Princeton 4411-0139 manuale d’uso

4411-0139 Issue 4 Septembe r 1 1, 201 4 4411-0139[...]

All rights re served . No part of this publ ication m ay be repro duced by any means w ithout the w ritten perm ission of Princeto n Ins tr uments, a di vision of Roper Sc ient ific , In c. ( “Prin ceto n In stru ment s”.) Print ed in the Un ited S tates of Amer ica. Pent ium i s a r egis tere d trad emark of I ntel Corp orat ion. PVCA M is a r[...]

T able of Content s Warnings and Cautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 7 Chapter 1: Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [...]

4P I - M A X ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Chapter 4: First Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.1 Required Equipment and Cabl es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.2 Cable Conne ctions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [...]

Table of Conte nts 5 5.14 LightField Experiment Set up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.14.1 Common Acqui sition Sett ings Expander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.14.2 Reg ion of Interest Exp a nder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 [...]

6P I - M A X ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Chapter 9: LightField and Dual Imag e Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 51 9.1 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 9.2 Interlin e CCD Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]

Table of Conte nts 7 Chapter 13: PI-MAX4: 1024i-RF and R F Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 13.1 Basics of RF Modulatio n on Intensif ied CCDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 13.2 Advantage s of PI-MAX4: 1024i-RF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 13.3 RF Experimen[...]

8P I - M A X ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 15.5 Lens Perf ormance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 15.5.1 Throug hput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 15.5.2 Dep th of Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]

Table of Conte nts 9 Appendix A: Technical Specification s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 A.1 Mechanica l Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 A.2 Power Speci fications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [...]

10 PI-MA X ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Appendix G: Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 G.1 Accessory Kits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 G.2 Adapter Kits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]

List of Figures 11 Figure 5-2: Clean Cycl es in Int ernal Trigge r Mode of Oper ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Figure 5-3: WinX: Phosphor Decay D elay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 6 Figure 5-4: LightField : Phosphor Decay Del ay Parame ters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Figure 5-5: Interline[...]

12 PI-MA X ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Figure 6- 23: Single Shot Resul t : Fluor escence Spo t , Width = 10 0 ns, Delay = 10 ns, B inned Verticall y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Figure 6-24: Repetitive Gat ing Setup Dial og . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 17 Figure 7-1: Timing Diagram: M[...]

List of Figures 13 Figure 10-2: Timing Diagra m: DIF Operati on, Single Tri gger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Figure 10-3: WinX Hardwa re Setup Di alog: Control ler/Camer a Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Figure 10-4: WinX Experiment Setup Dia log: Main Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Figure 10-5: WinX Experiment Setup Di[...]

14 PI-MA X ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Figure 14-13: Fi le Storage Conventio n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Figure 14-14: Con figuring Readout Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Figure 14-15 : Configur ing Trigger Res ponse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [...]

List of Tables 15 List of Tab les Revision History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Table 2-1: PI-MAX4 System Installat ion Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Table 6-1: Internal Sync Informati on for Gated Ope ration . . . . . . . . . . . [...]

16 PI-MA X ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 This p age is inten tion ally b lank .[...]

17 W arnings and Cautions WARN ING! Whe n bias ed ON , int ens ified CCD came ras , such as th e PI- MAX ® 4 can be ir repar ably damage d if co ntinuousl y expos ed to ligh t levels higher t han twi ce the A/D s a turati on level. Theref ore, it is crit ical that conditi ons not be creat ed which coul d result in damage to the intensi fier . Alth[...]

18 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 This p age is inten tion ally b lank .[...]

19 Chapter 1: Introduction The Princ eton Inst ruments PI-MAX ® 4 Inte nsified CCD camera is d esigned fo r general macro-ima ging and microscopy imaging applicat ions. It is ide al for ap plications in volving ultra l ow light me asurements , or meas urements of transie nt effect s. PI-MAX4 u ses a proximit y-focuse d micro-cha nnel plate (MCP) i[...]

20 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 The foll owing items are st andard wit h all PI-MAX4 syste ms: •C a m e r a The PI-MAX4 ca mera houses t he CCD and intensi f ier and i t supplies all of the high voltage s needed to ope rate the in tensifi er (refer to Chap ter 3, Syst em Set up , for more i nformat ion.) Cooling wi thin the camera is perfor [...]

Chapter 1 Introduction 21 1.2 S ummary of PI-MAX4 Data Acquis ition Figure 1- 2 illust rate s the maj or com pone nts t hat compri se a n Inte nsi fier-CCD . Figure 1-2: Major Components of the Intensifier-CCD In the PI-MA X4 camera, the input image is focused onto the photocathode of an image intensifi er tube. The tube elect ronically amplifies t[...]

22 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 4. When the electr ons exit the chan nels they are further ac celerat ed by a constant h igh voltage (5-6 kV) and s trike t he phosp hor coati ng on t he fluore scent sc reen causing it to releas e photo ns. Because of the MCP gain, there ar e now many photons for each photon that str uck the photocathode s urfa[...]

Chapter 1 Introduction 23 1.4 Gr ounding a nd Saf ety The PI-MAX4 and power supply are of Class I c ategory a s defined in IEC Publication 34 8 (Safet y Requir ements for Elect ronic Me asuring Appa ratus .) They are desig ned for indoor operati on only . Before turning o n the power supp ly , the ground prong of th e power cord plug must be prope [...]

24 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 1.4.1 Intensifier Mode s and Safety WinX Applications The Experi ment Setup Main sc reen in W inX ap plications allows you to select one of two inten sifi er m odes: Gate Mode or Safe Mode . In Ga te Mode , t he photo cathode is bi ased on only for the time that each gate p ulse is app lied. As a result , the to[...]

Chapter 1 Introduction 25 1.4.3 High Intensity L ight Damage WARN ING! Whe n bias ed ON , int ens ified CCD came ras , such as th e PI- MAX ® 4 can be ir repar ably damage d if co ntinuousl y expos ed to ligh t levels higher t han twi ce the A/D s a turati on level. Theref ore, it is critical that co nditions not be cr eated whic h could result i [...]

26 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 1.6 Cle aning an d Main tena nce 1.6.1 Cleaning the Ca mera Although there is no per i odic maintenan ce that must be performed on the PI-MAX4 camera , users a re advise d to wipe it down with a cle an dust collect ing clot h from time to time. 1.6.2 Cleaning Optica l Surfaces – Pro tective Window Optical surf[...]

Chapter 1 Introduction 27 1.8 Abo ut th is Manual This sec tion provi des i nformation about the or ganiz ation of this manual . 1.8.1 Conventions Us ed in this Manual WinX is a gene ric ter m for W inV iew/32, W inSpec/32, and W inXT est appl ication s oftware. In th is manua l, detector and camera ar e used inter cha ngea bly . Most feat ures sup[...]

28 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 • Chap ter 9, Li ght Field and D ual Imag e Fea ture , discuss es using Li ghtFiel d with the mode specif ically designe d for ca pturing a pa ir of gated images i n rapid successi on. • Chapter 1 1, MCP Gati ng Option , di scusses h ow to set up a PI-M AX4 that has an instal led MCP Gating board. • Chapte[...]

29 Chapter 2: System Inst allation Ta b l e 2 - 1 desc ribes th e sequence of act ions requi red to instal l a PI-MAX4 system and prepare to gather data. Where availabl e, refer to the refe rences sp ecified with ea ch step to obtain a dditional inf ormation. Table 2-1: PI-MAX4 System Installation Proc edure (Sheet 1 of 2) Action For addi tional in[...]

30 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 8. If the pho tocathode will be cool ed, connect the suppl ied PVC tubing to the h ose barb on the fr ont of th e camera and to a chill ed dry nitroge n source. 9. T urn the PI-M AX4 power suppl y ON. 10. T urn on the c omputer and launch either Li ghtField or W inX. When the comp uter boots, it may prompt f or [...]

Chapter 2 System Instal lation 31 2.1 Sy stem Configurat ion Diagrams This sec tion provi des block diagrams of typi cal syste m configurations . Figure 2- 1: Typ ical PI-M AX4 System D iagra m Figure 2- 2: Typ ical PI-M AX4: 102 4i-RF System D iagra m CoolCUBE II Coolant Circulator* * Spectrograph, coolant circulator, and dry nitrogen tank connect[...]

32 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 This p age is inten tion ally b lank .[...]

33 Chapter 3: System Setup This chapte r provides genera l informati on and proce dures for sett ing up a PI-MAX4 syst em for oper ation in both i maging an d spectroscop ic appli cations. 3.1 Da ngers an d Warnings WARNING! RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK! V oltages ins ide the PI -MAX4 may exceed 6 ,000 V olt s. T o avoid pos sible haz ard to personnel , [...]

34 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 3.3 Che cking the Equipmen t and Par ts Invent ory V erify that all equipme nt and part s req uired to s et up the PI- MAX4 syst em have b een deliver ed. A ty pical system cons ists of: • PI-MAX4 camera (Gen II or Filmle ss Gen III .) • PI-MAX4 power supply • Timing Generator : Integra ted in to t he PI- [...]

Chapter 3 System Setup 35 3.4 Gener al Sy stem Requi remen ts an d Info rmat ion This sec tion provi des gener a l infor mation about PI-MAX4 system requi rements. REFERENCES : For deta iled technical speci ficati ons, re fer to Appendix A, T echnical Specif ication s , on page 255. 3.4.1 Ventilation A PI-MAX4 Syste m requir es th e followin g vent[...]

36 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 3.4.3 Host Computer S pecifications Host Compute r specificati ons vary b ased on which data a cquisit ion softwa re is being used. This sec tion provi des min imum host comput er speci f icatio ns by software pac kage. NOTES: 1. Computers a nd oper ating sys t ems unde rgo frequent revisi ons. The f ollowing in[...]

Chapter 3 System Setup 37 3.4.3.2 LightFiel d Host Computer Requirements When runnin g LightField dat a acquisi tion soft ware, the h ost computer must mee t, or exceed, t he following spec ifications: • 64-bit O pera ting Syst em — W indows V ist a ® ; — W indows ® 7. • 2 GHz P entiu m ® 4 (minimum) • 1 GB RAM (minimum) • CD-ROM dri[...]

38 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 3.5 Mou ntin g the Came ra This sec tion provi des info rmation necessar y to mount PI -MAX4 camera for vari ous applica t ions. 3.5.1 Imaging Applica tions The camera is supplied with the lens mount specified when the sys tem was ordered, normally either a scr ew-type C-mount lens or a bayonet type F-mount lens[...]

Chapter 3 System Setup 39 3.5.2 Spectroscopy A pplications The camera mu st be properl y mounted to the spect rograph to ac hieve the highest resoluti on. In the c orrec t orient ation, the text on the back of the camera shou ld be right sid e up. T ake care not to block the ventilation op enings. REFERENCES : For additi onal in formation, r efer t[...]

40 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Figure 3-1: Typical WinView/32 Setup Dialog 3. Click N ex t > to conti nue with the inst allati on, and continue to follow on-scree n prompts. 4. Once the i nstalla tion h as been compl e ted, connect t he camera t o the host computer and turn on t he camera’ s power supply . 5. Reboot th e host computer . [...]

Chapter 3 System Setup 41 3.6.2 LightField Applic ations This sec t ion provi des the instal lation p rocedure for Lig htField appl ication software. NOTE: Instal l the GigE Ad apter card BEFORE instal ling the LightFie ld appl icatio n soft ware. Before be ginning t o inst all Light Field, ver i fy that : • The oper ating system on the desired h[...]

42 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 3.7 Conne ct the Ci rcula tor [ L iquid-Cooled Came ras Only] For liqu id-co oled camera s, the CoolCUBE II circulat or provi des a vibration- free meth od of heat re m oval. REFERENCES : For addit ional informat ion abo ut cool ant hoses , refer to Section A.7, CoolCUBE II Circ ulat or Sp ecif icati ons , on pa[...]

Chapter 3 System Setup 43 7. Plug the circulat or in to an appr opriate p ower source (i.e., 100-240 V AC , 47-63 H z.) 8. T urn the ci rculator on. Make s ure there are n o leaks or air bu bbles in t he hoses. NOTE: Small air bubbl es (about the size of bubbl es in soda) are common in the CoolCUBE II part icular ly following start up and do not pr[...]

44 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 3.8 Confi gure De faul t Camera Syste m Paramet ers This sec t ion desc ribes the in itial c onfigu ration of defau lt came ra paramet ers. 3.8.1 WinX (Versions 2.5.25.X or high er) Perform t he fol lowing pro cedure to config ure default W inX sys tem paramet ers: 1. Make sure the PI-MAX4 is connected to the ho[...]

