National Instruments PCI-4451 manuale d’uso

DAQ PCI-4451/4452 User Manual Dynamic Signal Acquisition Device for PCI April 1998 Edition Part Numb er 32189 1A-01 User.book Page 1 Tuesday, April 14, 1998 10:20 AM[...]

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Important Information Warranty The PCI-4451/4 452 is warranted again st defects in mate ria ls and workmansh ip for a peri od of one year from the date of shipment, as ev idenced by receipts or other documenta tion. National Ins truments will, a t its option, repa ir or replace equipme nt that proves to be defective during the warrant y period. Thi[...]

© Nationa l Instrument s Corporation v PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual Contents About Th is Manual Organization of Th is Manual ............... ........... ................. ................. ................. ............ ix Conventions Used in This Manual.................. ........... ................. ................. ................. . x Nationa[...]

Contents PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual vi © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion Device and RTSI C locks ...................... ........... ................. ................. .............. 3-11 Selecting Sample/Update Clock Freq uency ....... ................. ................. ................. ........ 3-12 Device Configuration Issues......... .[...]

Conten ts © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation vii PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual Chapter 5 Calibration Loading Calibr ation Constants ............ ................. ........... ................. ................. ............ 5-1 Self-Calibration ............. ................. ................. ................. ................. ........... ......[...]

Contents PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Manua l viii © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion Figures Figure 3-1. Digital Function Block Diagr am ................. ................. ................. ........ 3-1 Figure 3-2. Analog Function Blo ck Diagram ........................... ............ ................. .. 3-2 Figure 3-3. Below-Low-Level Trig gering [...]

© Nationa l Instrument s Corporation ix PCI-4451/ 4452 Use r Manual About This Manual This manual describes the electrical and mechanical aspects of the PCI-44 51 and PCI-4 452 de vices and cont ains infor mation concerning thei r operation . Unless otherwis e noted, the te xt applies to bot h de vices. The PCI-4451 an d PCI-4452 are high-performa[...]

About Th is Manual PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual x © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion •T h e Glossary contains an alphabetical list and description o f terms used in this m an ual, including abbreviations, acronyms, metric pref ixes, mn emonics, a nd symbols. •T h e Index contains an alphabetical list of ke y terms and top ics in this manual[...]

About This Ma nual © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation xi PCI-44 51/4452 Use r Manual National Instruments Documentation The PCI -4451/4452 User Manu al is one piece of the docum entation set for your D A Q system. Y ou could h av e an y of se v eral types of man uals dependin g on the hard ware and software in your syst em. Use the manuals you h[...]

© Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 1-1 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual 1 Introduction This chapt er descri bes the PC I-445 1 and PCI -4452 d evices, li sts what you need to get start ed, explains how to unpack your devi ces, and describes the optional so ftware and optional eq ui pment. The PCI-4451/445 2 are high-per formance, high- accuracy an al[...]

Chapter 1 Introduction PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 1-2 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion What Y ou Need to Get Started To set up and use you r PCI-4451 or PCI-4452, you w ill need the foll owing: ❑ One of the follo wing devices: PCI-44 51 PCI-44 52 ❑ PCI-4451 /4452 Se ries User M anual ❑ Y ou may ha ve one or more o f the follo wing s o[...]

Chap ter 1 Int rodu ction © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 1-3 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual Software Programming Choices There are sev eral optio ns to choose fr om to pro gram and use you r National Instruments device. Yo u can use LabVIE W for Windows, LabWindows/C VI for Windows , VirtualBench- DSA, Compon entWorks, and Measure. National Ins[...]

Chapter 1 Introduction PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 1-4 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion applicatio n you ca n use to make measurements as you w ould with a standard dynamic analyzer . Componen tW orks contains t ools for dat a acquis ition and instrument control built on NI-D A Q driv er software. ComponentW orks provides a higher-le vel pro[...]

Chap ter 1 Int rodu ction © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 1-5 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual • T o create yo ur o wn accessories, you can use an AMP 68 -pin right-angle PWB receptacle h eader , part number 787254- 1. • Recommended manuf acturer part numb ers for the 68-pin mating connector for the cab le assembly are as follo ws: – AMP 68-[...]

© Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 2-1 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual 2 Installation and Configuration This chapt er explains how to i nstall and configure y our PCI- 4451/4452 device. Software Installation Note Install your software bef ore you install your PCI-4451/4452 device. If you are using NI- D A Q, refer to yo ur NI-D A Q release n otes. F[...]

