to the next position. In this case, SJI automatically moves to waypoint 3 and KPIE changes to waypoint 8 (figure 4-15). 4 . Complete the waypoint entry operation (figure 4-16). NOTE : If adding a waypoint or way- points (such as adding DP/STAR/ Approach procedures) would exceed the capacity of FPL 0, KLN 94 will no[...]

4. Press F and the waypoint will be deleted from the flight plan. The other waypoints in the flight plan will be correctly reposi- tioned (figure 4-21). 5. Turn off the cursor with the B button. 4.1.6. DELETING FLIGHT PLANS To delete a flight plan which is no longer required: 1 . Display the flight plan (FPL 0, FPL 1, . . ., or FPL 25) which is to [...]

2. Turn on the cursor with the B button. It will appear over the blank first waypoint position (fig- ure 4-25). 3. Rotate the right outer knob coun- terclockwise to position the cursor over Copy FPL 0? (figure 4-26). 4 . Press F to load the active flight plan into this numbered flight plan (figure 4-27). 4.2. OPERA TING FROM THE ACTIVE FLIGHT PLAN [...]

ing GPS signals suitable for navigation. ( Note : If the unit is in the take-home mode, it has been “tricked” into thinking it is receiving signals and therefore the symbol can be displayed). Also, the sym- bol will not be displayed if Direct To navigation is occurring and the Direct To waypoint is not in FPL 0. If in doubt as to whether or not[...]

4.2.2. TURN ANTICIPATION AND WAYPOINT ALERTING Prior to reaching a waypoint in the active flight plan, the KLN 94 will provide navigation along a curved path segment to ensure a smooth transition between two adjacent legs in the flight plan. That is, the CDI or HSI left/right deviation will be refer- enced to the dashed line in figure 4-33. This fe[...]

Although normally not recommend- ed, turn anticipation may be disabled on the Setup 10 (SET 10) page by pressing the B button and then rotating the right inner knob to change back and forth between ENABLED (figure 4-36) and DIS- ABLED (figure 4-37). If turn anticipation is disabled, navigation is provided all the way to the waypoint, and waypoint a[...]

4.2.4. COMBINING DIRECT TO AND FLIGHT PLAN OPERATION It is very common when using flight plan operation to use the Direct To function to proceed directly to a waypoint which exists in the active flight plan. For example, after takeoff on an IFR flight plan, it is common to receive vectors in the terminal area and then be given a clearance direct to[...]

4.2.4.3 Direct To Operation From The FPL 0 Page If you are presently viewing the active flight plan page there is an easy method of selecting the Direct To waypoint. To fly direct to a waypoint in the active flight plan while viewing the FPL 0 page: 1. Select the FPL 0 page. 2. Turn on the cursor with the B button and use the left outer knob to pos[...]

4.2.5. VIEWING DISTANCE, ETE, ETA, OR DESIRED TRACK TO FLIGHT PLAN WAYPOINTS The right side of the active flight plan (FPL 0) page may be used to display (1) the cumulative distance ( Dis ) along the flight plan route from the pre- sent position to each flight plan waypoint, (2) the estimated time en route ( ETE ) to each waypoint, (3) the estimate[...]

4.2.6 CHANGING THE SYSTEM TIME ZONE The ETA shown on the FPL 0 page is the for the system time zone. The system time zone may be changed from either the NAV 3 or SET 2 page. Section 3.2 gives a list of available time zones. To change the system time zone: 1. Select either the NAV 3 or SET 2 page. 2. Turn on the cursor with the B button and use the [...]

Chapter 4 Flight Plan Operation 4-16 This page intentionally left blank[...]

5. INTERMEDIA TE OPERA TION Many of the KLN 94 ’ s advanced features and functions are covered in this section of the Pilot ’ s Guide. You may pick and choose which of these fea- tures are applicable to the type of flying you do. If you are a serious IFR pilot be sure to learn the information presented on the KLN 94 ’ s navigation modes descr[...]

right outer knob; turn the right inner knob to select the desired unit of mea- sure; and turn the cursor off again. 2 . Use the right inner knob to update the altimeter baro setting (figure 5-3). 3. Press A twice to return to the page previously being viewed. Line 3 displays the Minimum Safe Altitude ( MSA ) IMPORTANT : The minimum safe altitude di[...]

5.2. ADVISOR Y VNA V OPERA TION The KLN 94 ’ s advisory vertical navigation (VNAV) feature allows you to program a descent or ascent path, and then provides you with an advisory altitude to fly that will provide guidance along the vertical path. For exam- ple, you can program the VNAV to provide descent guidance so that you arrive at your active [...]

NOTE : There may be some difference (less than 100 feet) between the indicated altitude and the aircraft’s actual altitude if the altitude input to the KLN 94 is from an altitude encoder because these encoders only provide altitude in 100 foot increments. The identifier for the active waypoint ( KDBQ ) is automatically displayed on the ALT 2 page[...]

vertical speed, use the outer knob to position the cursor over the vertical speed field (figure 5-10). VNAV oper- ation is initiated by bringing the cursor over the vertical speed field. Or, by leaving the cursor off of this field, you may watch the required vertical speed increase as you fly toward your waypoint. When the desired vertical speed is[...]

NOTE : During your descent, check your actual groundspeed to verify that it is similar to the one you entered on the ALT 2 page. If it is different, you should enter your actual groundspeed so that the VNAV function will work properly. If you make any changes to the “ from ” or “ to ” altitudes, the VNAV way- point, or the waypoint offset o[...]

NOTE : The altitude alerting function of the KLN 94 does not meet FAR Part 91 for turbojet-powered civil airplanes. NOTE : Before you use the altitude alerting function, it is a good idea to make sure that the KLN 94 baro setting is current. To do this, press the A button and use the right inner knob to modify the baro setting. To Use Altitude Aler[...]

6 . Press the A button again to move on to the ALT 2 page (fig- ure 5-17). Only line 2 of the ALT 2 page is used for altitude alerting. The remainder of the ALT 2 page is used only for ver- tical navigation, or VNAV. The first altitude displayed on line 2 is the current indicated altitude (9000 feet in figure 5-17). With the proper altimeter baro s[...]

and headphones. Or the KLN 94 may be interfaced with an external tone generator installed in the aircraft. In order to use altitude alerting, the KLN 94 must have an altitude input. If the altitude input is from an altitude encoder or from an air data computer not having a baro altitude output, then it will be necessary for you to man- ually input [...]