Chapter 3 System Setup 45 3.8.2 LightField Perform t he fol lowing pro cedure to config ure def ault Ligh tField sy stem parameters: 1. V erify that PI-MAX4 i s connecte d to the ho st computer , and that it s power suppl y is turne d on . NOTE: If conf iguring a spectros copy system, the spectrog raph must also be c onnected a nd turned on. 2. Lau[...]

46 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 This p age is inten tion ally b lank .[...]

47 Chapter 4: First Light This chap ter provides t wo proced ures (one for W inX and one for LightField ) that ca n be used to v erify PI-MAX4 syste m operation . T o reduce setup complexity , these proced ures are run in Imaging Mode and SuperSYNCHRO™ Internal Trigger Mode . All of the setup can be per formed under normal lighti ng. Since these [...]

48 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 4.3 Bef ore Turn ing on the System Befo re tur nin g on th e syst em: • Set the PI- MAX4 I.I.T. On/O f f sw itch to OFF . • Confirm that only room light will be presen t. • If a C-moun t adapter is not al ready mount ed on the camera, ref er to Sect ion G .4, S tandard C- , F-, and Spe ctroscopy -Mount Ada[...]

Chapter 4 First Light 49 4.5 Light Field First Light Instru ctio ns This sec t ion provi des st ep-by-st ep instructi ons for acq uiring an imaging measurement in Ligh tFiel d fo r the f irst time. The inten t of t his pr oce dure is to g ain basic fami liar ity wi th t he operati on of the system and to dete rmine t hat it i s functi oning prope r[...]

50 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 4.5.3 Parameter Con figuration NOTE: This proc edure is based on LightField. Basi c familiarity wit h the Light Field sof tware is assumed. If this is not the case, review t he softwar e manual or have it availa ble while perfor ming thi s procedur e. 1. Once Light Field has l a unche d, an icon re presen ting t[...]

Chapter 4 First Light 51 2. Drag the de sired came ra ico n into the Experimen t Devices area of the deskto p. See Figure 4- 2 . Figure 4-2: Camera Icon in Experiment Devices Area Once a camer a has been pla ced in the Expe riment Devices area, th e Experiment Settings stack on the left displ ays sever a l exp anders, in cludi ng the SuperSYNCHRO T[...]

52 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 4.5.4 Acquiring Data Perfo rm th e fo llow ing pr oce dure t o veri fy th e sys tem’ s abili ty to acqu ire da ta: 1. V erify tha t the I.I.T. P ower switc h on the re ar of t he camera i s in the ON pos ition 2. V erify tha t Enable Intensifier is selected o n the Common Acquisition Settings expand er . 3. Cl[...]

Chapter 4 First Light 53 4. Open the SuperSYNCHRO Timing expander ( located a bove th e S tatus ba r .) See Figure 4- 4 . Figure 4-4: Typical SuperSYNCHRO Timing Expander 5. Configur e the fol l owing Gati ng parameters as desired: NOTE: The list of con figurat ion paramet ers vari es depending on th e specif i c Gati ng Mode se lecte d. • Gating[...]

54 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 6. Click on t he Acquire button to begin i mage acqu i sition . • If an im age is di splay ed , PI-M AX4 is able to a cquir e an im age. If the image is out of focus, reposi tion the target a nd/or rot ate the l ens. Click on Acquire to de termine the degr ee to which the fo cus has changed. • If the image i[...]

Chapter 4 First Light 55 4.6 WinX Fir st Light Instruc tions This sec t ion provi des st ep-by-st ep instructi ons for acq uiring an imaging measurement in W inX for the first t ime. The int ent of this pr ocedure is to help you gain b asic familiarit y with the operation of you r system an d to show that i t is fun ctioning proper ly . Once basic [...]

56 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 2. Select the SuperSYN CHRO radio button, and then click on the Setup P ulser… button. The SuperSYNCH RO dialog is displ ayed, as sh own in Figure 4-7 . Figure 4-7: Typical SuperSYNCHRO Dialog: Trigger In Tab 3. On the Trigger In tab , ver ify the fo llow ing s etti ngs: • Internal i s select ed; • Frequen[...]

Chapter 4 First Light 57 5. Click Se tup… t o display the Repetitive Gating Setup dia log, simil ar to tha t shown in Figure 4- 9 . Figure 4-9: Typical Repetitive Gating Setup Dial og 6. Configur e the fol lowing set tings: • Gate W idth: 50 ms; • Gate Delay: 10 ns; • Gates per Exposure: 1; • Repeat Width/De lay: 1. 7. Click OK to save t [...]

58 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 10. Configur e the fo llowing p arameters : • CCD Readout: Use Full Chip; • Intensifier Gain: 1; • Gate M ode: Selected . See Figur e 4-10 . Figure 4-10: Typical Experiment Setup Dialog: M ain Tab 11. Click on t he ADC tab. 12. From the Rate: pull-down list of camer a-spe cific fr equencie s, select a freq[...]

Chapter 4 First Light 59 13. For WinSpec Applications: Click on th e ROI Se tup tab a nd selec t Imaging Mode . See Figure 4- 12 . Figure 4-12: Typical Experiment Set up Dialog: ROI Setup Tab 14. Click OK to save t he configurati on setti ngs and dismiss the Experiment Setup dial og. 4.6.4 Initial Data Acquisition Perform t he fol lowing pro cedure[...]

60 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 3. From the ho st computer , click on t he Focus b utton or select Acquisition —> Focus from t he pull-d own menu. Data acquisi tion will begin and an acquired image should be displaye d on the computer moni tor . • If an i mage is succ essfully acquire d and displayed, i t has been confirmed that the PI [...]

61 Chapter 5: Gate Mode Operation The purpos e of the First L ight c hapter was to guid e a use r through i nitial syste m configur atio n and veri fication. The st ep-by-st ep procedures pr ovided appr opriate configur atio n settin gs without explai ning why tho se settings had been se lected. This chapt er provides d etailed i nformat ion abou t[...]

62 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Figure 5-1: Block Diagram: Signal Path in a Standard PI-MAX4 System 5.2 WinX Sy stem On/Off Se quen ces The foll owing on/off sequences are s pecif ic to W inX and t he Ethernet int erface: 1. The PI-MAX4 power supply must be tu rned on bef ore the W inX applicati on softwar e (W inV iew/32 or W inSpec/3 2) is o[...]

Chapter 5 Gate Mode Operation 63 5.3 Pre-Ex posure Remova l of Accum ulated Charg e The purpos e of the CCD array is to acquire a signal of int erest t hat can then be d i gitize d and transmi tted to t he host compu t er for stora ge, displa y , and post-pr ocessing. I t will a c quire signal w henever the ca mera has powe r, whet her or not the i[...]

64 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 5.3.2 Cleaning The basic cleaning funct ion is implemented by clean cycles . These cycl es sta rt when you turn th e camera on and a cl ean pattern is programmed into t he came ra. Thei r purp ose is to remove cha r ge that a ccumulat es on the array while the camera n ot acquir ing dat a (i.e., exposing and rea[...]

Chapter 5 Gate Mode Operation 65 • Ski p Serial Regist er Clean (des elec ted) { Clean Serial Reg ister} The T op margin inacti ve parall el stri ps on a CCD are made up of the d ark pixel s that come before the act ive stri ps on a sensor as they exit to th e serial regis ter . When these are availa ble (i.e., Pre Dummies {T op Margin} > 0,) [...]

66 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Figure 5-3: WinX: Phosphor Decay Delay Figure 5-4: LightField: Phos phor Decay Delay Paramete rs 5.5 Tempe ratu re Con trol WARN ING! Under norma l conditions, th e front e nd of the camera is se aled and backfil led so th ere is no danger of damage due to cond ensation. 5.5.1 Cooling Method Cooling t he CCD arr[...]

Chapter 5 Gate Mode Operation 67 Allows te mperatu re lock t o be ach ieved more r apidly t han would be requir ed to lock at the sa me temper ature wit h air -cooling alon e. In addit ion, it wi ll be poss ible to achi eve tempe rature l ock at lo wer temperatures , typical ly 10-1 5 degrees l ower than woul d be poss ible wit h air -cooling alone[...]

68 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 5.6 Exposure Data acqu i sitio n has two parts: exposure and rea dout. Exposure re fers to the i ntegration of a signal of interest on the CCD array and rea dout is t he transf er of the inte grated signal f rom the arr ay pixels to a shift reg ister and from t here to a preamplifier . During exposu re, eac h pi[...]

Chapter 5 Gate Mode Operation 69 • Fast Gat e Tubes When using Fast Gate T ube and the programmed gate width is < 10 ns, the width of the MONITOR p ulse is appr oxi mate ly 2 ns wide r tha n the i nte nsifie r O N time. • Slow Ga te Tubes When using Slow Gate T ube the width of the MON ITOR pulse is a ppro xima tely the same as the timin g o[...]

70 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 • Post-Proc essing If you pr efer to acquire and preserv e the raw image dat a, make sure that “Backg round” is n ot active on the Ac quisition —> Experime nt Setup… —> Data Correctio ns tab { Apply Backgr ound Sub traction box is not checke d}. Then, acquire the image , save th e raw image dat[...]

Chapter 5 Gate Mode Operation 71 5.8.1 Interline CCD Re adout In this section, a simple 6 x 3 pixel interl ine CCD, shown in Figur e 5-5 , is us ed to demonstra te how char ge is shif ted and digitiz ed using a single por t. Figure 5-5: Interline CCD Readout T wo methods of operatio n, exposu re, and rea dout may occur: • Overlapp ed In overl app[...]

72 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Figure 5-6: Step 1: Non-Overlapped, Early Exposure 2. Figure 5- 7 shows the situat ion early in the rea dout cycle. The charge in the imaging areas has be en transferred to the adjacent masked areas and up- shifting to the readout r egister has sta rted. Note that a second exposure does not be gin while the read[...]

Chapter 5 Gate Mode Operation 73 Figure 5-8: Step 3: Non-Overlapped, Transfer to Outp ut Node 4. Figure 5- 9 illustrat es the end of the rea dout. Both the imaging and storage areas are empty . When th e in tens ifier is ga ted on ag ain, sign al ch arge wi ll ag ain be accu mula ted. Figure 5-9: Step 4: Non-Overlapped, End of Readout NOTE: A subse[...]

74 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 5.8.2 Full-Frame CCD Readout The foll owing PI-MAX4 camera s use a full-frame a rchitecture CCDs for data acquisition: • PI-MAX4: 1024f; • PI-MAX4: 2048f; • PI-MAX4:1024x 256. Figure 5- 10 illus t rates the various s tages of this process. Step 1 in Figure 5-10 rep resents a CCD immediate ly after exposur [...]

Chapter 5 Gate Mode Operation 75 After t he accu mulated char ge has been shift ed out of each pixel, the r emaining c harge is zero, mean ing that the ar ray is immediatel y read y for the n ext exposure. The equat i ons that determine the r ate at whi c h the CCD c an be read are described be low . The time r equir ed to capt ure a ful l frame at[...]

76 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 5.8.3 Binned Readout (Hardware Binning ) Binning i s the proc ess of add ing the char ge from adjacent pi xels together to f orm a si ngle pixel ( sometime s called a super -pixel,) and it can be accompli s hed in ei ther hardware or softwar e. Rectangul ar groups of pixels of any size may be binned together , s[...]

Chapter 5 Gate Mode Operation 77 5.8.3.1 CCD Type and Readout Port(s) PI-MAX4 ca meras are equipped wit h either a full f rame, frame trans fer , or inter line CCD. Depending on the specific CCD archi tecture used, single or du al/single port reado ut is support ed. REFERENCES : For PI-M AX4 model- specific information and specif ications, refer to[...]

78 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Figure 5- 12 shows th e LightField Region of Interest expa nder for full sen sor 2 x2 binning. Figure 5-12: Dual Port Readout: LightFi e ld Setting, 2x2 Binning, Interline CCD Figure 5- 13 shows an e xample of single port op eration for a ful l frame array . Figure 5-13: Single Port Readout: 2 × 2 Binning of Fu[...]

Chapter 5 Gate Mode Operation 79 WinX and Partial Frame ROI Binning Regardless of the type of ar ray (i.e., full-frame or interline,) when setting u p a partial fr ame ROI, keep in mind that for the PI-MAX 4 the number of pixels in the serial (horizonta l) directio n must be ev enly di visible by 4 , even af ter binn ing . NOTE: Depending on the sp[...]