Chapter 2 Installation an d Configurat ion PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 2-2 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion 7. Check the instal lation. 8. Replace the cov er . 9. Plug in and turn on your co mputer . The PCI-44 51/4452 de vice is no w installed. Y ou are no w ready t o conf igure your so ftware. Device Configuration The PCI-445 1/4452 d evic[...]

© Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 3-1 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual 3 Hardware Over view This chapte r presents an ov erview of the hardware funct ions on yo ur PCI-44 51/4452 devi ce. Fig ure 3-1 sho ws a block diagram of the digi tal function s. Figure 3-2 shows a block diagra m of the analo g function s. The two function blocks connect through[...]

Chapte r 3 Hard ware Ov erview PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 3-2 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion Figur e 3-2. An alog Fun ction Block D iagram AC/DC Coupling MUX0 INPUT/CAL MUX0 0 dB/20 dB A TTEN MUX0 AC/DC Coupling MUX1 INPUT/CAL MUX1 0 dB/20 dB A TTEN MUX1 ENABLE1 Analog Bus Analog Mezzanine Bus (to Digital Section) Serial Data Manager DIFF[...]

Chapt er 3 Hardwa re O verv iew © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 3-3 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual Analog Input The analog inp ut section of each PCI-4451 /4452 device is sof tware configu rable. You can sel ect different analog input con figurat ions throu gh application software. The following sections describe in detail each of the analog inp[...]

Chapte r 3 Hard ware Ov erview PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 3-4 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion All data read from the ADC is interpreted as two’ s complement format. In two’ s complement mode, digital data v alues read from the analo g input channel are either p ositiv e or negati ve. Consideration s for Selecting I nput Range s The inp[...]

Chapt er 3 Hardwa re O verv iew © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 3-5 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual Caution If yo u exceed the rated input voltages, yo u can damage the computer and the connected equipment. Analog Output The analog out put section of the PCI-4451 d evice is softwar e-configurabl e. You can select dif ferent analog output con figu[...]

Chapte r 3 Hard ware Ov erview PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 3-6 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion Note The device b oots in a mode with the outputs disabled AND infinitely ( ∞ ) attenuated . Althou gh these functions appear sim ilar , they are quit e distinct and are implemented to protect your external equipment from startup transients. Whe[...]

Chapt er 3 Hardwa re O verv iew © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 3-7 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual you can con figure the analog input section to acquir e a giv en number of samples after the analog input signal crosses a specif ic threshold. As another example, yo u can conf igure th e analog output section to generate an output w av eform when[...]

Chapte r 3 Hard ware Ov erview PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 3-8 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion In abov e-high-level triggering mode, the trigger is gene rated wh en the signal value is greater than highVal ue . LowValue is unused . Figu re 3-4. Above -High -Level T rigg ering Mode In inside-region triggering mod e , the trigg e r is g enera[...]

Chapt er 3 Hardwa re O verv iew © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 3-9 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual In low-hysteresis triggering mode, the trigg er is generated when the si gnal v alue is less than lowValu e , with the hysteresis specif ied by highV alu e . Figu re 3-7. Low -Hysteresi s T rigge ring Mode Y ou can us e digital trigge ring through [...]

Chapte r 3 Hard ware Ov erview PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 3-10 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion Figur e 3-8. RTSI Bu s Signal Conn ection Refer to the Chapter 4 , Signal Con necti on s fo r a des c ript i on of th e signals sho w n in F igure 3- 8. Digita l I/O The PCI-445 1/4452 d evices contain eight lines o f digital I /O for general-p u[...]

Chapt er 3 Hardwa re O verv iew © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 3-11 PCI -4451/4452 Us er Manual T iming Signal Routing The DAQ-STC provides a flexible interface for connectin g timing signals to other devices or t o external circu itry. Your PCI -4451/4452 device use s the RTSI bus to interconne ct timing signals between devices, and uses th[...]

Chapte r 3 Hard ware Ov erview PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 3-12 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion A PCI-4451/4452 device can use either its internal 20 MHz timebase or a timebase recei ved ov er the R TSI bus. In addition, if you configure the de vice to use th e internal timebase, you can pr ogram the de vice to dri v e its inter nal t im eb[...]

Chapt er 3 Hardwa re O verv iew © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 3-13 PCI -4451/4452 Us er Manual Device Configuration Issues Selecting a sample rate that is less than two times the frequency of a band of interest can lead you to believe the board is funct ioning improp erly. By undersampl ing the signal, you co uld receive what appears to be [...]

© Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 4-1 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual 4 Signal Connections This chapt er descr ibes how to make input an d output connections to your PCI-4451/ 4452 device via th e analog I/O and digital I/O con nectors of t he device. The analog I/O co nnector for the PCI-44 51/4452 connects to the BNC-2140 DSA accessory thro ugh t[...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 4-2 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion Analog I/O Connect or Signal Descrip tions Figur e 4-1 shows t he analog pi n connection s for th e PCI-4451/ 4452. Figur e 4-1. Anal og Pin C onnecti ons GND +5 V NC NC NC NC NC -DAC1 OUT NC -DAC0 OUT NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC[...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 4-3 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual Table 4- 1. Analog I/O Co nnector P in Assig nment Signal Name Reference Dir ection Description +ACH <0.. 3> AIGND Inp ut +Analog Input Cha nne l 0 t hrough 3—T he PCI-4451 uses +ACH<0 ..1> an d the PCI-4452 us es +AC H<0..3>. − [...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 4-4 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion Table 4 -2. Analog I/O Sign al Summ ary Signal Name Signal T ype and Directio n Impedance Input/ Output Protectio n (V ol ts) On/Off Sour ce (mA at V) Sink (mA at V) Ris e Time (ns) Bias +ACH<0 ..3> AI 1 M Ω in pa rallel with 50 pF to AIGND [...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 4-5 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual Digital I /O Connector Sig nal Descriptio ns Figur e 4-2 shows t he digita l pin conne ctions for the PCI -4451/4452 . Figu re 4-2 . Di gital Pin Connect ions Refer to Appendix B, Pin Conne ctions , for the d igital pin conne c tions of the 68-pin con[...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 4-6 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion Table 4- 3. Digital I/O Connecto r Pin Ass ignment Signal Name Reference Direc tion Description DIO<0..7> DGND Input or Output Digi tal I/O chann els 0 thro ugh 7 —Channe ls 6 a nd 7 ca n con tro l th e up/do w n sig nal of gene ral-purpo se[...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 4-7 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual GPCTR1_OUT DGND Output G eneral-Purpo se Co unter 1 Ou tput PFI6/WFTR IG DGND Input Output PFI6/ Wavefor m T rigger—A s an input, this is one of the PFIs. As a n output, this is the WFT RIG sign al. In t imed ana log outpu t s eq ue n ces, a low- to[...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 4-8 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion Tabl e 4-4. Digital I /O Signa l Summa r y Signal Name Signal T ype and Directio n Impedance Input/ Output Protectio n (V ol ts) On/Off Sour ce (mA at V) Sink (mA at V) Rise Time (ns) Bias DGND DIO — — — — — — +5 V DIO 0.15 Ω Sho rt-ci[...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 4-9 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual Analog Input Signal Connections The analog inpu t signals f or the PC I-4 451 /4452 d evices are +ACH<0..3>, − ACH<0..3>, and AIGND. The + ACH<0.. 1> signals are tied to the two analog in put channels of your PCI -4451, and ±ACH&l[...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 4-10 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion amplif ier output v oltage is re ferenced to th e ground fo r the de vice. Y our PCI-4451/ 44 52 de vice A/D con verter (ADC ) m easures thi s o utput v oltage when it perform s A/D con versions. Connect ion of an alog input signals to your P CI-44[...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 4-11 PCI -4451/4452 Us er Manual Analog Output Signal Connections The analog ou tput signals for the PCI-4451 device are +DAC0OUT, − DAC0OUT, +DAC1OUT, -DAC1OUT, and AOGND. +DA C0OUT and − DAC0OUT are the pl us and min us voltage output signals for analog output channel 0. +DAC1[...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 4-12 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion terminals is still equa l to the desired signal. If the minus side is grounde d, the plus voltage is equal to the signal. Co nversely , if the plus side is grounded, th e mi nus voltage is equal to the negative of the signal. In all cases, the diff[...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 4-13 PCI -4451/4452 Us er Manual Figure 4-5 shows signal connecti ons for th ree typical di gital I/O applications. Figu re 4-5. Digital I/O Conne ctions Figure 4-5 shows DIO<0..3> conf igured f or digital input and DIO<4..7> conf igured for digital outpu t. Digital inpu[...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 4-14 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion Digital Power Connections Four pins on the digital I/O connector supply +5 V from the computer power supply vi a a self-resetting fuse. The fuse wil l rese t auto matically within a few seconds after the o vercurrent condition is remov ed. These pi[...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 4-15 PCI -4451/4452 Us er Manual As an input, you can in di vidually conf igure each PFI for edg e or le vel detection and for po larity selection as well. Y ou can use the polarity selection for any of the timing sign als, but the edge or level detection depends u pon the p articul[...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 4-16 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion Pretriggered data acquisition allows you to vie w data that is acqu ired before the trigger of interest in addi tion to data acqui red after the trig ger . Figure 4-7 sho ws a typical pretriggered acqu isition sequence. The description for each sig[...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 4-17 PCI -4451/4452 Us er Manual PFI1/TR IG2 (PRETR IG) Signal Any PFI pin can externally in put the PFI/1TRIG2 (PRETRIG) sign a l, which is available as an ou tput on the PFI1/TR IG2 (PRETRIG) pin. Refer to Figure 4-7 for the relationshi p of PFI1/TRIG2 to th e acquisition sequence[...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 4-18 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion EXTSTROBE* Signa l EXTSTROBE* is an output-o nly signal that generates either a singl e pulse or a sequence of eight pulses in the hardware-stro be mode. An external device can use this signal to latch sig nals or to trigger events. In single-pulse[...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 4-19 PCI -4451/4452 Us er Manual General-Purp ose T iming Signal Con nections The general -purpose timin g signals are GP CTR0_SOURCE, GPCTR0_GATE, GPCTR0_OUT, GPCTR0_UP_DOWN, GPCTR1_SOURCE, GPCTR1_GATE, GPCTR1_OUT, GPCTR1_UP_DOWN, and FREQ_OUT. GPCTR0_SOURCE Sign al Any PFI pin can[...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 4-20 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion GPCTR0_GA TE Signal Any PFI pin can ex ternally input the GPC TR0 _GATE signal, wh ich is availab le as an ou tput on t he PFI9/GP CTR0_GATE pi n. As an input, th e GPCTR0_GA TE sig nal is configured in the edge-detection mode. Y ou can select a ny[...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 4-21 PCI -4451/4452 Us er Manual GPCTR1_SOURCE Sign al Any PFI pin can ext ern al ly in put the GPCTR1 _SOURCE signal , whi ch i s availab le as an ou tput on t he PFI3/GP CTR1_SOURCE p in. As an input , the GPCTR1 _SOURCE signal i s conf igured in edge-detectio n mode. Y ou can sel[...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 4-22 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion As an output, the GPCTR1_GA TE signal monitors the ac tual gate signal connected to ge neral-pu rpose counter 1. This is true ev en if the gate is externally generated by anot her PFI signal. Thi s output is set to tri-state at startup. GPCTR1_OUT [...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 4-23 PCI -4451/4452 Us er Manual Figure 4-13. GPCTR Tim ing Summa ry The GA TE and OUT signal transitions shown in F igure 4-13 ar e referenced to the rising edge of the SOURCE s ignal. This timing diagram assumes that you prog rammed the counter s to coun t rising edges . The same [...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 4-24 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion The OUT output timing parameters are ref erenced to the signal at the SOURCE inpu t or to one of th e internal ly generat ed clock si gnals on t he PCI-44 51/4452 de vices. Figure 4-13 sho ws th e OUT signal ref erenced to the rising edge of a sour[...]