5.4.1. CREATING A WAYPOINT AT YOUR PRESENT POSITION Creating a waypoint at your present position is the simplest possible way to create a user-defined waypoint. This is nice for “ remembering ” a spot you are at. Let ’ s suppose you ’ re at a private strip that you want to name “ VALLY ” To create a user-defined waypoint at your present[...]

5.4.2. CREATING A WAYPOINT AT A CERTAIN LATITUDE/LONGITUDE It is also possible to create a user-defined waypoint by manually entering a latitude and longitude. Let ’ s say you wanted to create a user waypoint over your hypothetical farm at N 42 ° 56.32 ’ , W 76 ° 29.95 ’ To create a user-defined waypoint with latitude/longitude: 1. From any[...]

7. Use the right outer knob to move the cursor, and the right inner knob to select the proper num- bers to complete the latitude entry (figure 5-31). 8. Press F . The cursor will move to the longitude field. 9. Enter the longitude in the same manner as the latitude (figure 5- 32). 10. Press F to approve this posi- tion. The cursor will automaticall[...]

5 . Press F . The display will change to a format like figure 5- 36 with the cursor over the reference waypoint field. 6 . Use the right inner and outer knobs to select the identifier of the desired reference waypoint (figure 5-37). 7. Press F . The waypoint page for the waypoint you just entered will be displayed (figure 5-38). 8. Press F again to[...]

5.5. NA VIGA TION MODES The KLN 94 allows you to choose how the course to the active waypoint is defined. This is done by selecting between the two course modes, LEG and OBS. The LEG mode means that the course to the active waypoint is selected by the KLN 94, and is the default mode when the KLN 94 starts up. The other course mode, OBS, is the mode[...]

distance between two points located on the earth ’ s surface. In the case of Direct To operation, the “ from ” waypoint is not displayed but it is the point where Direct To operation was initiated. The course to fly while in this mode is referred to as the desired track (DTK ). Knowing the proper course to be flown is so important that the de[...]

When this is done, the pilot must verify that the proper course has been selected by confirming the digital selected course readout dis- played on the KLN 94. In the OBS mode the selected course is always displayed on line 3 of the left side of the KLN 94 screen (in place of DTK). In many installations, two or more navigation sources can be display[...]

5.5.4. SWITCHING FROM THE LEG MODE TO THE OBS MODE The following mode transition occurs if the KLN 94 is in the Leg mode and the mode is changed to the OBS mode: 1. The waypoint that was active in Leg mode prior to the mode change remains the active waypoint in OBS mode. 2. The selected course is defined by two different methods depending on the in[...]

5.5.6. GOING DIRECT TO A WAYPOINT WHILE IN THE OBS MODE The direct-to function will select the OBS value that will take the aircraft from the present position direct to the active waypoint when the KLN 94 is not the displayed navigation source on the external indicator. If the KLN 94 is the displayed navi- gation source on an HSI or CDI it is not p[...]

3 . If the desired waypoint is not the one that was suggested by the KLN 94, enter the desired identifier. Press F . 4. Press F to approve the way- point page and activate the waypoint (figure 5-49). The selected course does not change, therefore this method does not center the D-Bar like a Direct To operation does. 5.6. CHANGING THE CDI SCALE F AC[...]

5.7. A VIONICS BUS VOL T AGE ALERTING The SET 9 page serves as a monitor of your avionics power bus. It gives you a digital readout of the voltage supplied to your avionics, down to tenths of volts. You will find this feature valuable as an extra layer of security in cases of electrical or charging system problems. A voltage alert feature is also a[...]

5.8. THE AUXILAR Y (AUX) P AGES The KLN 94 may have up to 21 Auxiliary pages which are used for a multitude of miscellaneous functions. The table below summarizes the function of these pages. Page Function AUX 1 and AUX 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GPS Status AUX 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [...]

sufficient “ geometry ” exists to determine an accurate position. The satellite constellation geometry is continually changing as each satellite, “ rises ” , travels across the sky, and eventually “ sets ” relative to your position. The GPS satellites are not in geosynchronous orbits positioned over the same spot on earth at all times l[...]

WARNING: Do not use the GPS-derived altitude for navigation. Due to many factors, the GPS altitude may be 300 feet or more in error, which is unacceptable for navigation. Lines 4 and 5 of the AUX 1 page display the KLN 94 ’ s estimated position error. The KLN 94 ’ s position error depends upon such factors as the number of satellites being rece[...]

• The signal strength ( Sg ) for each satellite is displayed next and indi- cates the signal strength for each satellite in the range of 0 (zero) to 9 (nine). The higher the value the stronger the signal. • The elevation ( El ) above the horizon for each satellite is provided in the right column and will range from 5 ° to 90 ° . • The local[...]

To calculate distance, bearing, time, and ESA from present position to another waypoint: 1. From the AUX 4 page (figure 5- 58), turn on the cursor ( B ). It will appear over a field that either displays Ppos , Fpl , or Wpts . 2 . Turn the right inner knob to change this field to Ppos . 3 . Turn the right outer knob to move the cursor over the To wa[...]

played on line 3, and the distance will be displayed on line 4. 5. Use the right outer knob to move the cursor over the groundspeed field on line 5. 6 . Select your estimated ground- speed for the trip. As you change it, the estimated time en route ( ETE ) calculation will be updated (figure 5-64). To calculate distance, time and ESA for a flight p[...]

To calculate fuel requirements: 1. The waypoints entered on the AUX 4 page are automatically brought forward on the AUX 5 page. You may also change the trip planning type and the specific waypoints on the AUX 5 page in the same way they were selected on the AUX 4 page. 2. Turn on the cursor with the B button and use the right outer knob to move the[...]

NOTE : The altimeter baro set units may be changed between inches, mil- libars and hectopascals on the SET 12 page). 5.10.4. THE AUXILARY 7 (AUX 7) DENSITY ALTITUDE PAGE The AUX 7 page is used to determine density altitude. To calculate the density altitude: 1. Turn on the cursor ( B ). 2. The pressure altitude ( Prs ) displayed will be either the [...]

5.10.5. THE AUXILARY 8 (AUX 8) TRUE AIRSPEED PAGE The AUX 8 page is used to determine the true airspeed ( TAS ) of the air- craft. To calculate the true airspeed (TAS): 1 Turn on the cursor ( B ). 2. Enter the aircraft’s calibrated air- speed by using the right inner knob (figure 5-75). If the calibrat- ed airspeed isn’t known, use the indicate[...]