80 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 5.8.3.2 L ig ht F i el d and P artial Frame ROI Binning Partia l Frame ROI bi nning can be defi ned via the Regi on of Int ere st expander ’ s Custom Region(s) of Interest func tion and t he Edit Regions of Interest wind ow similar to tha t shown in Fi gure 5-15 . Figure 5-15: Typical Edit Regions of Interest [...]

Chapter 5 Gate Mode Operation 81 Figure 5-16: Single Port Readout: Partial Frame, 2×2 Binning, Interline CCD Figure 5- 17 shows th e LightField Region of Interest expander an d 5 x 3 binning set up for an inte rline sensor wit h dual por t readout sele cted. Both t he Full Sensor, Binned and the Custom Region(s) of Interest res ults of us ing the [...]

82 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Figure 5-17: Dual Port Readout: LightFi e ld Settings, 5×3 Binning, Interline CCD 5.9 Sof twar e Binnin g Software binning i s a soft ware- ave rag ing post-acquisition process that can be per f ormed on either non-b i nned or hardwa re-binned d ata. This type of binning can im pr ove t he S/N rati o by as much[...]

Chapter 5 Gate Mode Operation 83 5.10 Controller Gai n {Analo g Gain} Controll er gain, a function of th e preamplif ier , is s oftware- selectab le and is used to change the rel ationshi p between t he number of elect rons acqui red on the CCD and th e Analog-to- Digital Units (ADUs o r counts) generate d. Selecting the le vel of gain is do ne on [...]

84 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 5.12 Logic Out Co ntro l The TTL- compati ble l ogic l evel o utput (0 to +3.3 V) fro m the LOGIC OUT connecto r on the r ear panel can be used to monitor c amera stat us and cont rol exter nal device s. By defau l t, the l ogic output le vel i s hi gh whil e the act ion i s occurri ng. Th e ti ming of th e le v[...]

Chapter 5 Gate Mode Operation 85 • Image Shif t {Shifting Under Mask} Driven hi gh (logic 1) as a detecte d image is s hifted u nder the mas k. Specifi c sign al timing is CCD-dep endent as follows: — Interl ine CCD Driven hi gh (logic 1) as the entir e image is shifted under the CC D mask. — Full-Frame CCD Momentaril y puls ed high (l ogic 1[...]

86 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 5.13 WinX Experiment Setup This sec t ion provi des i nformation about config uring an ex periment using t he W inX applica tion sof t ware. 5.13.1 Main Tab W ithin W inX, experi ment setup paramet ers are typicall y configured on t he Experiment Setup —> Main tab . See Figure 5-20 . Figure 5-20: Typical Ex[...]

Chapter 5 Gate Mode Operation 87 • Intensifier Gain The Inte nsifier gain sett ing provides con tinuous a djustment over a r ange of 1 to 100. Gain i s approxi m ately p roportio nal to the number e ntered: — 100 corr esponds to the maxi mum gain, or 100%; — 1 corres ponds to ap proximately 1% of t he maximum gain . The defau lt value will pr[...]

88 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 W ith the exception of F ast Mode/Safe Mode, which is described in full, the following paragraphs briefly describe these timing parameters. The settings appropriate to the intensifier mode and selected pulser are discussed in Chapter 6, LightFi eld and Gat ed Operation . • Timing Mode The timing mode parame te[...]

Chapter 5 Gate Mode Operation 89 The two mo des are de scribed here: — Fast M ode Fast m ode is pr imar ily u sed fo r co lle cting “rea l-ti me” s equ ence s of experimen tal data , where timing i s criti cal and e vents canno t be missed . Once the PI-MAX4 ha s been iss ued the S tart Acqui sition c omm and by th e computer , all fr ames ar[...]

90 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 5.14 LightFie ld Experime nt Setup Initial experiment setup for LightField is an easy process. If the PI-MAX4 is powered on when LightField is launched, the camera will automatically be detected and its icon will be placed in the Av aila ble Devic es area. When the camera icon is dragged into the Ex periment D e[...]

Chapter 5 Gate Mode Operation 91 • Intensifier Gain Configur es the level of Intensif ier Gain. • Advanc ed fly-out The foll owing advanced p arameters are accessed wit hin t his fly- out: — Phosphor Decay Delay Time —R e s o l u t i o n • Time Stamping Configur es which , if an y , of the foll owing time stam p inform ation is to be stor[...]

92 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 5.14.3 Trigger Expander The Trigger expander is used to confi gure the t rigger s ource to be used f or trigger gat ing. V alid so urces for th e T rigger In put are: • Internal Figure 5- 25 illus t rat es typica l configura tion para m eters for Interna l trigg ering. Figure 5-25 : Typical Trigger Expander: I[...]

Chapter 5 Gate Mode Operation 93 5.14.4 SuperSYNCHRO Timing E xpander The Super SYNCHRO Timing expander i s locat ed at the bot tom of th e LightF ield deskt op. See Figur e 5-27 . NOTE: The top of the SuperS YNCHRO Timing expander can be: • Dragged up to view more of the SuperSYNCHRO panel; • Dragged down to view more of the Experime nt Settin[...]

94 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 When Internal Trigge r is th e select ed T rigger Sou rce or Sy ncMAS TER is turne d on, the Internal Trigger Fr equency ca n also be c onfigu red. Hyperlin ks are also prov ided whi ch open the appropriate exp anders fo r quick acces s to configur ation settin gs for: • Inten sifie r; • T rigger; • Phosph[...]

95 Chapter 6: LightField and Gated Oper ation This chap ter discusses gated operation with th e SuperSYNCHRO™ timing g enerator as well as a spects of PI-MAX4 operation t hat are n ot cove red in Chapter 4, Firs t Light . Chapter 1 5, Tips and Tri cks , sh ould also be reviewed since it provi des helpf ul inf ormation about how t o achieve desire[...]

96 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 6.2 Saf ety Pr ecaut ions When bia sed ON, inte nsified CCD c ameras such as the PI-MAX4 can be p ermanently damaged if continuously e xposed to light levels exceedi ng twice the A/D s aturation lev el. It is cri tical that a ca mera not be op erated under li ghting con ditions which may damage the inten sifie r[...]

Chapter 6 LightField and Gated Operation 97 6.3 Timing Mode In Gate Mode , the i ntern al ti ming gene rator use s Internal Sync timi ng wh ich in itiate s a reado ut c ycle f oll owi ng ea ch in tern ally -gen erat ed t iming pu lse se que nce. 1 Intern al handshakes are used t o prevent: • A readout from being initiated when t he timi ng genera[...]

98 PI-MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 6.4 Micro -Chann el Plat e (MCP ) Bracke t Pul sing The primar y advan tage gaine d from inco rporati ng gating is that i t allows t emporal discri minati on against ba ckgroun d light. By allowing the phot ocath ode to “see” onl y during the even t of interest , very high b ackground illumi nation le vels c[...]

Chapter 6 LightField and Gated Operation 99 6.4.1 Bracket Pulsin g in LIF Measurem ents Most exper iments usi ng laser- induced f l uores cence to p robe combustion fl ows are perfor med with UV probe /lasers. Atomic e mission from fla mes also has significant UV content . If the flame is contin uous, the UV background will a l so be con tinuous. E[...]

100 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Also, keep in mind that MCP bracket pulsing adds 10 ns delay to t he photoca thode gat ing. Even thoug h the bracket ti ming is controll ed aut omaticall y by th e softwar e, in an experime nt where it is ne cessary t o delay the arr ival of t he laser pulse at the sa m ple, thi s will mean inserti ng an ad di[...]

Chapter 6 LightField and Gated Operation 101 6.4.5 Configuration MCP Bracket p ulse implementa tion is enabled by select ing Bracket Pulsing ON from with in the host s oftwa re. Figure 6-2 illustr ates the ti min g dia gram for bra ck et pul sing . NOTE: Because Gen III Intensif iers do not res pond in t he UV, bra cket puls ing is not available fo[...]

102 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 6.5 Exp eriments Figure 6- 3 illust rates a breakdown of the types of exp eriments t hat can be perfo rmed with a PI-MAX4 ca mera. Figure 6-3: Typical PI-MAX4 Exper iments Most gate d measure ments that can be per formed with a PI-MAX4 will fall in one of the followi ng cate gories: • Static Gate This typ e [...]

Chapter 6 LightField and Gated Operation 103 • Single Shot A single shot experiment is o ne where there is only one ch ance to obtain t he data. Any experi ment th at can not be repeated more o ften than once a minut e, such as high power laser s and expl osives , is consi dered a single shot. Y ou hav e to catch the trigg er wh en it come s. Pr [...]

104 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Figure 6-4: Block/Timing Diagram: Swept Gate Experi ment 2. T urn on all equi pment and launch Li ghtField. 3. Open the Sensor expand er and c lick on t he Sensor Cleaning button. S ee Figure 6 -5 . Figure 6-5: Typical Sensor Cleaning Fly-out Pane a. If one or more orang e reset button a re displ a yed on the [...]

Chapter 6 LightField and Gated Operation 105 4. When using a n Acton SpectraPro Series sp ectro graph, ver ify it was turne d on when Ligh tFi eld wa s la unc hed. If usin g an LS-7 85, an icon s hould be shown in th e Available Devices area. When the sp ectrograph icon is dra gged in to the Expe riment Devices area , the Spect rometer expander is [...]

106 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 7. V erify that the camera i s oper ating and is properly focused by r unning it in “Intern a l T rigger” mode. Perform the fol lowing pro cedure to run in Internal Trigger mode to verify camera focus : a. On the Common Acquisition Settings expander , within the Intensifier section, configure the f ollowin[...]

Chapter 6 LightField and Gated Operation 107 c. On the T rigger expander , configure th e following parameters as indicated: • Trigge r Source : Internal . See Figur e 6-10 . Figure 6-10: Typical Trigger Expande r d. V erif y th e amb ient l ight le vel is low . A djus t the li ght level as re quire d. e. If necess ary , click on the View tab t o[...]

108 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 8. On the Region of Interest expande r , configur e the fol lowing parameter s as indic ated: • Select Full Sensor, Binned [radi o button]; • Bin H : 1024 . See Figur e 6-1 1 . Figure 6-11: Typical Region of Interest Ex pander: Full Sensor Binned 9. On the Trigger expander , confi gure the follo wing param[...]

Chapter 6 LightField and Gated Operation 109 10. Open the SuperSYNCHRO Timing expander ( located a bove th e S tatus ba r .) See Figur e 6-13 . Figure 6-13: Typical SuperSYNCHRO Timing Expander Perform t he fol lowing pro cedure to config ure gate timing p arameters as indicated: a. Gating Mode: Sequential If usin g a Gen II intensif ier , confi gu[...]

110 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 c. The Sync MASTER ON butt on enables the SyncMASTER trigger output from the SyncMASTER1 and Sync M ASTER2 con nectors o n the AUX I/O cable. The frequen cy for the SyncMASTER outp uts may then be conf igured, as well as the AUX Output si gnal at t he AUX OUT connecto r on th e rear of the PI-MAX4. • When Sy[...]

Chapter 6 LightField and Gated Operation 111 11. After v erifying all connecti ons and equipment rea diness , collap se the SuperSYNCHRO Timing expander . 12. If necess ary , click on the View tab to bring it to the fr ont, and click on Acquire to begin acquiri ng spec tra o r images. NOTE: The photoc athode is biase d on only for t he time th at e[...]

112 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 6.5.1.2 SyncMASTER1 Supplies t he Master Clock When using a light source that has a Trigger In , the PI-MAX4 SyncMASTER fu nction ca n be used as the Maste r clock. The setup proce dure is simil ar th at descr ibed in Secti on 6.5.1.1, Experiment Supplies the Master Clo ck , with the fo llowing ch anges: • I[...]

Chapter 6 LightField and Gated Operation 113 6.5.2 Single Shot Ex periment A single shot ex periment of fers only one chance to captur e an event . As with any gated experime nt, the time budget of th e experimen t is cri tical. I f there i s no pre- trigger from th e experime nt, a p hotodiode can be used to genera te an electr ical trigger from t[...]

114 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Once the equipme nt has be en set up, defa ult values for Cleaning Cycle s and Cleaning and Skipping are con figured. See Figur e 6-19 . NOTE: If PI-MAX4 ha s to wait more than a f e w seco nds for an externa l trigge r, it is advisa ble to i ncrease the number of cle ans. Figure 6-19: Cleaning Cycles, Cleanin[...]