Chapter 4 Signal Connections © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 4-25 PCI -4451/4452 Us er Manual The following recommendations apply for all sig nal connectio ns to digit al signal r outing fro m your PC I-4451/ 4452 de vice: • The dig ital output signal integrity is greatly influenced by th e length of the cable being driv en. Minimize cable [...]

© Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 5-1 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual 5 Calibration This chapt er discus ses the cali bration proced ures for your PCI-44 51/4452 device. Your PCI-44 51/4452 is shipped with a calibration certificate. The traceability information is stored in National Instruments corpo rate databases and is not actually shown on your[...]

Chapter 5 Calibration PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 5-2 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion not very accu rate because it does no t take into account the f act that the de vice measurement and output v oltage errors can vary with time and temperature. It is better to self-calibrate when you install the device in your en vironment. Self-Calibratio[...]

Chapter 5 Calibration © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 5-3 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual you can save the results in the EEPR OM, so y ou should n ot hav e to perform an extern al calibration very often. Y ou can externally calibrate your de vice by calling the NI-D AQ calibration function. T o externally calibrate your de vice, be sure to use a[...]

© Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 6-1 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual 6 Theor y of Analog Operation This chapte r contains a fu nctional overview and explains the operation of each analog fu nctional unit making up the PCI-4 451/4452. Functional Overview See Figure 3-2, Analog Functio n Block Diagram , for a ge neral block diagram o f the PCI-4 451[...]

Chapter 6 Theor y of An alog Opera tion PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 6-2 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion The 90 dB dyn amic range of the PCI -4451/4452 d evi ces is the result of lo w noise and distortion and makes possible high-accuracy measurements. The de vices hav e ex cellent ampl itude flatness of ±0.1 dB, and ha ve a maximum total ha[...]