5.10.6. THE AUXILARY 9 (AUX 9) WIND PAGE The AUX 9 page is used to determine the present wind direction and speed. In addition, the headwind or tailwind component of the wind is dis- played. To calculate the winds aloft: 1. Turn on the cursor ( B ). 2. Enter the aircraft ’ s true airspeed by using the right inner knob (fig- ure 5-77). If the AUX [...]

To set the alarm: 1. Turn on the cursor ( B ). If necessary, change the system time zone to the desired one on line 2 of the AUX 10 page. 2. To set the alarm to activate at a certain time, move the cursor to the at : field on line 3. Select the desired hours, and then minutes (figure 5-79). Notice that as you change it, the interval from pre- sent [...]

2. Turn on the cursor ( B ). 3 . If desired, select another way- point identifier using the right inner and outer knobs. Press F to view the waypoint page for the waypoint entered. Press F again to approve the way- point page (figure 5-82). 4 . If desired, select another date using the right inner and outer knobs. You must press F to enter the date[...]

user-defined waypoints, you will have to scroll the cursor down the list. 2. Press E . The KLN 94 will ask if you wish to delete that user- waypoint (figure 5-87). If the waypoint is active or used in a flight plan, the deletion will not be allowed and you will receive a scratchpad message telling you this (figure 5-88). 3. Press F to approve the d[...]

5.12. VIEWING THE KLN 94 SOFTW ARE ST A TUS (AUX 14 P AGE) The AUX 14 page (figure 5-93) shows the application software revi- sion (line 1), the software status of the KLN 94 host computer (line 2), graphics engine computer (line 3), the GPS receiver (line 4), aeronauti- cal database (line 5), and land – cartographic database (line 6). 5.13. THE [...]

5.13.1. THE AUXILARY 15 (AUX 15) FUEL MANAGEMENT PAGE NOTE : The AUX 15 – AUX 19 pages are only displayed when the KLN 94 is interfaced with a compatible fuel management system. The AUX 15 page displays the following information (figures 5-94): • The destination waypoint (the final waypoint in FPL 0 or a direct to waypoint if the way- point is [...]

• The fuel required to reach the destination waypoint at the current rate of fuel flow and the present groundspeed ( Fuel Reqd ). • The landing fuel on board ( Ldg Fuel OB ) is the fuel presently on board minus the fuel required to reach the destination. 5.13.2 THE AUXILARY 16 (AUX 16) FUEL MANAGEMENT PAGE The AUX 16 page (figure 5-96) displays[...]

5.13.4. THE AUXILARY (AUX 18) FUEL MANAGEMENT PAGE The AUX 18 page displays rate of fuel flow. It has two formats depend- ing on whether the aircraft is a twin engine (figure 5-98) or a single engine (figure 5-99). 5.13.5. THE AUXILARY (AUX 19) FUEL MANAGEMENT PAGE The AUX 19 page displays the amount of fuel used. If interfaced with the ARNAV fuel [...]

Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 5-38 The Auxiliary 20 and Auxiliary 21 ( AUX 20 and AUX 21 ) pages are used to display air data information if both a fuel management system and an air data system are interfaced to the KLN 94. If there is no fuel manage- ment system, air data information is displayed on the AUX 15 and AUX 16 pages. If there is no a[...]

KLN 94 Pilot’ s Guide Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 5-39 SAT Static air temperature (the actual temperature of the surrounding air mass). TAT Total air temperature (the air temperature including heat rise due to compressibility. This is the temperature measured directly by the outside air temperature (OAT) probe. Prs Pressure altitude (to near[...]

Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 5-40 5. Move the flashing part of the cur- sor to the tens digit of the year field, and select the proper num- ber (figure 5-108). 6. Repeat step 5 for the ones digit of the year field. 7 . Press F to start the KLN 94 using the newly entered date (figure 5-109). To set the time on the SET 2 page: 1. Select the SET 2[...]

KLN 94 Pilot’ s Guide Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 5-41 5.16. MANUAL MAGNETIC V ARIA TION SELECTION The KLN 94 ’ s primary coverage area is from N 74 ° to S 60 ° as was shown in figure 3-1. Magnetic variation is automatically computed within this cov- erage area when Mag Var is in the default AUTO mode on the SET 2 page. Navigation outsid[...]

Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 5-42 To enter the local magnetic variation manually on the SET 2 page: 1. Turn on the cursor ( B ). 2. Move the cursor over the field on line 4 (figure 5-114). 3 . Turn the right inner knob to change the magnetic variation field from Auto to Manua l if required (figure 5-115). 4. Use the right outer knob to move the[...]

6. APPROACHES AND DP/ST ARS This is the last chapter on the operation of the KLN 94. In this chapter you will learn how to use the KLN 94 for non-precision approach procedures as well as departure (DP) and arrival (STAR) procedures. Note that only KLN 94s which are configured for IFR approaches are capable of perform- ing the procedures discussed i[...]

KLN 94 is configured for IFR en route only, pressing the P button allows access to DP and STAR pro- cedures but not approaches (figure 6-4). 6.2. NON-PRECISION APPROACH OPERA TIONS Flying non-precision approaches using the KLN 94 is not in itself very diffi- cult. However, the procedures are different than using traditional equipment such as VORs a[...]

6.2.1. APPROACH MODE ANNUNCIATIONS In addition to the two course modes (Leg and OBS) described in section 5.5, there are also two approach related modes. At the time of the KLN 94 installation in the aircraft these two modes may be configured to be annunciated as one of the following two ways: APR ARM (approach arm) APR ACTV (approach active) OR TE[...]

6.2.2. GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR NON-PRECISION APPROACHES Non-precision approaches will all have the general flow of events as fol- lows. Refer to figure 6-5. 1. Select and load the approach into the active flight plan. Approaches are always conducted from FPL 0. The approach can be loaded at almost any time but must be completed before reaching the Fi[...]

2. Transition to the approach arm mode. This will occur automatically when the aircraft is within 30 NM of the airport and there is an approach loaded into the flight plan (position B in figure 6-5). The CDI scale factor will change to ± 1.0 NM over the next 30 seconds and the annunciator will indicate APR ARM (or TERM - see first note in sec- tio[...]

situation. By default, the KLN 94 will nominate the first waypoint of the published missed approach procedure when you have flown past the MAP and the D button is pressed. Remember to always refer to the paper chart when conducting a missed approach. The OBS mode is often needed at some point during a missed approach and is always required to fly t[...]