Chapter 6 LightField and Gated Operation 115 Gate Width and Ga te Del ay should be conf igured so tha t the int ensif ier is ga ted ON during the enti re event. For example, i n this ca se the event is a 60 ns fluorescen ce. See Figure 6-21 . Figure 6-21: Typical Repetitive Gating Setup: 100 ns Width, 25 ns Delay 4411-0137_00 82[...]

116 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Figure 6- 22 shows th e result of thi s experi m ent. Figure 6 -22: Si ngle Sho t Result : Fluoresc ence Sp ot, Wid th = 100 n s, Del ay = 10 ns Figure 6- 23 shows th e peak obtaine d by binn ing the en tire regio n around th e fluorescen ce spot in the vertical d irectio n. Figure 6 -23: Si ngle Sho t Result [...]

Chapter 6 LightField and Gated Operation 117 6.5.3 Swept Gate Ex periment [Variabl e Width, Variable Delay] The proce dure f or conducti ng a Swept Gate expe riment with vari able width and variable delay i s the same a s that for conduc ting a Swept Gate experiment with fixe d width and variabl e delay wi th the following parameter configur ation [...]

118 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 This p age is inten tion ally b lank .[...]

119 Chapter 7: WinX and Gated Operation This chap ter discusses gated operation with th e SuperSYNCHRO™ timing g enerator as well as a spects of PI-MAX4 operation t hat are n ot cove red in Chapter 4, Firs t Light . Chapter 1 5, Tips and Tri cks , sh ould also be reviewed since it provi des helpf ul inf ormation about how t o achieve desired r es[...]

120 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 7.2 Saf ety Pr ecaut ions When bia sed ON, inte nsified CCD c ameras such as the PI-MAX4 can be p ermanently damaged if continuously e xposed to light levels exceedi ng twice the A/D s aturation lev el. It is cri tical that a ca mera not be op erated under li ghting con ditions which may damage the inten sifie[...]

Chapter 7 WinX and Gated Oper ation 121 7.2.2 Alarms NOTE: It is n ormal for a n alarm to sound br iefly whe n the system is initia lly turne d on. T o reduce the r isk of ca mera damag e, the PI- MAX4 camera is eq uipped with an audi ble alar m in t he cam era h ead , act iva ted wh en th e in tensit y of light fall ing on the imag e intensi fier [...]

122 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Refe r to Ta b l e 7 - 1 for addi tiona l Intern al Sync informa tion when us ing Gat ed mode. NOTE: The Accumulations and I mages (or Sp ectr a ) pa rame ters (WinVie w/32 or Wi nSpec/32 Acq uisition Setup Main tab) determin e how data will be processed. Integ rating multiple events o n the CCD r eally bri ng[...]

Chapter 7 WinX and Gated Oper ation 123 Figure 7-1: Timing Diagram: MCP Bracket Pulsing For emitt ed photoel ectrons to be a ccelerat ed in the MCP , the MCP must be bias ed ON. In conventi onal int ensifie d cameras, the MCP is bias ed ON continuously . In PI-MAX4, however , when bracket p ulsing is ON, th e MCP is bi ased OFF until jus t before t[...]

124 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 7.4.2 Bracket Pulsin g in Nanosecond Pump Probe Experiments Some nan osecond pump- probe e xperiments combine a na nosecond or fast er pump with a flashl amp prob e. The durat ion of the pro be fl ash can be 10-50 µs and a gate is use d to sel ect the spec ific nanose cond-scal e time slice to be obse rved wi[...]

Chapter 7 WinX and Gated Oper ation 125 7.4.4 Impact of Brack et Pulsing on Del ay If operating in the UV when bracket pulsing is a ctivated (Ge n II Intensifi er only ,) the MCP gate automatica lly brackets the pho tocathode gate pulse to further enhance the on/of f ratio. There is, however , a limitati on of bracket pulsing that can complic ate t[...]

126 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 7.5 Exp eriments Figure 7- 3 illust rates a breakdown of the types of exp eriments t hat can be perfo rmed with a PI-MAX4 ca mera. Figure 7-3: Typical PI-MAX4 Exper iments Most gate d measure ments that can be per formed with a PI-MAX4 will fall in one of the followi ng cate gories: • Static Gate This typ e [...]

Chapter 7 WinX and Gated Oper ation 127 • Single Shot A single shot experiment is o ne where there is only one ch ance to obtain t he data. Any experi ment th at can not be repeated more o ften than once a minut e, such as high power laser s and expl osives , is consi dered a single shot. Y ou hav e to catch the trigge r when it comes. Prior to t[...]

128 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Figure 7-4: Block/Timing Diagram: Swept Gate Experi ment 2. T urn on all equi pment a nd launch t he W inX applic ation sof tware (ve r sion 2.5.25 or greate r .) 3. Open the Setup —> H ardwar e —> Ha rdware Se tup dialog. The Har dware Setup dialog s hould res emble that shown in Fig ure 7-5 whic h [...]

Chapter 7 WinX and Gated Oper ation 129 Figure 7-5: Typical Hardware Setup Dialog 4. Click on t he Cleans/Ski ps tab. 5. Click th e Load Default Values butt on. 6. Click OK to save t he conf igurati on informa t ion and di smiss the Hardware Setup dialog. 7. From the menu bar , select Setup —> Detector Temperature . 8. W ithin the Tar get Temp[...]

130 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 10. If usin g a spectrograph , configure the s pectrograph pro perties by using the menu items on th e Spectro graph menu ( W inSpec/32 only .) NOTE: If the spectrogr aph being u sed has not yet be en instal led, cli ck Install/Remo ve Spe ctrograph to install the ha rdware pri or to configur ing an y paramete[...]

Chapter 7 WinX and Gated Oper ation 131 11. After t he spec trograph and been install ed and c onfigure d, move the grating to the desire d wavele ngth. See Fi gure 7-7 . Figure 7-7: Typical Move Spectrograph Dialog 12. V erify that the camera i s oper ating and is properly focused by r unning it in Internal Trigger mode. Perform t he foll owing pr[...]

132 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 b. W ithin the Intensi fier section , configure the f ollowing paramete rs: • Select Gate Mode [ra dio button]; •G a i n : Between 0 and 100. Configur e MCP Gain for be tween 0 and 100. c. Click the Timi ng tab, and configure the following paramet ers: • Fast Mode [radio but ton]. See Figur e 7-9 . Figur[...]

Chapter 7 WinX and Gated Oper ation 133 d. Click the ADC tab, and confi gure the following par ameters: •R a t e : Configur e an app ropriat e rate from the pu ll-d own menu. Figure 7-10: Typica l Experiment Se tup Dialog: ADC Tab e. Click the ROI Setup tab, and configure parameter s for the appropria te ROI. See Figur e 7-1 1 . Figure 7-11: Typi[...]

134 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 f. Click OK to sav e all Experiment Setup confi guration information and d ismiss the dialog. g. From the Setup pull-down menu, s elect Pulsers . The Pulsers dialog is d isplayed, similar to that shown i n Figure 7-12 . Figure 7-12: Typical WinX Pulsers Dialog h. Select the SuperSYN CHRO radio button, and then[...]

Chapter 7 WinX and Gated Oper ation 135 n. Click on Focus . • If Readout Mode has been confi gured to Use Region of Interest , data acquisi tion will immediate l y begin. • If, ho wev er , Rea dou t M ode has been con figured to Use Full Chip , the system wil l display a pop-up dialo g asking if this sett i ng should be changed to Use Region of[...]

136 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 c. Click on t he Gati ng tab to conf igu re the f oll owin g para mete rs: • Mode : S equ ent ial [ radio button]; • Bracke t Pulsing : OFF [ available for Gen II Intensifiers ONL Y ]. See Figur e 7-16 . Figure 7-16: Typical SuperSYNCHRO Dialog: Gating Tab d. Click the Setup … button t o display t he S e[...]

Chapter 7 WinX and Gated Oper ation 137 Configur e the fol lowing S equent ial Gati ng param et ers: • Number of Spectra to be acquired (e.g., 41); • Increme nt Type : Fixed [radio bu tton] • Gate W idth St art This is the d esi red in itial G ate Width. Both numeri c value ( e.g., 5 ,) an d an ass ociated u nit (e.g., µsec ,) must be config[...]

138 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 e. Click on t he Trigger Out tab to c onfigure the fo llowin g parameter s: • SyncMASTE R Trigger Out When Enabled (i.e., che cked,) the f requency of the SyncMAST ER1 output is the s ame as the f requency of the Trigger In signal. Refer to step 13.b on page 135. • SyncMAST ER2 Delay f rom Sync MASTER1 : m[...]

Chapter 7 WinX and Gated Oper ation 139 14. Configur e exper iment para meters from th e Experiment S etup dialog. a. Click on t he Timing tab an d configure the t iming as s hown in Figur e 7-20 . Figure 7-20: Experiment Setup: Timing Tab b. Click on t he Ma in tab, sele ct Gate Mode , and ente r the desired Int ensifier Gain . The number o f spec[...]

140 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 15. After ve rifying all co nnecti ons and equ ipment readiness , click on Acquire to begin acquiri ng spec tra o r images. 16. Figure 7- 22 illustr ates a 3-D graph obtaine d for a Seq uent ial-Re peti tive experiment with Fixed W idth and V ariable Delay . See Figure 7-15 through Figure 7-1 8 for configurati[...]

Chapter 7 WinX and Gated Oper ation 141 7.5.1.2 SyncMASTER1 Supplies t he Master Clock When using a light source that has a Trigger In , the PI-MAX4 SyncMASTER funct i on can be used as the Maste r clock. The setup procedur e is similar that describ ed in Section 7 .5.1.1, Experiment Supplies the Master Clo ck , with the fo llowing ch anges: • In[...]

142 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 7.5.2 Single Shot Ex periment A single shot ex periment of fers only one chance to captur e an event . As with any gated experime nt, the time budget of th e experimen t is cri tical. I f there i s no pre- trigger from th e experime nt, a p hotodiode can be used to genera te an electr ical trigger from th e la[...]

Chapter 7 WinX and Gated Oper ation 143 Once the e quipment has been s et up, defa ult value s for Cleans/Skips are co nfi gur ed. S ee Figure 7- 26 . NOTE: If the CCD has to wait more th an a few seconds for an external trigge r, it is advisable to in crease the nu mber of c leans. Figure 7-26: Hardware Setup Dialog: Clea ns/Skips Tab The seque nc[...]

144 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Figure 7-27 : Experiment Setup Dialog: Main Tab Gate Width and Ga te Del ay should be conf igured so tha t the int ensif ier is ga ted ON during the enti re event. For example, i n this case the event is a 60 ns fluorescen ce. See Figure 7- 28 . Figure 7-28: Typical Repetitive Gating Setup Dia log 4411-0137_00[...]

Chapter 7 WinX and Gated Oper ation 145 Figure 7- 29 shows th e result of thi s experi m ent. Figure 7 -29: Si ngle Sho t Result : Fluoresc ence Sp ot, Wid th = 100 n s, Del ay = 10 ns Figure 7- 30 shows th e peak obtaine d by binn ing the en tire regio n around th e fluorescen ce spot in the vertical d irectio n. Figure 7 -30: Si ngle Sho t Result[...]

146 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 7.5.3 Swept Gate Ex periment [Variabl e Width, Variable Delay] The proce dure f or conduct ing a Swep t Gate experiment with vari able width and var iable delay i s the same a s that for conduc ting a Swept Gate experiment with fixe d width and variabl e delay wi th the following parameter configur ation chang[...]

147 Chapter 8: T iming Generator This chap ter describes the in ternal t iming gener ator for the PI -MAX4. 8.1 Pulse Se t A Pulse Set comprises th e followi ng signals: • MCP_GA TE; • ST AR T ; • STOP; • AUX1; • SyncMASTER. ST AR T and ST OP define the photocatho de gate pul se. See Fig ure 8-1 . NOTE: MCP GATE, START, and STOP are no t [...]

148 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 8.1.1 Supported Timin g Generator Trigg er Modes Trigger per Pulse: The p ulse s et is initia ted by its ow n trig ger (eith er inte rnal o r ex terna l.) See Figur e 8-2 . Figure 8-2: Timing Diagram: Trigger Per Pulse Supporte d Trigg er Sources are: • Source 1: Timing Generator inter nal trigger A pul se s[...]