Chapt er 6 Th eor y of Analo g Opera tion © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 6-3 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual Antialias Fi ltering A sampling system (such as an ADC) can represent si gnals of only limited bandwidth. Specifically , a sampling rate of F s can only represent signals with a maximum frequency of F s /2. This ma ximum fr equency is kno[...]

Chapter 6 Theor y of An alog Opera tion PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 6-4 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion has an extremely flat frequenc y response in t he bandwidth of interest, and it has very little phase error . The analog f ilter precedes the analog sampler , which operates at 128 times the selected sample rate (26.2144 MS/s in the case [...]

Chapt er 6 Th eor y of Analo g Opera tion © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 6-5 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual Figu re 6-1. Inpu t Frequ ency Re sponse Amplitude (dB) Frequency/Sample Rate (f s ) 0.00 –20.00 –40.00 –60.00 –80.00 –100.00 –120.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 User.book Page 5 Tuesday, April 14, 1998 10:20 AM[...]

Chapter 6 Theor y of An alog Opera tion PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 6-6 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion Figu re 6-2. Input Freq uency Resp onse Near the Cuto ff Because the ADC samples at 128 times the data rate, frequency components above 64 times the data rate can alias. The digital filter rejects most of the frequency ran ge ov er which [...]

Chapt er 6 Th eor y of Analo g Opera tion © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 6-7 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual versus sample rate is illustrated in Fig ure 6-3. For fr equencies no t near multiples of th e oversample rate, the rejection is better than 85 dB. Figur e 6-3. Alias Rejectio n at the Oversampl e Rate There is a form of aliasing that no [...]

Chapter 6 Theor y of An alog Opera tion PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 6-8 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion Figur e 6-4. Com parison of a Cl ipped Sig nal to a Proper S ignal An ov errange can occur on the analog sign al as well as on the digitized signal. Furthermore, an analog o verrang e can occur independen tly from a digital overrange and [...]

Chapt er 6 Th eor y of Analo g Opera tion © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 6-9 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual The resulting output of the filter is a band-limited sign a l with a dynamic range of ov er 90 d B. One of the adv antages of a delta-sigma ADC is that it uses a 1-bit D AC as an in ternal reference, whereas mo st 16-bit ADCs use 16-bit r[...]

Chapter 6 Theor y of An alog Opera tion PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 6-10 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion Analog Output Circuitr y The PCI-445 1 has two analog output ch annels, either o f which is illustrated in Figu re 4-4, Analog Output Ch annel Block Diag ram . A common application for the analog output is to stimulate a system under tes[...]

Chapt er 6 Th eor y of Analo g Opera tion © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 6-11 PCI -4451/4452 Us er Manual of eight times the sample rate , as sho wn in Figure 6-5c. Still, imag es remain and the y must be f iltered ou t. Each out put channel of the PCI -4451 has discrete-time (switched-capacitor) and continuous-time analog f ilt ers that rem[...]

Chapter 6 Theor y of An alog Opera tion PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual 6-12 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion The DAC The 64-times o versampli ng delta-sigma DAC s on the PC I-4451 work in the same way as delta-sigm a ADC s, only in reverse. The digital data fi rst passes through a digital lo wpas s filter and then goes to the d e lta-sig ma mod[...]

Chapt er 6 Th eor y of Analo g Opera tion © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation 6-13 PCI -4451/4452 Us er Manual Mute Feature The two-channel DAC chip on the PCI-4451 goes into mute mode if the chip receives at least 4,096 consecutive zero values on both channels at once. In mute mode , the outputs clamp to groun d and the noise floor drops from ab[...]

© Nationa l Instrument s Corporation A-1 PCI-4451/4452 Us er Manual A Specifications This appendix lis ts the specifications of the PCI-4451/ 44 52. These specifications are typical at 25° C unless otherwise noted. The system must be allo wed to warm-up for 15 minutes to achiev e the rated accur acy . Note Be sure to k eep the cover on your compu[...]

Appendix A Specifica tions PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual A-2 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion FIFO buffer size............... ................. ......512 samples Data transfers ........ ................. .................DMA, prog rammed I/O, interrupt T ransfer Ch aracteristics INL (relative accuracy) .......... .................±2 LSB DNL .[...]

Appendix A Spe cifications © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation A-3 PCI-44 51/4452 Use r Manual Amplif ier Ch aracteris tics Input impedance ............................ ......... 1 M Ω in parallel with 50 pF (+ and − each to AIGND) Frequency response Gain 0, +10, +20 , +30, +40 dB ................ ±0.1 dB, 0 to 95 k Hz, 204 .8 kS/s, DC coupl[...]