3. The cursor will normally already be over the desired airport but if you wish to select another airport from the list use the right outer knob to move the cursor to the desired airport. Press F . NOTE : If the desired airport is not in the list, turn the right outer knob clockwise to move the cursor to the blank position at the end of the list. E[...]

pressing F when the cursor is over MIFEV (figure 6-12). NOTE : If there is only one IAF for a procedure, then the KLN 94 will skip this step and go on to the next step 6. The KLN 94 next presents a list of waypoints that make up the approach. If desired, review these waypoints to make sure that you have selected the correct IAF. If there are more t[...]

After the approach has been entered into the flight plan the KLN 94 checks to make sure that the resulting flight plan “ makes sense ” . If the KLN 94 detects any waypoints that are in both the en route portion of the flight plan and the portion that makes up the approach, then the following message will be given: *Redundant Wpts in FPL Edit En[...]

Another item that you should notice in the flight plan is the line that has *NO WPT SEQ on it (figure 6-16). This is what is referred to as a fence and the purpose of this line is to tell you that the KLN 94 will not automat- ically sequence past the waypoint that precedes the fence. The waypoint before the fence is always the missed approach point[...]

• b will be a letter corresponding to the distance from the reference VOR. For example, G is the seventh letter of the alphabet so D234G would be a point on the 234 ° radial 7 NM from the reference VOR. DME arcs greater than 26 NM will have waypoints where the first two char acters are the first two letters of the DME identifier. The next three [...]

To replace an existing approach: 1 . Press the P button. If necessary move the cursor over Select Approach? and press F to bring up the PROC 2 page. 2 . The cursor will already be over the airport associated with the approach loaded in FPL 0. If you wish to select another airport for an approach move the cursor over the desired airport identifier i[...]

procedure from the active flight plan. If the KLN 94 was in the approach arm or the approach active mode, then deleting the approach will cause the KLN 94 to change back to en route mode. This means that the CDI scale factor will change back to the default ± 5.0 NM scale. 6.2.6. GPS APPROACH EXAMPLES Now that you know the basics of inserting an ap[...]

Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/ST ARs 6-14 Figure 6-21[...]

plate for this approach (figure 6-21) to see what the procedure looks like. For this example it is assumed that you are on an active flight plan from Lakefront airport (KNEW) in New Orleans, LA with the final destination being the New Century Aircenter (KIXD) in Olathe, KS. Approximately 40 NM southeast of the airport you are told to expect the RNA[...]

NOTE : When FPL 0 is modified in any way, the KLN 94 orients itself on the nearest leg of the modified flight plan. In this case the leg from KNEW to MIFEV has become active. Since we have not yet been cleared to MIFEV it is necessary to do a Direct To operation to KIXD. The easiest way to do this is normally using the waypoint scan feature of the [...]

KLN 94 screen to verify that LEG sequencing is selected. If the KLN 94 shares an HSI or CDI with other NAV sources, it is also good to verify that the NAV/GPS switch is set to GPS. As you approach MIFEV, the KLN 94 will provide waypoint alerting as indicated by the flashing WPT annunciation on the right side of the screen and the flashing waypoint [...]

The following steps would need to be performed if a missed approach is required. 10. Upon reaching RW17 and not seeing the runway you decide to per- form a missed approach. Remember, the KLN 94 will not automatically sequence past the missed approach point. This is shown on the NAV 4 page by not showing any lines connecting way- points that are pas[...]

KLN 94 Pilot’ s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/ST ARs 6-19 Figure 6-29 NOT FOR NOT FOR NA NA VIGA VIGA TION TION[...]

6.2.8. APPROACH EXAMPLE 2: RADAR VECTORS When airports have an approach control that is in a radar environment it is likely you will receive radar vectors from the approach controller to inter- cept the course inbound to the final approach fix (FAF). The KLN 94 makes it easy to conduct approaches where vectors are provided. There is no need to chan[...]

find out that vectors will be provided you can still easily activate the Vectors feature of the KLN 94 with the waypoint IAF loaded in FPL 0. 5. Press F to display the list of waypoints for the approach (figure 6- 34). When Vectors is selected the first waypoint will be the FAF. 6. Press F to load the approach into FPL 0. As before, the approach wa[...]

3. Press F to activate vectors. Activating vectors makes the FAF the active waypoint with the proper inbound course to the FAF (figure 6- 38). The VTF annunciation turns green when vectors has been activated. At this time the exter- nal Nav indicator should be set to 185° and the NAV/GPS switch checked to make sure it is set to GPS. 4. Fly the hea[...]

10. After a second missed approach you may select another approach at Lincoln or some other airport by pressing the P button to display the PROC 1 page. Since you don ’ t want to activate vectors this time use the right outer knob to move the cursor over Select Approach? and load an approach in the normal manner. KLN 94 Pilot’ s Guide Chapter 6[...]

6.2.9. APPROACH EXAMPLE 3: COURSE REVERSAL WITH OFF- AIRPORT IAF In the previous two approach examples we were able to leave the KLN 94 in the Leg mode all the way to the missed approach point. However, when the approach procedure includes a course reversal in order to get estab- lished inbound to the FAF it is necessary to utilize the OBS mode. Re[...]

This message provides a reminder that to fly a course reversal the OBS mode needs to be selected. Note from the approach chart that there is a NoPT Arrival for this approach if arriving on airway radial 301. If you are approaching OCN along this airway radial there is no need to perform a course reversal and you need to ignore this message. The NoP[...]

7. When the aircraft is 2 NM from the FAF, the KLN 94 will verify that the proper integrity is available. If integrity monitoring is available for the approach, then the KLN 94 will change to the Approach Active mode. This will be annunciated on the right side of the KLN 94 by APR ACTV (or APR ). The CDI scale factor will also start to change from [...]

KLN 94 Pilot’ s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/ST ARs 6-27 Figure 6-43 NOT FOR NOT FOR NA NA VIGA VIGA TION TION[...]

For this example assume that the aircraft is approaching KMSA from the southwest. 1. Approximately 40 NM from the airport, load the approach using the procedure described in section 6.2.3. 2. When the distance from the present position to the destination airport reaches 30 NM, the KLN 94 will automatically arm the approach mode. The CDI scale facto[...]