Chapter 8 Timing G enerator 149 8.2.1 Supported Timin g Generator Trigg er Modes Trigger per Pulse: Eac h puls e of the si ngl e sequ ence is in itiate d by its ow n tr igge r . NOTE: All tri ggers must be: • Genera ted from the s a me source, and • Must al l be eit her an internal or an ext ernal trigger . The use of a combination of int ernal[...]

150 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 This p age is inten tion ally b lank .[...]

151 Chapter 9: LightField and Dual Image Feature The purpose of the PI-MAX4 Dual Image Feat ure (DIF) is to acqu i re a pair of gated images in rapi d successi on. The time between frames can be as s hort as 450 ns: t he second i mage will hav e some re mnants fro m the fi rst im age due to t he lon ger persi stence of the P4 6 phosphor . Exposure [...]

152 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 The number o f frames mus t be a multi ple of t wo (2) a nd is set via th e Common Acquisiti ons Settings e xpander . See Figure 9-2 . Figure 9-2: Common Acquisition Settings Ex pander In addit ion, it i s recommende d that the inte nsifier have a fas t deca y phosphor ( P46.) Since DIF operat ion invol ves ac[...]

Chapter 9 LightFiel d and Dual Image Featur e 153 9.3 Tr igger S etup T riggering fo r DIF opera tion is set up on the T rigger and the SuperSYNCHRO expanders . T rigger setup consists of sel ecting the tr igger response a nd the trigger source. 9.3.1 Trigger Respons e The confi gured Trigger Response de termines wh ether one or two t riggers are r[...]

154 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 9.3.2 Trigger Source The trigg er source is sel ectable vi a the Trigger Source dr op-down li st. The trig ger source can eit her be int e rnal or external and is configur ed on t he Trigger expand er . See Figure 9- 3 . In addit ion, whe n using an i nternal trig ger , the fr equency is configured via the Sup[...]

Chapter 9 LightFiel d and Dual Image Featur e 155 9.4 Conf igure a S ingle Trigg er DI F Ex perime nt This sec t ion desc ribes the confi guration of a single tri gger DIF ex periment. 9.4.1 Hardware Figure 9- 5 illus trates a block diagram of the equi pment s etup. Figure 9-5: Block Diagram: DIF Experiment LASER 1 LASER 2 Trigger 1 Trigger 2 100-2[...]

156 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 9.4.2 Software Configu ration and Operation The operat ion of the PI-MAX4 in DIF mode is similar to st andard opera tion of a PI-MAX4 with Super SYNCHRO. This secti on describ es the mino r operati onal dif ferences that are due to the s pecia l timing mode s requir ed for DI F . Figure 9- 6 illus trates t he [...]

Chapter 9 LightFiel d and Dual Image Featur e 157 4. On the Trigge r expander, s el e c t Internal or Exte rnal trigger i ng. When using Ex ternal trigge ring, veri fy the trigge r char acteris tics on the Trigge r expander match the active trigger edge, etc., for t he trigger puls e bein g used. When using I nternal trig gering, per form the f oll[...]

158 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 9.5 Con figure a Du al Trigge r DIF Exper iment This sec t ion desc ribes the confi guration of a dual trigg er DIF experiment. 9.5.1 Hardware Figure 9- 7 illus trates a block dia gram of the equipmen t setup. Figure 9-7: Block Diagram: DIF Experiment 9.5.2 Software Setup and Operation The opera tion of t h e [...]

Chapter 9 LightFiel d and Dual Image Featur e 159 Perform t he fol lowing pro cedure to config ure a dual trig ger DIF experiment: 1. The PI-MAX 4 camera must be aligned and focused on the area of interest for this experiment. This is best accomplished while the PI-M AX4 is operating in Full Frame readout mode (i.e., before switching to DIF mode on[...]

160 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 f. T o have trigge r output f rom the Sync M ASTER1 and SyncMASTER2 c onnectors on the AUX I/ O cable, click on the SyncMASTER ON button. When SyncMASTER is ena bled, the output of the Sync MASTER1 connect or will b e at the Int ernal T rigger Frequenc y . The SyncMASTER2 output will be at the same frequen cy [...]

161 Chapter 10: WinX and Dual Image Feature The purpos e of PI-MAX4 Dual Image Feature (DI F) is to a c quire a pair of gated ima ges in rapid suc cession wit h delay time between two i mages as sh ort as 450 ns. The second image will hav e some re mnants fro m the fi rst im age due to t he lon ger persi stence of the P4 6 phosphor . Exposure t i m[...]

162 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 10.3 Timing Modes The foll owing two DIF timing/ readout mod es are available i n Wi nX: • Single Trig. Mode T wo shot, one t rigger f or both sh ots. • Dual Trig. Mode T wo shot, eac h shot requ ires a t r igger . The tri gger(s) c an be gener ated by an exter nal source connec ted to the PI-MAX4 or the P[...]

Chapter 10 WinX and Dual Image Feature 163 10.4.3 Operation The operat ion of the PI-MAX4 in DIF mode is similar to standard ope ration of a PI-MAX4 with Super SYNCHRO. This secti on describ e s the mino r operati onal dif ferences that are due to the s pecia l timing mode s requir ed for DI F . Figure 10 -2 illus trates the timing diagr am for a s[...]

164 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Figure 10-3: WinX Hardware Setup Dialog: Controller/Camera Tab 2. After t he alig nment and foc us, the PI-M AX4 system nee ds to be put into DIF mod e . On the Set up —> Ha rdware Se tup —> Control ler/Camera tab, select Dual Image Feature as the Readout Mode , an d then cli ck OK . 3. The PI-MAX 4 [...]

Chapter 10 WinX and Dual Image Feature 165 4. On the Acquisition —> Experime nt Setup… —> Timing tab, verif y that Single Trig. Mode is th e selected timing mode . Additionally, Cont inuous Cleans is recommended for DIF. See Figure 10-5 . Figure 10-5: WinX Experiment Se tup Dialog: Timing Tab 5. From the Setup menu, select Pulsers . See[...]

166 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 7. Click on t he Gating tab, se lect DIF Gating , and click on the Se tup button. See Figure 10 -7 . Figure 10-7: WinX SuperSYNCHRO Dialog: Gating Ta b 8. On the DIF Gating Setup di alog, ent er the des ired Ga te Wi dth and Gate Delay tim es. • When ent ering th e Initial Gate Delay time, veri fy th at it i[...]

Chapter 10 WinX and Dual Image Feature 167 9. Click on t he Trigger In tab, and se lect In ter nal or Externa l tri ggering. When usi ng Exte rnal tri ggeri ng, verif y the trigger ch aracteristi cs matc h the ac tive trigge r edge, etc., for the tr igger pul se bei ng used. See Figur e 10-9 . Figure 10-9: WinX SuperSYNCHRO Dialog: Trigger In Tab 1[...]

168 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 10.5 Configure a Du al Trig ger DIF Exper iment This sec t ion desc ribes the confi guration of a dual trigg er DIF experiment. 10.5.1 Hardware Figure 10 -1 1 illustra tes a block diag ram of the equipment setup. Figure 10-11:Block Diagram: DIF Experiment 10.5.2 Software For the purpo ses of this experiment , [...]

Chapter 10 WinX and Dual Image Feature 169 Figure 10-12:Timing Diagram: DIF Operation, Dual Trigger Perform t he fol lowing pro cedure to config ure a dual trig ger DIF experiment: 1. The PI-MAX 4 camera must be aligned and focused on the area of interest for this experiment. This is best accomplished while the PI-M AX4 is operating in Interline mo[...]

170 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 2. After t he alig nment and foc us, the PI-M AX4 system nee ds to be put into DIF mod e . On the Set up —> Ha rdware Se tup —> Control ler/Camera tab, select Dual Image Feature as the Readout Mode , an d then cli ck OK . 3. The PI-MAX 4 must be configured for Gate Mode in order for the intensifier t[...]

Chapter 10 WinX and Dual Image Feature 171 Figure 10-15:WinX Experi ment Setup Dialog: Timing Tab 5. From the Setup menu, select Pulsers . See Figure 10-1 6 . Figure 10-16:WinX Pulsers Dialog 6. Select SuperSYNCHRO , and click t he Setup Puls er b utton to dis play the SuperSYNCHRO dialog. 4411-0137_00 98 4411-0137_00 09[...]

172 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 7. Click on t he Gati ng tab, selec t DIF Gating , and clic k on the Setup button . See Figure 10 -17 . Figure 10-17:WinX SuperSY NCHRO Dialog: Gating Tab 8. On the DIF Gating Setup di alog, ent er the des ired Ga te Wi dth and Gate Delay tim es. When ent ering th e Pulse 1 G ate Delay tim e, veri fy tha t it [...]

Chapter 10 WinX and Dual Image Feature 173 9. Click on t he Trigger In tab, and se lect In ter nal or Externa l tri ggering. When usi ng Exte rnal tri ggeri ng, verif y the trigger ch aracteristi cs matc h the ac tive trigge r edge, etc., for the tr igger pul se bei ng used. See Figur e 10-19 . Figure 10-19:WinX SuperSYNCHRO Di alog: Trigger In Tab[...]

174 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 10.6 Tips and Tr icks Experiment s using t he DIF feat ure of th e PI-MAX4 can be complex, and timing o f the events i s usuall y rather exacti ng. Here are seve ral point s to c onsider t hat may make t he experime nt setup or trouble shooting muc h smoother and easier . • The most i mportan t piece o f equ[...]

175 Chapter 1 1: MCP Gatin g Option In MCP Gating (not to be confus ed with MCP bracket pu lsing,) the mi cro-chan nel plate (MCP) is ga ted, and the pho tocathode gating br ackets t he high spe ed, 800 V , MCP gating pulse. Thi s technol ogy al lows fast gating (< 10 ns) of the Super Blue (SB,) slow gate intensi fiers ( typic al gati ng speed ~[...]

176 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Figure 11-3: Timing Diagram: MCP Gated Operation for Ge n II Intensifiers Figure 11-4: QE Curves: Gen II Intensifiers 11.1 Setu p and Ope rat ion The PI-MAX4 must have an install ed MCP Gati ng board. • Make all o f the req uired cable conne ction s for the experiment. • Apply power to the equipment a nd l[...]

Chapter 11 MCP Gating Option 177 11.2 Ga in V ariat ion MCP gain appr oximate ly doubles for each 50 V incr ease i n voltage . Theref ore, small ripple s in the MCP vol tage as a resul t of the gating waveform wil l cause ga in cha nges that vary wit h time a fter the ri sing edge of the gate puls e. A gain overshoot of 20% to 30% during t he first[...]

178 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Figure 1 1-6 is a timing d i agram f or MCP gat ing of the photoc athode. Figure 11-6: Timing Diagram: MCP Gated Operation Bracket Aux Out ~18 ns ŮPU PU Trigger In 6 6TGOCKPUJKIJHQTVJG FWTCVKQPQHVJGRWNUGGPUGODNG 5YKVEJGU/%21(( )CVGU[...]

179 Chapter 12: Picosecond Gating Option The picos econd ga ting opti on for the PI-MAX4 al lows optic al gates down to l ess than 500 ps or to the lowest gat e width th e intensifier wil l supp ort, whiche ver is greater . It consist s of a pic osecon d gating bo ard ins talled in t he PI-MAX4 and some othe r modifica tions to support the boar d. [...]

180 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 12.3 MONITOR Oper ation The MONITOR output at th e BNC on the re ar pane l may be used with an oscillo s cope to determin e when the intensi fier i s being gat e d on. Th e MONITOR output is cali brated t o provide a rising edge at th e time the optic al gate i s opening ( ±500 ps.) The start of the MONITOR p[...]

Chapter 12 Picosecond G ating Optio n 181 12.5 Timing When using o ptical gate wid ths from a f e w nanos econds to a frac tion of a nanosec ond, timing i s obviousl y critical. The PI- MA X4 is cal ibrated with respect t o the opti cal input plane ( l ocated on the front mounti ng plane) and the rear p anel. All o ther propagati on path s must be [...]

182 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 2. Next, set the se quential gating pa rameters for 20 ns gate width and 101 images /spectra {fram es} at 1 0 ns per imag e/s pectr a {fra me s}. This s will pan the 1  s. Th e st arti ng ga te delay is s et to 25 ns, the endi ng gate delay is set to 1025, and take the sequence . W e can then quic kly look [...]

183 Chapter 13: PI-MAX4: 1024i-RF and RF Modulation The unique feature s of the PI-MAX4: 1024 i-RF camera and LightFi eld (Pri nceton Instru m ents 64- bit so ftware) allow res earchers to qui ckly an d easily create experimen tal setups f or Fre quency domai n or T ime domain f luoresce nce life time measurements. Th e PI-MAX4: 1024i -RF packs t w[...]