Appendix A Specifica tions PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual A-4 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion Figur e A-1. Idle Ch annel Noi se (T ypic al) Input nois e spectral density .............. ......8 nV/ (achievable on ly at Gain = +50 dB or +60 d B) Dynamic Characte ristics Alias-free bandwidth ....... ................. ......DC to 0.464 f s Alias r[...]

Appendix A Spe cifications © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation A-5 PCI-44 51/4452 Use r Manual Phase linearity .................... ................. ... ±1°, Gain ≥ 0 dB, ±2°, Gain < 0 dB Interchannel phase........ ................. ......... ±1°, Gain ≥ 0 dB, ±2°, Gain < 0 dB (same configur ation all input channels) Interchann[...]

Appendix A Specifica tions PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual A-6 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion Output signal range, software-selectable FIFO buffer size............... ................. ......512 samples Data transfers .............. ..... ...... .................DMA, programm ed I/O, Interr upt T ransfer Ch aracteristics Offset (residual DC) .[...]

Appendix A Spe cifications © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation A-7 PCI-44 51/4452 Use r Manual Dynamic Characte ristics Image-free ban dwidth ................... ......... DC to 0.450 f s Image rejection......................... ........... ... 90 dB, 0.550 f s < f out < 6 3.450 f s Spurious-f ree dynamic range .............. ... 90 dB, DC [...]

Appendix A Specifica tions PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual A-8 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion Digital logi c le vels Power-on state ............ ..... ...... ...... ...........Input (High-Z) Data transfers ........ ................. .................Programme d I/O T iming I/O Number of channels ..................... ...........2 up/down count[...]

Appendix A Spe cifications © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation A-9 PCI-44 51/4452 Use r Manual DMA modes ...... ........... ................. ......... Scatter gather T ri ggers Analog T rigger Source PCI-4451 ..................... ................. ... ACH<0..1> PCI-4452 ..................... ................. ... ACH<0..3> Level....[...]

Appendix A Specifica tions PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual A-10 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion Available power ............... ................. ......+4.65 to +5.25 VDC at 0.5 A (analog I/O connector) Available power ............... ................. ......+4.65 to +5.25 VDC at 1.0 A (digital I/O connector ) Physical Dimension s (not in cludi[...]

© Nationa l Instrument s Corporation B-1 PCI-44 51/4452 Use r Manual B Pin Connections This appen dix describes the pin co nnections on th e optional 68-pin digital accessories for the PCI-44 51 and PCI-4452 devices. User.book Page 1 Tuesday, April 14, 1998 10:20 AM[...]

Appendix B Pin Con nections PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual B-2 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion Figur e B- 1. 68-Pin Dig ital Conn ector for any Dig ital Access ory N/C N/C N/C N/C N/C N/C N/C N/C N/C N/C +5 V DIO(0) DIO(1) DIO(2) EXTSTROBE* DIO(3) DIO(4) DIO(5) DIO(6) DIO(7) RESERVED1 CONVERT* PFI1/TRIG2 (PRETRIG) PFI0/TRIG1 (EXT_TRIG) PFI3/GP[...]

© Nationa l Instrument s Corporation C-1 PCI-44 51/4452 Use r Manual C Customer Communication Fo r your con venience, this appendix contains forms to help y ou gather the inform ation necessary to help us solv e your technical pr oblems and a form you can use to com ment on the product documentation. When you contact us, we need the information o [...]

PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual C-2 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion Fax-on-Demand Support Fax -on-Demand is a 24-hour information ret riev al system co ntaining a library of documents on a wide range of techn ical information. Y ou can access F ax-on-Demand f rom a touch-tone telephone at 512 418 1111. E-Mail Support (Currently USA Only) Y ou c[...]

T echnical Support Form Photocopy this form and u pdate it each time you make chan ges to your sof tware or har dware, an d use the completed cop y of this form as a reference fo r your curr ent configur ation. Completing this fo rm accurately before contacting National Instruments for techn ical support helps our applications engineers answer your[...]

PCI-4451/4452 Hardware and Software Configuration Form Record the settings and re vi sions of your hardware and software on the line to the right of each item. Complete a ne w copy of this form each tim e you re vise your software or hard wa re con f i guration, an d use this form as a r eference for yo ur current conf iguration. Co mpleting this f[...]

Documentation Comment F orm National Instrumen ts encourages you to comment on th e document ation supp lied with ou r product s. This information hel ps us provide quality products to m eet yo ur needs. Tit le : PCI-4451/ 4452 User Man ual Editio n Date: April 199 8 Part Number : 321891A-01 Please comment on the completeness, clarity , and or gani[...]