NOTE : For ORS 02 and higher units the procedure turn will be displayed on the map (figure 6-44a) if config- ured to do so on the SET 7 page. See section 3.11.4.12 for information on displaying procedure turns on the map. Allow enough distance past HOWFA to complete the procedure turn and still be 2 NM away before reaching the FAF. Remember to rema[...]

missed approach procedure. In this case the waypoint N35HP is dis- played. This is a point located on the outbound leg of the holding pattern. We will not use it in this example. Pull the right inner knob out and turn it to display MSAh , the missed approach holding point. Press F to activate MSA as the hold point. 11. Press H to put the unit in OB[...]

KLN 94 Pilot’ s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/ST ARs 6-31 Figure 6-45 NOT FOR NOT FOR NA NA VIGA VIGA TION TION[...]

and press F to display the list of approaches for KRWI. Move the cursor over VOR/D 22 and press F to bring up the list of IAFs (figure 6-47). 2 . There are four choices for the IAF including Vectors. Two of these choices you can recognize but the other two, D174G and D354G, are unfamiliar and not shown on this chart (however they shown on the respe[...]

5. After the approach is loaded into the flight plan the KLN 94 may give the message: *Redundant Wpts In FPL Edit En Route Wpts As Necessary This message is given because very often it will be necessary to edit the active flight plan to ensure that proper waypoint sequencing occurs. Examine the flight plan and, if practical, observe the NAV 4 page [...]

• If F was pressed, then the KLN 94 will calculate an arc inter- cept point based on the point where the aircraft ’ s present track over the ground intercepts the DME arc. If necessary, do a Direct To operation to the new arc intercept point. NOTE : If the present track does not intercept the arc, then the KLN 94 will display No Intcpt in the s[...]

13. Passing TYI the KLN 94 will sequence to CF22 which is depicted on the U.S. Government chart as 4 NM from TYI. The CF22 designation is shown on the Jeppesen chart. 14. After passing CF22 the KLN 94 will sequence to CRAKO the FAF. 15. When the aircraft is 2 NM from CRAKO, the KLN 94 will transition to the approach active mode. Since the DME arc p[...]

• When a non-approved approach is selected, a page as shown in figure 6-52 is dis- played to remind you that the KLN 94 can only be used to provide situational awareness for monitoring the approach. You must acknowledge the page by pressing F . Approved navi- gation equipment such as VOR/ILS, DME, ADF, etc. must be used as the primary source of n[...]

6.2.14. APPROACH PROBLEMS Very rarely there will be a problem with the integrity of the GPS system while you are conducting non-precision approaches with the KLN 94. In some cases the KLN 94 will determine that there will not be sufficient integrity monitoring for the leg between the FAF and the MAP, or RAIM is not currently available. In these cas[...]

To perform a RAIM prediction on the AUX 3 page three pieces of informa- tion are needed. The first is the location that the prediction will be for and the second is the time for the prediction. The destination waypoint will, by default, be the missed approach point of an approach loaded in the flight plan. If there is no approach in the flight plan[...]

6. Turn the cursor off. 7. The RAIM calculation will usually take a few seconds before an answer is reached. During this time the AUX 3 page will be as shown in figure 6-55. 8. Once the RAIM calculation is complete, the AUX 3 page will indicate the results of the test graphically in a bar graph format. The center of the graph represents the ETA. Ea[...]

procedures require pilot action to ensure that the proper path is flown over the ground. The main purpose of loading a DP or a STAR into the active flight plan is to provide you with a quick way of loading a potentially large number of waypoints. It is mandatory that you are comfortable with the operation of the KLN 94 before attempting to fly DP a[...]

NOTE : Normally, the desired departure airport will already be displayed with the cursor on it. In case it is not, move the cursor over the desired airport or, if necessary, enter the airport identifier in the blank field on the page and press F once to bring up the waypoint page for the airport and a second time to approve it. If an airport is ent[...]

6.3.2. SELECTING A STAR The steps required to select a STAR are very similar to those required to select a DP. The only difference is the order of the steps to define the STAR and where the STAR is loaded into the flight plan. The steps required to define the Glen Rose Five arrival (coded JEN5) with the Wink transition serve as an example of how to[...]

runway 17R so move the cursor over RW17R (figure 6-69). Press F . If the STAR does not require a specific runway the KLN 94 skips this step. 8. The KLN 94 now presents a list of waypoints that make up the STAR (figure 6-70). Review these waypoints if desired and then press F to load the STAR into the active flight plan. 9 . The KLN 94 will then add[...]

3. Use the right inner and outer knobs in the normal manner to define the desired waypoint. 4. Press F to display the waypoint page for this identifier. If the way- point is correct, then press F a second time to confirm the waypoint page. The new waypoint is added to the waypoints that make up the DP or STAR procedure. To delete an individual wayp[...]

3. When the list of DP or STAR waypoints is displayed, the bottom of the page will now show REPL FPL 0 DP? for a DP or REPL FPL 0 STAR? for a STAR. Press F to replace the DP or STAR in FPL 0. 6.3.4. EXAMPLE OF A DP PROCEDURE To illustrate the use of the KLN 94 with a DP, the Porte Three departure loaded into the flight plan in section 6.3.1 will be[...]

Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/ST ARs 6-46 Figure 6-72[...]

8. Before reaching WAGES change to the Leg mode. This will allow automatic waypoint sequencing upon reaching WAGES. 9. Once the aircraft reaches FLW, proceed on with the rest of the flight plan as required. 6.3.5. EXAMPLE OF A STAR PROCEDURE To illustrate the use of the KLN 94 with STAR procedures the steps required to fly the Glen Rose Five arriva[...]

Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/ST ARs 6-48 Figure 6-73[...]

APPENDIX A - NA VIGA TION TERMS KLN 94 Pilot’ s Guide Appendix A Navigation T erms A-1 ARC - Radial from reference VOR when executing an approach procedure with a DME arc. BRG - Bearing to waypoint (degrees) DA - Drift Angle (degrees)-not displayed on KLN 94 DIS - Distance to waypoint (nm) DTK - Desired Track (degrees) ETE - Estimated Time Enrout[...]