184 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 13.2 Advant ages o f PI-MAX 4: 1024i-RF Classic ally , the exp erimenter wishin g to use th e RF technique had t o collec t and interc onnect and co ntrol various devi ces, in cluding th e ICCD itse lf, one or two RF sou r ces, two (usua lly) RF power amplif iers, a l ight sou r ce and a modulator . W ith the [...]

Chapter 13 PI-MAX4 : 1024i-R F and RF Modulatio n 185 13.3 RF Ex periment Design in LightField NOTE: When launching LightField, click on the Ne w Experiment icon. When the PI-MAX4: 1024i-RF icon is moved to the Experiment Devices area, the cam era’s default settings will be active for the Experiment S ettings stack. At some point in the setup pro[...]

186 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 13.3.3 Gating Mode LightFie ld support s three Gating mod es for RF ex periments: • Repe titi ve; • Sequ ent ial; • Custom. The desir ed opt ion is se lected from the Gating Mode drop d own list on the SuperSYNCHRO Timing panel. Each mode h as its own s et of conf igura tion par ameters which are descr i[...]

Chapter 13 PI-MAX4 : 1024i-R F and RF Modulatio n 187 Figure 13-2: Super SYNCHRO Timing Ex pander: Repetitive Gating Mode 5. Select Repetitive as t he Gati ng Mode an d begin entering the se tup in formation. 6. Use the hy perlinks at the top of th e expanded panel t o make any changes t o the intensi fier se ttin gs, trigg er setti ngs, pho sphor [...]

188 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 13.3.3.2 Sequen tial Perform t he fol lowing pro cedure to config ure Sequ ential Ga ting Mode: 1. The fir st requi rement i s that t he PI-MAX4: 1024i-RF camera be aligned and focuse d on the ar ea o f inter est in the e xp erime nt. T his is bes t acco mpli she d whi le the came ra is operati ng in Fu ll Fra[...]

Chapter 13 PI-MAX4 : 1024i-R F and RF Modulatio n 189 7. Select Sequential a s the Ga ting Mode and begin entering the setup information. 8. Use the hy perlinks at the top of th e expanded panel t o make any changes t o the intensi fier se ttin gs, trigg er setti ngs, pho sphor deca y delay time, number o f frames, and readout mode. 9. When using c[...]

190 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 13.3.3.3 Cust om Perform the fol lowing procedu re to configure Custom Gating Mode: 1. The fir st requi rement i s that t he PI-MAX4: 1024i-RF camera be aligned and focuse d on the ar ea o f inter est in the e xp erime nt. T his is bes t acco mpli she d whi le the came ra is operati ng in Fu ll Frame r eadout [...]

Chapter 13 PI-MAX4 : 1024i-R F and RF Modulatio n 191 5. Use the hy perlinks at the top of th e expanded panel t o make any changes t o the intensi fier se ttin gs, trigg er setti ngs, pho sphor deca y delay time, number o f frames, and readout mode. 6. If usin g camera-generat ed inter nal triggers f or RF modulat ion acquisitio n, ente r the desi[...]

192 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 b. T o add a sin gle point to the table, wit hin the Add Phase section , enter the desi red modulati on, in degrees, and click Add . The point is add ed to the t able. See Figu re 13-6 . Figure 13-6: Add a Single Modulation Phase Addition al points may be added as nece ssary . c. T o add a phas e sweep, with i[...]

Chapter 13 PI-MAX4 : 1024i-R F and RF Modulatio n 193 Examp le The foll owing Phase Sweep val ues have been confi gured : • Range S tart: -720° • Range E nd: +360° • Increment: 90° The tota l sweep length is 1080 ° in 90° i ncrements/steps which corr esponds to 13 data poi nts. Since Range Start < Range E nd, the sweep proceeds in a p[...]

194 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 d. Once the Rang e and Increment have be en configured, click Add to add th e poi nts to the tab le. See Figu re 13-7 . Figure 1 3-7: Add Pha se Sweep Depending on the tot al number of points wi thin the table, LightFiel d will ra ise an Experiment Warning i f the numbe r of frames that has been configured on [...]

Chapter 13 PI-MAX4 : 1024i-R F and RF Modulatio n 195 Figure 13-8: Typical Modulation Phase Curve f. Points t hat comprise the curve can be rearrange d/reor dered as follows: • The set of points can be sorte d in ascending or des cending or der by clicking on the Phase (°) column head er; • Individ ual point s can be shifted up or down wit hin[...]

196 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 g. Points may be de leted from the tabl e by selec ting them (ei ther indi vidually or using CTRL-Click f or multiple points ) and then clicking Delete . T o delete all points, click Delete All . h. Once the c ustom Modulat ion T able is compl e te, cli ck Clos e to sav e the tab l e and dismiss the window . 9[...]

Chapter 13 PI-MAX4 : 1024i-R F and RF Modulatio n 197 13.3.4 Phase Modulation Sorting Add-In When act ivated, t his add-i n prov ides the a bility t o sort SPE f rames by Pha s e after each acquisi tion has been completed. NOTE: Sorting SPE frames wit h the Phas e Modulation Sorting a dd-in is non-d estructive and preserves th e origin al Phase ord[...]

198 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 4. Perform t he fol lowing pro cedure to sort SPE frames by phase af ter e ach acquis i tion: a. Click on t he Add-ins ta b and lo cate the Phase Modulation Sorting e xpander . If necessa ry , click on the to expan d it. See Fi gure 13-1 1 . Figure 13-11:Typical Phase Modulation Sor ting Add-in b. Check the b [...]

Chapter 13 PI-MAX4 : 1024i-R F and RF Modulatio n 199 Figure 1 3-13:Typic al Sort P hases Dia log c. Click on Select a File… , navigate to, and select the des ired SPE fi le. Click Open . The name of the selected fil e will be s hown in the File: field. See Figure 13-14 . Figure 1 3-14:Typic al Sort P hases Dia log: SPE File Spe cified d. Select [...]

200 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 13.4 PI-MAX4: 10 24i-RF Re ar Pa nel Information The rear panel of the PI- M AX4: 1024i- RF is i llustra ted in Fi gure 13-15 with connector s, indicat ors, and s witche s identifi ed. Refer to T able 13-2 for com plete desc ript ion s and info rmatio n. REFERENCES : Refe r to Section 13.4.1, PI- MAX4: 1024i-R[...]

Chapter 13 PI-MAX4 : 1024i-R F and RF Modulatio n 201 Table 13-2: PI-MAX4 : 1024i-RF Connectors, Indicators, and Switches (Sheet 1 of 2) # Label Descript ion 1 MON RF OUT Pr ovides an app roximate i ndicator of the u ser-defined RF applied to the photocath ode. 2 M ONITOR Provides a n outpu t for TT L logic 1 puls e dela yed ± 3 ns with re spect t[...]

202 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 13.4.1 PI-MAX4: 1024i-RF Powe r Supply Rear Panel Infor mation The rear pa nel of the PI-MAX4: 1024i-RF P ower Supply is illustr ated in Figure 13-16 with connecto r s, in dicators , and switches ide ntified . Refer to T able 13-3 for c omple te descri ptions and infor mation. REFERENCES : Refe r to Section 13[...]

Chapter 13 PI-MAX4 : 1024i-R F and RF Modulatio n 203 13.5 RF Modulator Speci fications Modulation Frequency : 1 MHz – 200 MHz in 1 M Hz increment s. Phase M odul ation : • S tatic p hase: 0° – 359° in 1° incremen ts • Programmed s weeps co vering >36 0° User RF Output Voltage : 0.1 – 1.6 V p- p (in 0.01 V p-p increment s) Table 13[...]

204 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 This p age is inten tion ally b lank .[...]

205 Chapter 14: PI-MAX4: EM Family The P I-MAX 4: EM fam ily o f sci entif ic in tensi fied EMCC D ( em ICCD) camera sys tems featur es fr ame transf er EMCCDs tha t are fi ber -optically cou pled with a varie ty of Gen II and G en III film less inte nsifi ers. NOTE: WinX prov ides limite d support of advan ced PI-MAX4: EM featur es. Ligh tField sh[...]

206 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Figure 14-1: Block Diagram: EMCCD with Dual Output Registers The degre e of multiplica tion gain is controlled by increas ing or decreasi ng the clock voltage s for the multip lication regi ster (gain is exponent ially pr oportional to the voltage.) Although the probabili ty of generat ing secon dary electr on[...]

Chapter 14 PI-MAX4: EM Family 207 Figure 14-2: Typical em ICCD Ha rdware Stackup 14.1.1 Enabling EM Electr on Multipli cation is enabl ed on th e Analog to Digital Conversion expa nder by sele cting Electron Multiplied from with in the Quality field. S ee Figure 1 4-3 . Figure 14-3: Enabling Electron Multiplication Once enabl e d, sev eral addi tio[...]

208 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 14.1.2 EM Gain Mode In EM Gain mode , the PI-MAX4: EM famil y support s two addit ional modes of operat ion (i.e., Opt imal and Manua l.) Depending on th e specifi c mode selected, t he avail able set of mode-spec i fic conf igura tion par ameters is automatically upda ted within Light Field. 14.1.2.1 Opt imal[...]

Chapter 14 PI-MAX4: EM Family 209 14.1.2.2 Manual In Manual mod e, Intensi fier ga in and EM gain must bot h be ind ividuall y configur ed and control led. • Intensifier Gain is configur ed on the Common Acquisit ion Settings expand er . Figure 14 -5 shows the Intensifier Gain configur ation fi elds available for Manual Mode. Figure 14-5: Typical[...]

210 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 However , if an e xperiment requir es an E M Gain in exce ss of 100x, the button mus t first be select ed in order to expa nd the s lider ba r ’ s range t o a maximum gain of 1 000x. NOTE: Gain valu es greater than 100 may b e manually ent ered into the EM Gain fiel d using t he keyboard without first sel ec[...]

Chapter 14 PI-MAX4: EM Family 211 14.2 Ki netic s Kinetic s is a spe cialize d imagin g mode in which a sma ll regi on of a CCD’ s sensor are a (typi cal ly refe rre d to as a window ) is expos ed to inco m ing lig ht whil e the b alance of the sensor a rea is t emporaril y masked to p r event exp osure. This masked a rea is t hen used to tempora[...]

212 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 For exampl e, when using a 16 x 16 full fr ame CCD matrix, possible mas k and win dow sizes, b ased on their si ze rati os, are shown in T able 14- 1 . Of course , some of the se combinations a re more use ful than o thers. For most app lications, specif ying a 1 pixel ta ll window will not provid e much usefu[...]

Chapter 14 PI-MAX4: EM Family 213 14.2.2 Trigger Sources The tri gger so urce for t he Expos ure-Shif t cycle can be ei ther int ernally gener ated by the camera a nd con trolled by LightField, or supplied from a n extern al source vi a the Trigger In connecto r on th e rear of the PI-MAX4: EM. Fo r example, when each e xposure cy cle must be synch[...]

214 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Figure 14-10:Timing Diagrams: Kinetics Expos ure-Shift Shift Per T rigger Timing Diagram Readout t shift t shift t shift t shift Kinetics Frame Shift t exp t exp t exp t exp t exp Exposure T rigger Readout Per T rigger Timing Diagram Readout t shift t shift t shift t shift Kinetics Frame Shift t exp t exp t ex[...]

Chapter 14 PI-MAX4: EM Family 215 14.2.4 Data Readout At the en d of each programmed Ex posure-Shi ft cycl e, the data stored on the CCD ar e transf erred to computer memory . 14.2.5 Binning As with st andard data rea dout, Binni ng may be imple m ented to r educe readout ti mes. NOTE: Refe r to Section 5.8.3, Bi nned Readout (Hardware Binning) , o[...]

216 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Figure 14-11:Timing Diagram: Kinetics Readout and Data Storage, No Binning, 4 Row Kinetics Frame Readout and Data Storage Timing Diagram - No Binning, 4 Row Kinetics Frame Readout Row Shift Frame 1 Line 1 Frame 1 Line 2 Frame 1 Line 3 Frame 1 Line 4 Frame 2 Line 1 Frame 2 Line 2 Frame 2 Line 3 Frame 2 Line 4 F[...]