© Nationa l Instrument s Corporation G -1 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual Glossar y Pref ix M eanings V alue p- pico 10 –1 2 n- nano- 10 –9 µ- micro- 10 –6 m- milli- 10 –3 k- kilo- 10 3 M- meg a- 10 6 G- giga- 10 9 t- tera- 10 12 Numbers/Sy mbols °d e g r e e Ω ohm % percent + pos iti ve of , or plus – neg ativ e of, or minu s /p e r A A[...]

Gloss ar y PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual G-2 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion ADC an alog-to-digital con verter—an e lectronic de vice, often an integ rated circuit, that con verts an analog v oltage to a di gital number ADC res olution th e size of the discrete steps in the ADC ’ s input-to-output transfer function ; therefore, the smalle[...]

Glossary © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation G -3 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual B b bit — one bi nary di git, eith er 0 o r 1 B byt e—eight relat ed bits of d ata, an eig ht-bit binary number . Also used to denote th e amount of memory require d to store one by te of data bandwidth the range of frequencies present in a signal, o r the range of [...]

Gloss ar y PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual G-4 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion clip clipping occurs when an in put signal exceeds the inpu t range of the amplifier clock h ardware component th at controls timing for read ing from or writing to grou ps CMOS complementary metal-oxide semicondu ctor CMRR com m o n-mode rejection ratio—a measu re[...]

Glossary © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation G -5 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual current driv e capability the amount of current a digit a l or analo g output channel is capable of sourcing or sin king while still operating within v oltage range specifications current sinking the ability of a D A Q boa rd to dissipate current for analog or digital o[...]

Gloss ar y PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual G-6 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion delta- sigma mod ulati ng ADC a high-accurac y circui t that samples at a higher rate and lo w er resolution than is needed and (by mean s of feedback loop s) pushes the quan tization noise above the frequency range of interest. This out-of-band no is e is typically [...]

Glossary © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation G -7 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual E EEPR OM electrically erasable programmable re ad-only memory—R OM that can be erased with an electrical signal and r eprogrammed EMC electromechan ical compliance encoder a device that con verts linear or rotary displacement in to digital or pulse signals. The most [...]

Gloss ar y PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual G-8 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion filtering a type of sign al conditionin g that allows you to attenuate unwanted portion s of the signal you are trying to measure FIR finite impulse response—a non recursive digital filter with linear phase flash ADC an ADC whose output code is determined in a sing[...]

Glossary © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation G -9 PCI-4451/ 4452 User Ma nual H h hour half-po wer bandwidth the frequenc y range ov er which a circuit maintains a level of at least –3 dB with respect to the nomin al le vel handshaked digital I/O a type of digital acquisition/generation where a device or module accepts or transfers data after a[...]

Gloss ar y PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual G-10 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion input impedance the measured resistance and capacitance between the input terminals of a circuit input of fset current the dif ference in the input bias currents of the tw o inputs of an instrumentation amplifier instrument dri ver a set of high-le vel software func[...]

Glossary © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation G-11 PCI-4451/4452 Us er Manual K k kilo —the standard metric pr efix for 1,000 , or 10 3 , used with units of measure such as v olts, hertz, and meters K kilo —th e pref i x for 1,024, or 2 10 , used wit h B in quan tifying data or computer memory kbytes/s a un it for da ta transfe r that me ans 1[...]

Gloss ar y PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual G-12 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion M m meters M (1) Mega, the standard me tric prefix for 1 million or 10 6 , when used with units of measure such as v olts and hert z; (2) meg a, the prefi x for 1,048,57 6, or 2 20 , when used with B to quantify data or computer memory Mbytes/s a unit for data trans[...]

Glossary © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation G-13 PCI-4451/4452 Us er Manual nonreferenc ed signal sources signal sources with v oltage signals that are not conn ected to an absolute reference or system grou nd. Also called floating si gnal sources. Some common e xample of nonrefe renced signal sourc es are batteries, transformers, or thermocoupl[...]

Gloss ar y PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual G-14 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion peak to peak a measure of signal amplitude; the dif ference between the highest and lowest e xcursions of the signal PFI pro gramm able fu ncti on input Plug and Play devices devices that do no t require DIP swi tches or jumpers to conf igure resources on the de vic[...]

Glossary © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation G-15 PCI-4451/4452 Us er Manual R real t ime a property of an e vent or system in which data is p rocessed as it is acquired instead of being accu mulated and processed at a later time relati ve accur acy a measure in LSB of the linearity of an ADC. It includes all non-linearity and quanti zation error[...]