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APPENDIX B - MESSAGE P AGE MESSAGES XXXXX Deleted From FPL 0 - The displayed waypoint has been deleted from the active flight plan (FPL 0) when an approach, DP or STAR was added to FPL 0. The pre-existing waypoint was deleted because adding the APR/DP/STAR to the flight plan caused the same waypoint to be listed consecutively in FPL 0. If the APR/D[...]

Arm GPS Approach — If the approach ARM mode has been disarmed with the optional external GPS Approach switch, the KLN 94 will remind you to arm the approach mode when the aircraft is 3 nautical miles from the Final Approach Fix (FAF). Arm the approach mode with the GPS Approach switch if it is desired to use the KLN 94 for conducting an approach.[...]

Database Error: AERO Data Not Useable - This message appears if the aeronautical database fails an internal test when the KLN 94 is turned on. Database Error: LAND Data Not Useable - This message appears if the land database fails an internal test when the KLN 94 is turned on Enable Turn Anticipation For GPS Approach - This message is dis- played i[...]

Internal Battery Low: Service Required to Prevent Data Loss — This message appears when the KLN 94 ’ s internal battery is low and needs replacing at an authorized Bendix/King service center. The battery should be replaced within a week to prevent the loss of all user-defined data including waypoint, airport remarks, flight plans, etc. Typical [...]

Nav Data Referenced To User-Defined Mag Var - This message appears when a user-defined magnetic variation other than 0 degrees is being used for navigation data. NAV Super Flag Failure — This message appears when an internal test fails for a specific NAV flag output. The KLN 94 is still usable, but any- thing connected to the super flag (such as [...]

Appendix B Message Page Messages B-6 Press PROC Button Now For Navigation — This message appears after the NAV flag has been set due to a RAIM problem while the KLN 94 is in the approach mode. By pressing the Procedure ( P ) button, the KLN 94 may be able to restore navigation information so that you can con- duct a missed approach based on navig[...]

KLN 94 Pilot’ s Guide Appendix B Message Page Messages B-7 Redundant WPTs In FPL Edit Enroute WPTs As Necessary — This message appears after the pilot inserts an approach, DP, or STAR in the flight plan and the KLN 94 determines that some waypoints that were in the flight plan are no longer needed. Examine the active flight plan and remove thos[...]

Appendix B Message Page Messages B-8 This page intentionally left blank[...]

APPENDIX C - SCRA TCHP AD MESSAGES Active Wpt - (Active Waypoint) Appears when you attempt to delete a user- defined waypoint on the AUX 12 page if the waypoint is the active waypoint (the waypoint you are navigating to). Another waypoint must be made the active waypoint before this waypoint can be deleted from the user-defined waypoint list. D Bas[...]

Invalid Del - (Invalid Delete) Appears when an attempt is made to delete an approach waypoint. Individual approach waypoints cannot be deleted, you must delete or replace the entire approach. Invalid Ent - (Invalid Entry) Appears when you attempt to enter data which is not a valid entry. For example, trying to enter a date of 30 FEB 95. Invalid Fre[...]

No Nrst - (No Nearest) Appears when the pilot selects a nearest list (APT, VOR, NDB, INT, USR, SUA, FSS or CTR), and there are no nearest items of that type within a 200 nm radius of the aircraft’s present position. No Such Wpt - (No Such Waypoint) Appears when there is no waypoint in the data- base corresponding to the entered identifier on the [...]

Appendix C Scratchpad Messages C-4 This page intentionally left blank[...]

APPENDIX D - ABBREVIA TIONS ST A TE ABBREVIA TIONS ABBREVIATION STATE AK Alaska AL Alabama AR Arkansas AZ Arizona CA California CO Colorado CT Connecticut DC District of Columbia DE Delaware FL Florida GA Georgia IA Iowa ID Idaho IL Illinois IN Indiana KS Kansas KY Kentucky LA Louisiana MA Massachusetts MD Maryland ME Maine MI Michigan MN Minnesota[...]

STATE ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) OR Oregon PA Pennsylvania RI Rhode Island SC South Carolina SD South Dakota TN Tennessee TX Texas UT Utah VA Virginia VT Vermont WA Washington WI Wisconsin WV West Virginia WY Wyoming CANADIAN PROVINCE ABBREVIA TIONS ABBREVIATION PROVINCE AB Alberta BC British Columbia MB Manitoba NB New Brunswick NF Newfoundland NS N[...]

COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) ANTARC ANTARCTICA (E. SPA REGION) ANTIGU ANTIGUA / BARBUDA ANTILL NETHERLANDS ANTILLES / ARUBA ARGENT ARGENTINA ARMENI ARMENIA / GEORGIA ASCENS ASCENSION ISLAND / ST. HELENA AUSTRA AUSTRALIA AUSTRI AUSTRIA AZERBA AZERBAIJAN BAHAMA BAHAMAS BAHRAI BAHRAIN BAKER BAKER ISLANDS BANGLA BANGLADESH BARBAD BARBADOS BELARU BE[...]

COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) CONGO CONGO COOK I COOK ISLANDS COSTA COSTA RICA CROATI CROATIA CUBA CUBA CYPRES CYPRESS CZECHO CZECHOSLOVAKIA DENMAR DENMARK DJIBOU DJIBOUTI DOM RE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOMINI DOMINICA ECUADO ECUADOR EGYPT EGYPT EL SAL EL SALVADOR EQ GUI EQUATORIAL GUINEA ERITRE ERITREA ESTONI ESTONIA / RUSSIA ETHIOP ETHIOPIA FALKLA [...]

COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) HONG K HONG KONG HUNGAR HUNGARY ICELAN ICELAND IND OC BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY INDIA INDIA INDONE INDONESIA IRAN IRAN IRAQ IRAQ IRELAN IRELAND ISRAEL ISRAEL ITALY ITALY IVORY IVORY COAST JAMAIC JAMAICA JAPAN JAPAN / OKINAWA JOHNST JOHNSTON ISLAND JORDAN JORDAN KAZ KY KAZAKHSTAN / KYRGYZSTAN KAZ RU KAZAKHSTAN /[...]

COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) MALDIV MALDIVES MALI MALI MALTA MALTA MARIAN MARIANA ISLANDS MARSHA MARSHALL ISLAND MELILL MELILLA (SPAIN) MEXICO MEXICO MIDWAY MIDWAY ISLAND MOLDOV MOLDOVA MONSER MONSERRAT I. MOROCC MOROCCO MOZAMB MOZAMBIQUE MRTIUS MAURITIUS MRTNIA MAURITANIA MW USA USA (IL,IN,KY,MI,OH,WI) MYANMA MYANMAR NAMIBI NAMIBIA NAURA NAURA[...]

COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) PORTUG PORTUGAL / AZORES / MADEIRA I. QATAR QATAR ROMANI ROMANIA RUSSIA RUSSIA RWANDA RWANDA S AFRI SOUTH AFRICA SAO TO SAO TOME / PRINCIPE SAUDI SAUDI ARABIA SC USA USA (AR,LA,OK,TX) SE USA USA (AL,FL,GA,MS,NC,SC,TN) SENEGA SENEGAL SEYCHE SEYCHELLES SIERRA SIERRA LEONE SINGAP SINGAPORE SLOVAK SLOVAKIA SLOVEN SLOVEN[...]

COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) VENEZU VENEZUELA VIETNA VIETNAM VINCEN ST. VINCENT VIR UK VIRGIN ISLANDS (U.K.) VIR US VIRGIN ISLANDS (U.S.) W SOMO AMERICAN/WESTERN SAMOA WAKE I WAKE ISLAND WALLIS WALLIS/FUTUNA ISLANDS YEMEN YEMEN (ARAB REPUBLIC) YUGOSL YUGOSLAVIA ZAIRE FORMER ZAIRE ZAMBIA ZAMBIA ZIMBAB ZIMBABWE ARTCC ABBREVIA TIONS ABBREVIATION A[...]

ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) ATH ATHENS ATL ATLANTA ATN ASTANA ATY ATYRAU AUC AUCKLAND AYA AYAGUS BAG BAGHDAD BAH BAHRAIN BAK BAKU BAL BALI BAN BANGKOK BAR BARCELONA BAS BALKHASH BAT BATAGAY BEI BEIJING BEL BELEM BER BERMUDA BIA BIAK BIS BISHKEK BLA BLAGOVESCHENSK BLG BELGRADE BLO BLOEMFONTEIN BOD BODO BOG BOGOTA BOM BOMBAY BOR BORDEAUX BOS BOSTO[...]

ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) BST BREST BUC BUCHAREST BUD BUDAPEST BUJ BUJUMBURA CAI CAIRO CAL CALCUTTA CAM CAMPO GRANDE CAM CENTRAL AMERICA CAN CANARIES CAP CAPE TOWN CAS CASABLANCA CHA CHAYBUKHA CHE CHELYABINSK CHI CHICAGO CHN CHENNAI CHO CHOKURDAKH CHR CHERSKY CHT CHITA CHU CHULMAN CLE CLEVELAND COC COCOS I COL COLOMBO COM COMODORO RIVADAVIA CO[...]

ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) EDM EDMONTON EMI EMIRATES ENT ENTEBBE EZE EZEIZA FRA FRANKFURT FW FT WORTH GAB GABORONE GAN GANDER DOMESTIC GEN GENEVA GEO GEORGETOWN GUA GUANGZHOU GUY GUAYAQUIL HAN HANOI HAR HARARE HAV HAVANA HK HONG KONG HNR HONIARA HOC HOCHIMINH HON HONOLULU CERAP HOU HOUSTON IND INDIANAPOLIS IRK IRKUTSK ISL ISLA DE PASCUA IST IST[...]

ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) KIG KIGALI KIN KINGSTON KIR KIRENSK KIS KISANGANI KK KOTA KINABALU KL KUALA LUMPUR KM KHANTY-MANSIYSK KNS KINSHASA KO KZYL-ORDA KO KYZYLORDA KOL KOLPASHEVO KOS KOSTANAY KOT KOTLAS KRA KRASNOVODSK KRK KARAKOL KRS KRASNOYARSK KRV KIROV KSH CHISINAU KSH KISHINAU KTM KHARTOUM KUN KUNMING KUR KURGAN KUW KUWAIT KYI KYIV LAH[...]

ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) MAR MARSEILLE MAU MAURITIUS MAZ MAZATLAN MDR MADRAS MEL MELBOURNE MEM MEMPHIS MEN MENDOZA MER MERIDA MEX MEXICO MGD MAGDAGACHI MIA MIAMI MIL MILAN MIN MINNEAPOLIS MIR MIRNY MLM MALMO MLT MALTA MNC MONCTON NORTHERN MNS MANAUS MNT MONTERREY MOG MOGADISHU MON MONTREAL MOS MOSCOW MRM MURMANSK MS MYS SHMIDTA MS MYS KAMENNY[...]

ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) NOV NOVOSIBIRSK NUK NUKUS NY NEW YORK NZE NEW ZEALAND OAK OAKLAND ODE ODESSA OKH OKHA OMS OMSK ORN ORENBURG OSH OSH OSK OKHOTSK OSL OSLO PA PUNTA ARENAS PAN PANAMA PAP PORT-AU-PRINCE PAR PARIS PAV PAVLODAR PE PORT ELIZABETH PEC PECHORA PEM PERM PEN PENZA PEP PETROPAVLOVSK PER PERTH PET PETERSBURG PET SAINT PETERSBURG [...]

ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) RMS REIMS ROB ROBERTS ROC ROCHAMBEAU ROM ROME ROS ROSTOV ROV ROVANIEMI SAI SAINSHAND SAL SAL SAM SAMARA SAN SANTIAGO SAR SARAJEVO SCO SCOTTISH SDO SANTO DOMINGO SEA SEATTLE SEM SEMIPALATINSK SEY SEYCHELLES SHA SHANGHAI SHE SHENYANG SHN SHANNON SHW SHANWICK SHY SHYMKENT SIM SIMFEROPOL SIN SINGAPORE SJU SAN JUAN SKO SKO[...]

ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) SYM SEYMCHAN TAE TAEGU TAH TAHITI TAI TAIPEI TAL TALLINN TAM TAMPERE TAR TARAZ TAS TASHKENT TAZ TASHAUZ TBI TBILISI TEH TEHRAN TEL TEL AVIV TIK TIKSI TIL TILICHIKI TIR TIRANA TKB TURKMENABAT TOK TOKYO TOR TORONTO TRI TRIPOLI TRO TRONDHEIM TUK TURKMENBASHI TUN TUNIS TUR TURUKHANSK TYU TYUMEN UFA UFA UJU UJUNG PANDANG U[...]

ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) WAS WASHINGTON WEL WELLINGTON WIN WINNIPEG WND WINDHOEK WUH WUHAN YAK YAKUTSK YAN YANGON YEK YEKATERINBURG YEN YENISEYSK YER YEREVAN YS YUZHNO-SAKHALINSK ZAG ZAGREB ZHA ZHAMBYL ZHK ZHEZKAZGAN ZHY ZHIGANSK ZUR ZURICH ZYR ZYRYANKA OTHER ABBREVIA TIONS USED ON KLN 94 P AGES A Airport waypoint A/C Aircraft ACQ Acquisition[...]

OTHER ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) DTK Desired track DUP Duplicate E East EDT Eastern Daylight Time ELE Elevation ENT Enter EST Eastern Standard Time ETA Estimated time of arrival ETE Estimated time en route FAILR Failure of receiver FPL Flight plan FPM Feet per minute FR From GDT Greenland Daylight Time GS Groundspeed GST Greenland Standard Time HAD H[...]

OTHER ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) P.POS Present position PDT Pacific Daylight Time POS Position POSN Position PRES Present PRS Pressure PST Pacific Standard Time PUB Published PWR Power RAD Radial RCVR Receiver REF Reference REQ Required RES Reserve fuel S South S Supplemental waypoint SDT Samoa Daylight Time SET Setup SNR Signal-to-noise ratio SST Sa[...]

Appendix D Abbreviations D-20 This page intentionally left blank[...]

APPENDIX E - LA T/LON CONVERSIONS The KLN 94 utilizes latitude and longitude expressed in degrees, minutes, and hundredths of a minute. You may occasionally see a document expressing latitude and longitude in degrees, minutes, and seconds. This table may be used to convert seconds to hundredths of a minute. SECONDS (“) HUNDREDTHS OF A MINUTE (‘[...]

LAT/LON CONVERSIONS (Cont’d) SECONDS (“) HUNDREDTHS OF A MINUTE (‘) 33 .55 34 .57 35 .58 36 .60 37 .62 38 .63 39 .65 40 .67 41 .68 42 .70 43 .72 44 .73 45 .75 46 .77 47 .78 48 .80 49 .82 50 .83 51 .85 52 .87 53 .88 54 .90 55 .92 56 .93 57 .95 58 .97 59 .98 For example: 35° 46’ 24” is the same as 35° 46.40’ 32° 15’ 58” is the same[...]

APPENDIX F - GPS PRIMER BACKGROUND The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation sys- tem that was originally conceived and implemented by the United States Department of Defense (DoD). The system is, however, available to all civilian users free of charge. GPS provides extremely precise position, velocity, and time informatio[...]

quickly lock on to the satellites in view. Otherwise, the receiver would have to look for each of the 24 satellites to determine which ones could be used. Almanac data is very crude data which describes the approximate orbital position of the satellites. Each of the 24 satellites transmits the almanac data for all satellites, so a GPS receiver has [...]

RAIM Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) is a function that every IFR-certified GPS receiver must continuously perform to assure an accu- rate position. One characteristic of the GPS Space and Control Segments is that they can’t instantly fix a satellite if it begins sending misleading positioning information. For this reason, a GPS r[...]

• Improved position accuracy. • The ability of the GPS receiver to perform the RAIM calculations is enhanced without degrading position tracking. Appendix F GPS Primer F-4[...]

APPENDIX G - OPERA TIONAL COMP ARISON: KLN 94 VS. KLN 89B If you are an experienced user of the KLN 89B GPS this appendix is for you. It identifies most of the significant operational enhancements of the KLN 94 compared to the KLN 89B. Not only have new features been added to the KLN 94, but shortcut methods have been added to make existing feature[...]

• QuickTune™ Comm and Nav frequencies into KX 155A and KX 165A (section 3-15). Note : Additional wires must be installed between the KLN 94 and the KX 155A or KX 165A for QuickTune™ to be operational. • Manually from cursor over frequency and press ENT • Automatically when ILS, LOC, VOR approach loaded into active flight plan • A new de[...]

• “AUTO” is shown next to the map scale when automatic range scal- ing has been selected (section 3.11.4.9). • Added waypoints from the “nearest list” to the active flight plan way- points on the NAV 4 (map) scan list (section 3.11.4.11). • Rotatable aircraft symbol on map in place of diamond symbol for North-up and DTK-up map orienta[...]

• Procedure turns and holding patterns associated with approaches, DPs, and STARs are displayed on the map (section 3.11.4.12). • New airport map icons now distinguish between airports having hard surface runways vs. soft surface runways and show the orien- tation of the longest runway if available (section 3.11.4.7). • New highway map icons [...]

KLN 94 Pilot’ s Guide Index I-1 KLN 94 INDEX A Abbreviations Airport names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-24, 3-51 Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-60 ARTCC/FIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-8 Canadian [...]

Alerting Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-6 Special Use Airspace (SUA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-66 Voltage, avionics bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-20 Waypoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]

AUX 1 GPS status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-21 AUX 2 GPS status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-23 AUX 3 RAIM prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-37 AUX 4 Trip planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [...]

Index I-4 Cities on map display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-44 City of airport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-51 Clear button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-0 Communication frequencies Airports . . . .[...]

Data entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-14 Date and time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-4, 5-39 Decluttering map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-43, 3-45, 3-48 Default first waypoint identifier character . . . . . . . . . . .[...]

Index I-6 E Editing Flight plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-5, 4-6 DP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-43 STAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-43 Emergency nearest airport . . . . . . .[...]

Frequencies, QuickTune™ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-70 Frequencies for airport communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-55 FSS frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-31 Fuel availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]

K KA 92 antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1 Kilometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-14 KLN 89B Operational comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .G-1 L Lakes on map display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]

OBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-15, 6-18, 6-26, 6-29, 6-34, 6-45 Leg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-14 Selecting Leg or OBS mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-14 MOVE? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [...]

ORS (Operational Revision Status) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cover, 3-2 Outer markers (OM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3, 3-61, 3-62 Overzoom icon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-48 P Page bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]

Scanning waypoint names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-23 Scratchpad messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-18 Screen organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-9 Selected course, See “OBS mode” Selecting Approach . . . . . . . . . . . [...]

Sunrise / Sunset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-31 Surface, runway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-54 System components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-0, 1-1 T Take-Home mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [...]

VOR 2 page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-61 VOR data Bearing and distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-61 Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-60 Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [...]

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