Chapter 14 PI-MAX4: EM Family 217 Figure 14-12:Timing Diagram: Kinetics Readout and Da ta Storage, 2 x 1 Binning, 4 Row Kinetics Frame Readout and Data Storage Timing Diagram - 2 x 1 Binning, 4 Row Kinetics Frame Readout Row Shift Frame 1 Line [1+2] Frame 1 Line [3+4] Frame 2 Line [1+2] Frame 2 Line [3+4] Frame 3 Line [1+2] Frame 3 Line [3+4] Frame[...]

218 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 14.2.5.1 File Storage Conventions LightFie ld sav es data f or each exposure/ frame as a n indiv idual fi le onc e it has b een rea d/ outp ut fr om th e shif t reg iste r . See Figur e 14-13 Figure 14-13:File Storage Convention date_aa_bb_16.spe Frame 16 Image date_aa_bb_15.spe Frame 15 Image date_aa_bb_14.sp[...]

Chapter 14 PI-MAX4: EM Family 219 14.2.6 Configuring Kinetics Perform t he follo w ing pro cedure to configure a PI-MAX4: EM camera for K ineti cs mode: 1. Click on t he Readout expande r and se lect Ki netics within the Rea dout Mode field. 2. Specify the desired Kinetics Window Height in numbe r of rows. NOTE: The number o f Frames per Re adout i[...]

220 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 3. Click on t he Trigger expander a nd select the de sired Tr igger Response : • Readout Per Trigg ; • Shift Per Trigger . See Figur e 14-15 . Figure 14-15:Configuring Trigge r Response 14.2.7 Cleaning the CCD Since ki netics i s most oft en used in a synchronou s, single- shot experiments , it is i mporta[...]

Chapter 14 PI-MAX4: EM Family 221 14.2.8 Configuring a Kinetics Ex periment This procedu r e assumes: • The syste m has already b een setup per instructi ons in prev ious chapters. • Previous secti ons of th is chapter have been read and are underst ood. • Familiar ity with the app lication soft ware. • The syste m is being operat ed in ima[...]

222 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 14.2.8.1 Configuring the Software Parameters: NOTE: The foll owing procedure i s based on Li ghtField. When u sing differ ent ap plicati on softwar e , modifica tions to this procedu re may be requi red. Basic familiar ity with the LightFie ld software is ass umed . If th is is not th e case , rev iew th e so [...]

Chapter 14 PI-MAX4: EM Family 223 14.3 Photon De tection Photon Detectio n is a me thod of est imating t he number of photons collect ed by an em ICCD under ex tremely low-li ght condi tions. By compari ng the in tensity of t he inco ming ligh t with a predef ined mi nimum intens ity level (measured in counts,) a n estimated photo n count can be de[...]

224 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 14.3.1 Configuring Photon Detecti on Perform t he fol lowing pro cedure to config ure Photon Detecti on: 1. If nece ssary , expa nd the Common Acquisi tion Setting s expan d er . See Figure 14-17 . Figure 14-17:Typical Common Acquisition Se ttings Expander 2. W ithin the Photon Detection section, s elect t he [...]

Chapter 14 PI-MAX4: EM Family 225 14.4 High Spe ed Came ra Add- in The High Spe ed Camera add-in a utomaticall y modifies exper iment sett ings to m aximize the number of frames t hat can be acqui red per se cond. NOTE: The High Spe ed Camera add-in is availabl e only when a PI-MAX4: 512 EM or PI-MAX4: 1024EM ca mera is connecte d. Figure 14 -19 sh[...]

226 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 14.4.1 Configuring the High Spee d Camera Perform t he follo w ing pro cedure to configure a PI-MAX4: 512 EM/1024 EM camer a for high speed opera t ion: 1. Click on t he Add-ins ta b and ope n the High Speed Camera expa nder . • When Experiment Ty pe is s elect ed t o be Spec troscop y , specify t he number [...]

Chapter 14 PI-MAX4: EM Family 227 3. Retu rn to th e Experiment Settings panel and , if necessary , open the Co mmon Acquisition Settings expander . From here, t he followi ng features /options may be enabled/ disa bled: • Time Stamping — Exposu re S tarte d — Exposu re Ended • Frame Tracking See Figur e 14-23 . Figure 14-23:Typical Configu[...]

228 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 This p age is inten tion ally b lank .[...]

229 Chapter 15: T i p s and T ricks In prio r chapt ers, the objectiv e was to show how to ta ke an image or spec trum with a minimal op erating c onfiguration a nd followi ng a simpl e procedu r e. In this chapt er , factors that a ffect mo re co mpl ex me asure men ts ar e disc uss ed. 15.1 Over exposur e Pro tection WARN ING! Image int ensified [...]

230 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 15.2 Signal Delay For th e cam era to see a tra nsien t si gnal, it is es sen tial th at i t be ga ted on wh en the sign al arrive s at the c amera. If t his requ irement i s not given caref ul consid eration, it is possible to set up an experiment in which t he signal will come a nd go befor e the camera i s [...]

Chapter 15 Tips and Tricks 231 15.2.2 Measuring Coincidence In addit ion to pr eparing a T ime Budget, it is advantageous if you can dir ectly measure th e timing of the cri tical signa ls. A fast oscil loscope c an be used f or this purpose . W ithout an oscill oscope to monitor the sign als, it wil l be diffic ult to determi ne the tim ing with s[...]

232 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 15.2.3 Adjusting the Signal Dela y The PI-MAX4 in ternal timing gener ator giv e s the use r wide lat itude wit h respect to adju sting the de lay bet ween the time the timing gener ator is trigge red and the t i me the Gate On and Of f ed ges are ge nerated. Th is being the cas e, as long a s the li ght signa[...]

Chapter 15 Tips and Tricks 233 15.3 La sers Pulsed l asers are us ed in ma ny experi ments where a gat ed i ntensifi ed came ra might be used to reco ver the signal. F or exampl e, in combust ion measur ements, a laser pu lse mig ht be applied to a flame and the resulting fl uorescenc e studied as the signal t o be analyz ed. Beca use th is s hort-[...]

234 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 15.3.3 Jitter Jitt er , unce rtain ty in th e ti ming of the lase r outp ut, i s a crit ica l laser per form ance p ara mete r in gat ed e xperi men ts. If t he j itte r is sig nifi cant r ela tive to the durat ion of the sign al p ulse , the gat e width wil l have to b e wide en ough to acc omm odate it, and [...]

Chapter 15 Tips and Tricks 235 15.6 Base line Signal W ith the camera c ompletely bloc ked, t he CCD will col lect a dark char ge pattern, depende nt on th e exposu re time , camera temperature , and intensif ier g ain se tting. The lon ger th e exposure time and the warmer the ca mera th e lar ger and l ess uniform this backgr ound will appear . A[...]

236 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 This p age is inten tion ally b lank .[...]

237 Chapter 16: Component Descriptions PI-M AX4 is an a dvan ced inten sif ied CCD (IC CD) cam era sy stem used for lo w lig ht an d time res olved a pplicat ions. I t consist s of a n imaging ( square) or spect roscopy (recta ngular) format CCD coupled t o Gen II (PI-MAX4 RB, SB, UV) or Filmless Gen III (PI -MAX4 HQ) intensi fiers. The operati on [...]

238 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 16.2 Swit ches , Conn ecto rs, and I ndic ators This sec tion provi des information about the switch es, connectors, a nd indicators f ound on the PI -MA X4 fa mi ly of ca mera s. • Figure 16 -1 shows th e typical PI-MAX4 Rear Pan el; • Figure 16 -2 shows th e PI-MAX4: 1024i-RF Rear Pane l. Figure 16-1: PI[...]

Chapter 16 Compone nt Descripti ons 239 16.2.1 AUX I/O This is a 26-pin female DB connector. The standard AUX I/O cable included with all PI-MAX4 systems, provides easy access to five (5) I/O signals which can be used to input a trigger to initiate data acquisition, monitor frame readout status, and/or control an external shutter. The five I/O sign[...]

240 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 16.2.5 Error LED Red LED indic ator to warn of e xcessive repet ition ra te. Must be of f for proper ope ration. NOTE: With th e PI-M AX4 , the Error LED is a lso ac tivat ed by MCP bracket pulsing. Th e MCP bracket repet i tion ra te limit is 6.25 kHz. 16.2.6 Fan V entila tion fan that runs continuo usly to r[...]

Chapter 16 Compone nt Descripti ons 241 16.2.9 Logic Out This is a standard female BNC connec tor . 0 to +3.3V DC progra mmable lo gic le vel output (TTL-c ompatible.) The output can be programmed v ia softwa re as o ne of the f ollowing s ignals: • ACQUIRING; • IMAG E SH IFT ; • LOGIC 1; • READ OUT ; • SHUTTER; • W AIT FOR TRIGGER. REF[...]

242 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 16.2.14 Thermoelectric Cooler The ther m oelect ric (TE) c ooler is mounted to t he heat remova l block. W ith air -coolin g alone, at an ambi ent temper ature of 25  C , tem per ature lock at 2 5  will gen era lly oc cur within t en to fif teen minutes. Note that the exact cooling p erformance is a f un[...]

Chapter 16 Compone nt Descripti ons 243 16.5 CoolCUBE II Co olant Circulato r (Option) Liquid- cooled PI-M AX4 cameras can co ol to a lower temperat ure (typically -35  C) than air coo ling . Instea d of using a fan t o remove heat , these cameras i ncorpora t e a clos ed loop system of circula ting flu id. The CoolCUBE II cir culator unit cont [...]

244 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 16.9 Appl icati on Sof tware The foll owing applicati on softwar e may be suppl ied with the PI-MAX4 s ystem: •W i n X The PI-MAX4 ca mera can be oper ated by usin g either W inV iew/32 or W inSpec/ 32, Princet on Inst rument's 32-bit W indows ® softwar e packages designed specif ically for hig h-end i[...]

Chapter 16 Compone nt Descripti ons 245 16.10 User Manu als The foll owing Use r Manuals may b e include d with the PI- M AX4 syst em: • PI-MAX4 System Us er Manu al This manual descr ibes how t o install and use the PI-MAX4 s ystem components. • WinVie w/32 or WinS pec/32 Us er Manual This manual describes how t o install and use the appl icat[...]

246 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 This p age is inten tion ally b lank .[...]

247 Chapter 17: T r oubleshooting CAUTION! ! If a sudden ch ange in the baseli ne signal is observe d, there may be exces sive hu midity within the CCD enclosure of th e camera. Cont act the factory for in formation about ha ving the came ra che ck ed or r epa ired. WARN ING! Do not att ach or remove any c ables while the c amera syst em is powered[...]

248 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 17.1 Alar m Sounds Re petit ively Immediate ly reduce the light ente ring the c amera. This can be do ne by switching I.I.T. switc h on t he b ack of the P I-MA X4 to OFF until you lower the s ource illuminat ion, by decreas ing th e lens ape r ture, or by completely blo cking the light into the camera window [...]

Chapter 17 Troubleshooting 249 17.5 Camer a Stops Wor kin g Problems wi th the host comp uter syst em or softwa re may have side ef fects that app ear to be hardware problems. If you ar e sure t he problem i s in the c amera syst em hardware, b egin with the se simple checks: • T urn off all AC power . • V eri fy th at al l cabl es a re se cure[...]

250 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 5. The next t ime W inX is la unched, the new name will be displa yed on t he Hardware Set up dia log . S ee Figure 17-3 . Figure 17-3: Updated Hardware Set up Dialog NOTE: If the Camera Det ection Wiz ard is launch ed and run a t a late r time, the name wil l be rever t back to the de fault name (i.e., Camera[...]

Chapter 17 Troubleshooting 251 • CoolCUBE II The circ ulato r is highe r than th e camera. Repositi on the circulat or so tha t it is 6 inches (150 mm) or more below t he camer a. The vert ical dis tance should not exceed 10 feet (3 m.) T ypic ally , the camera is at table hei ght and the cir culator is on the fl oor . • The tar get array tempe[...]

252 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 17.10 Ether net Networ k is Not Accessib le When the Princ eton Inst ruments soft ware is insta lled, all I ntel Pro/100 0 interf ace card driver s found on the host computer ar e updated with t he Intel Pro/1000 Grabber Ada pter (V ision High-Perf ormance IP Device) dr iver provided by Pleora T echno logies, [...]

Chapter 17 Troubleshooting 253 17.10.2 WinX Applications Perform t he fol lowing pro cedure to insta l l necess ary drivers fo r W inX applica tions: 1. Loca te the EbDr ive rT ool 32 .exe file. • Download th e EbDriverTool32.exe file to th e hos t com put er from ft p:// ftp.pri ncetoninstrumen ts.com/public /Software /Off i cial/ W inX32/GigE/ [...]