Gloss ar y PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual G-16 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion sample co unter the clo ck that coun ts the outp ut of the channel clock, in other words , the number of samples take n. On boards wi th simul taneous samp ling, th is counter counts the output of the scan clock and hence the number of scans. SE single-ended—a ter[...]

Glossary © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation G-17 PCI-4451/4452 Us er Manual STC s ystem timi ng contro ller switchless device devices that do not require dip switches or jumpers to configure r esources on the de vices—also called Plug and Play de vices synchro nous (1) hardwa re—a proper ty of an e vent th at is synchro nized to a reference [...]

Gloss ar y PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual G-18 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion trigger any e vent that causes or starts some form of data capture TTL transis tor-tran sistor logic U unipolar a signal range that is alw ays positiv e (for example, 0 to +10 V) update the output equ iv alent of a scan. One or more analog or digita l output samples[...]

Glossary © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation G-19 PCI-4451/4452 Us er Manual W wa veform mult ipl e v oltage readings taken at a specific sampling rate WFTRI G wor d the standard number o f bits th at a processo r or memory manipu lates at one time. Microprocessors typically u se 8-, 16-, or 32-bit words. wor king v oltage the highest v oltage th[...]

© Nationa l Instrument s Corporation I-1 PCI-44 51/4452 Us er Manual Index Numbers +5 V signal anal og I/O pin assi gnment s (table ), 4-3 analog I/O signal summary (table), 4-4 analog po wer connections, 4- 12 digit al I/O pin assign m ents (t able), 4- 6 digital I/O sign al summary (table) , 4-8 digital po wer connect ions, 4-14 self-resetting f[...]

Inde x PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual I-2 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion output mode, 3-5 output pol arit y and range, 3-5 to 3-6 signal co nnectio ns anal og outp ut chan nel blo ck diagr am, 4 -11 desc r iption , 4-11 to 4-12 specifications, A-5 to A-7 channel characteristics, A-5 to A-6 dynamic characteristics, A-7 transfer characteristics[...]

Index © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation I-3 PCI-44 51/4452 Us er Manual conf igurat ion de vice conf iguration, 2-2 ef fect of sam pling and u pdate rates, 3-13 connectors. See I/O connecto rs. CONVER T* signal digit al I/O pin assign m ents (t able), 4- 6 digital I/O sign al summary (table) , 4-8 timing conn ectio ns, 4-17 customer com municat[...]

Inde x PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual I-4 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion related docum entation, xi dynamic characteristic specif ications analog input, A-4 to A- 5 anal og outp ut, A- 7 E e-mail su pport, C -2 EEPR OM sto rage of calibration constants, 5-1 electronic support services, C-1 t o C-2 en vironment specifications, A-10 en vironmen[...]

Index © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation I-5 PCI-44 51/4452 Us er Manual I I/O connec tors, 4-1 to 4-8 de velo ping cable connector s, 1-5 exceeding maximum ratings (warn ing), 4-1 pin ass ignme n ts (tab le) analog I/O, 4-3 digit al I/O, 4- 6 to 4-7 pin co nnectio ns 68-pin di gi ta l conn ect or (f igure), B-2 analog (f i gure), 4- 2 digit al [...]

Inde x PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual I-6 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion PFI1 /TRIG 2 (PRE TRIG ) sign al digit al I/O pin assign m ents (t able), 4- 6 digital I/O sign al summary (table) , 4-8 timing conn ectio ns, 4-17 PFI3/GPCTR 1_SOURCE signal digit al I/O pin assign m ents (t able), 4- 6 digital I/O sign al summary (table) , 4-8 PFI4/GP [...]

Index © Nationa l Instrument s Corporation I-7 PCI-44 51/4452 Us er Manual analog I/O signal summary (table), 4-4 digit al I/O pin assign ments (table), 4-6 to 4-7 digit al I/O signa l sum mary (table), 4-8 digital pin connect ions (f igure), 4-5 exceeding maximum ratings (warn ing), 4- 1 po wer connectio ns, 4-12 timing conn ectio ns, 4-14 to 4-2[...]

Inde x PCI-4451/4 452 Us er Man ual I-8 © Nation al Instrume nts Corpora tion timing conn ectio ns, 4-14 to 4-24 acquisition tim ing connection s, 4-15 to 4-18 CONVER T* signal, 4-17 EXTSTR OBE* signal, 4-18 PFI0/TRIG1 ( EXT_TRIG) signal , 4-16 PFI1/TRIG2 (PRETRI G) signal, 4-17 typical pos ttrigge red acquisition (fi gure), 4-1 5 typical pretrigg[...]