254 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 17.12 Gatin g Puls e Artifact Stri ngs Di splayed PI-MAX4:512/ 1024 EM(B) c ameras ma y experie nce noise i n the form of gat i ng pulse artif acts, somet i mes refe rred to as Machin e Gun” dots , during readout. Figure 17-6 shows a typical display with numerous gati ng pulse ar tifact strings displayed. Fi[...]

255 Appendix A: T ech nical Specifications CAUTION! ! All spec ifications pr ovided in t his appendix ar e subject to change . For complet e and up-t o-date inform ation abou t perfor mance, ava i lable o ptions, and acces sories, contact th e factor y or visi t the Princeton Instrument s website at www .princetoninst ruments.co m . This a ppendix [...]

256 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 A.3 Envir onmental Specificat ions Refe r to Ta b l e A - 2 for environmen tal specifica tions for the PI-MAX4 system. A.4 In tensif ier Specific ation s For in form ati on ab out co mpat ibl e inte nsif iers, refe r to th e Prin cet on Ins tru ment s web site : http://www.princetoninstruments.com A.5 CCD Spe [...]

Appendix A Technical Specifications 257 Refe r to Ta b l e A - 4 for CCD array sp ecifica tions for non-EM PI-MAX4 detectors. Table A-4: CCD Ar ray Specifications for non-EM PI-MAX4 Detectors Parameter 1 024i 1024f 1024i-R F 2048f 10 24 x 256 CCD KAI-1 003 e2v CCD47-10 KAI-1003 e2v CCD42-40 e2v CCD3 0-1 1 Illu mina tio n Fron t Front Front F ront F[...]

258 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 A.6 AUX I/O Interface The AUX I/O in terface provi des access to the trigge r funct ion, DAC, and TTL signal s via a rear pa nel connec tor and an AUX I/O cabl e that i s supplie d with each PI-MAX4 system. This sect ion prov ides pinout infor mation for bot h the rear panel AUX I/O con nector as wel l as the [...]

Appendix A Technical Specifications 259 5 — Not Used 6 GND S ystem chassis grou nd. Any external c ircuitry i n tended to interface with the trig ger contr ol signal s must ref erenc e this grou nd connectio n. 7 SyncM ASTER1 Ou tput L VCMOS Active hig h. User-con figurab le outp ut. Sy ncMASTE R1 can be user- confi gured to p rovid e a user -spe[...]

260 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 A.6.1 AUX I/O Cable Each PI-M AX4 system in cludes an A UX I/O cable t hat provi des convenient a ccess to several system si gnals. The AUX I/O int erface ca ble is comprised of a male DB26 connecto r on o ne end, and fiv e female BN C cable s on the other end, each of which provi des access t o a system signa[...]

Appendix A Technical Specifications 261 A.7 CoolCUBE II Circulator S pecific ations Closed Loop System • Hoses T wo 3 m [10 ft] hoses ma y be suppli ed with the PI-MAX4 ca mera sys tem. These hoses ar e comprised of a 0. 3 m [2 ft] piece of ¼” ID hose joined by a reducer to a 2.4 m [8 ft] piece of 3/8” ID hos e. Refer to the coolant circ ula[...]

262 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 This p age is inten tion ally b lank .[...]

263 Appendix B: Outline Drawings NOTE: Dimensions are in i nches and [mm] unles s otherwis e noted. B.1 PI- MAX4: 1 024i/ 1024f/ 2048f /102 4x256 Figure B-1: Outli ne Drawing: PI-MAX4: 1024i / 1024f/204 8f/1024x256 wi th C-mount Adapter REMOVABLE EXTENDER BRACKET 0.25]. NOTES: 1. MOUNTING FACE TO IMAGE PLANE IS FACTORY PRESET TO OPTICAL DISTANCE OF[...]

264 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Figure B-2: Outli ne Drawing: PI-MAX 4: 1024i / 1024f/2048f/10 24x256 wi th F-mount Adapter REMOVABLE EXTENDER BRACKET INCREMENTS. NOTES: 1. MOUNTING FACE TO IMAGE PLANE IS FACTORY PRESET TO OPTICAL DISTANCE OF 1.831 0.010 [46.50 0.25]. 2. LENS RELEASE TRIGGER ORIENTATION CAN BE ROTATED IN 180 CATHODE COOLING [...]

Append ix B Outlin e Drawings 265 Figure B-3: O utline Drawing: PI-MAX4: 1024i/ 102 4f/204 8f/1024x256 with Spectroscopy-mount Adapter INCREMENTS. REMOVEABLE EXTENDER BRACKET NOTES: 1. MOUNTING FACE TO IMAGE PLANE IS FACTORY PRESET TO OPTICAL DISTANCE OF 0.894 0.010 [22.71 0.25]. 2. MOUNTING FLANGE ORIENTATION CAN BE ROTATED IN 180 3X #10-32 THREAD[...]

266 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 B.2 PI-MAX4: 51 2 EM/512 EM(B) Figure B-4: Outline Drawing: PI-MAX4: 512 EM/512 EM(B) with C-mount Adapter REMOVABLE EXTENDER BRACKET 0.25 ] NOTES: 1. MOUNTING FACE TO IMAGE PLANE IS FACTORY PRESET TO OPTICAL DISTANCE OF 0.690 ± 0 .010 [1 7.53 ± AIR EXHAUST AIR INTAKE MOUNTING FACE SEE NOTE 1. 88. 9 3.50 233[...]

Append ix B Outlin e Drawings 267 Figure B-5: Outline Drawing: PI-MAX4: 512 EM/512 EM(B) with F-mount Adapter REMOVABLE EXTENDER BRACKET AIR INTAKE CATHODE COOLING INPUT NIKON "F" MOUNT ADAPTER SEE NOTES 1 AND 2. 4.50 114.3 4.50 114.3 1.94 49.3 AIR EXHAUST AIR INTAKE MOUNTING FACE SEE NOTE 1. 9.20±0.03 233.6±0.8 2.65 2.18 INTENSIFIER DE[...]

268 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Figure B-6: Outline Drawing: PI-MAX4: 512 EM /512 EM(B) with Spectrosc opy-mount Adapter NOTES: 1. MOUNTING FACE TO IMAGE PLANE IS FACTORY PRESET TO OPTICAL DISTANCE OF 0.894 ± 0.010 [ 22.71 ± 0.25] 2. MOUNTING FLANGE ORIENTATION CAN BE ROTATED IN 180 INCREMENTS REMOVABLE EXTENDER BRACKET 2X 0.129 [3.3 ] HOL[...]

Append ix B Outlin e Drawings 269 B.3 PI-MAX4 Po wer Supply Figure B-7: Outline Drawing: PI-MAX4 Powe r Supply GREEN LED 0 1.06 4.02 2.16 0 2.15 4.29 0.18 POWER CONNECTOR LINE CORD INPUT POWER ON/OFF SWITCH 0 9.82 RED LED 4411-0137_01 54[...]

270 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 B.4 PI- MAX4: 102 4i-RF Figure B-8: Outline Drawing: PI-MAX4: 1024i-RF with C-mount Adapter 2.00 50.8 225.0 9.00 0.25]. REMOVABLE EXTENDER BRACKET NOTES: 1. MOUNTING FACE TO IMAGE PLANE IS FACTORY PRESET TO OPTICAL DISTANCE OF 0.690 0.010 [17.53 CATHODE COOLING INPUT 1.00"-32 THREAD ("C" MOUNT S[...]

Append ix B Outlin e Drawings 271 Figure B-9: Outline Drawing: PI-MAX4: 1024i-RF with F-moun t Ada pter 50.8 8.86 [225.0] 2.00 9.00 [228.6] REMOVABLE EXTENDER BRACKET INCREMENTS. NOTES: 1. MOUNTING FACE TO IMAGE PLANE IS FACTORY PRESET TO OPTICAL DISTANCE OF 1.831 0.010 [46.50 0.25]. 2. LENS RELEASE TRIGGER ORIENTATION CAN BE ROTATED IN 180 CATHODE[...]

272 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Figure B-10: Outline Drawing: PI-MAX4: 1 024i-RF with Spectroscopy-mou nt Ada pter 6.5mm 0.25 M6x1.0 0.25 1/4-20 THREAD 1/4-20 THREAD 3.26 2.00 71.1 50.8 5.1 25.40 1.000 50.00 0.20 0.25[6.4] 1.969 2X 0.129 2.80 AIR INTAKE VENTS SEE NOTE 1. AIR INTAKE VENTS MOUNTING FACE AIR EXHAUST VENTS 23.57 15.21 INTENSIFIE[...]

Append ix B Outlin e Drawings 273 B.5 PI- MAX4: 102 4i-RF Po wer Suppl y Figure B-11: Outline Drawing: PI-MAX4 : 1024i-RF Power Supply 4.02 [102.11] 2.16 [54.86] POWER CONNECTOR RED LED GREEN LED LINE CORD INPUT POWER ON/OFF SWITCH 0 9.55 [242.57] INPUT 90-264 V AC 47-63 Hz 400W MAX SHUTTER FAUL T POWER 0 1.06 [26.92] 0 2.15 [54.61] 4.29 [108.97] 0[...]

274 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 B.6 CoolCUBE II Circulator Figure B-12: Outline Drawing: CoolCUBE II Circulator 0 1.245 8.150 207.0 1.28 32.4 6.88 174.6 4X RUBBER FOOT DO NOT BLOCK AIR INTAKE SLOTS BOTH SIDES 0 0.30 7.5 2.75 69.9 4.75 120.7 6.26 159.1 6.80 172.7 0 1.30 33.0 3.00 76.2 5.00 127.0 8.00 203.2 0.80 20.3 7.20 182.9 NO SPILL QUICK [...]

275 Appendix C: WinX/LightField Cross Reference This appe ndix provi des cross refer ence in formati on for ter minolog y used withi n the W inX and Light Field appl ication softwa re package s. C.1 WinX-to-LightFie ld Terminology Refe r to Ta b l e C - 1 for a list of W inX terms an d their c orresponding Ligh tField terms. Table C-1: WinX-to-Ligh[...]

276 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Logic Out: Shutter Output S ignal: Shutter Open Minim um Bloc k Siz e Final Sec tio n Height Normal Shutter No rmal (Shutter) Number of Bloc ks Final Sec tion Cou nt Number of Cleans Number of Clean Cycles Number of Strips per Clean Clean Cycle Height Post-Dummy Rows Paralle l to Shift Register Active Area: Bo[...]

Appendix C WinX/LightField Cross Reference 277 C.2 LightFi eld t o WinX Refe r to Ta b l e C - 2 for a list of LightFi eld terms and their corre sponding W inX ter ms. Table C-2: LightField-to-WinX Cros s Reference (She et 1 of 2) LightField T erm WinX Term Active Area: Bottom M argi n Post-Du mmy Rows Pa rallel to Shift Re gister Active Area: Left[...]

278 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Previ ew Focu s Quality Readout Port Reado ut Per T rigge r Exter nal Sy nc Readout Per T rigger (DIF) Single T rigger (DIF) Sens or Read out Region e xpand er fu nctions Ea sy Bi n Shift Per T rigger (DIF) Dual T rigger Mode (DIF) Shutter M ode Shutter Co ntrol Speed ADC Rate T emperature S etpoint T arget T [...]

279 Appendix D: Extender Bracket Kit An Extender Bra cket kit (par t number 2530-0085) is ship ped with each PI-MAX4. Af ter sec uring the brack et at the rea r of the PI -MAX4, you can mount the PI- MAX4 to a ny labor ato ry ta ble with eit her 2 5 mm or 1 inch hol e spac ing. Perform the fol lowing pro cedure to secur e th e plat e to t he c amer[...]

280 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 This p age is inten tion ally b lank .[...]

281 Appendix E: C- and F-Mount Information This appen dix provides infor mation neces sary in order to use C- and F-mount l enses with a PI-MAX4 camera . Both types of lenses typi cally have provisions for focusing and aper ture adjustme nt, with the deta ils varying acc ording the make and m odel of the le ns being us ed. WARN ING! Before i nstall[...]

282 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 E.2 F-Mou nt L ens Ad apter Figure E- 1 illust rates a typical F-Mount, or Nikon, lens ad apter . Figure E-1: F-Mount (Nikon) Lens Adapter E.2.1 Installation Perform t he follo w ing pro cedure to install an F-mount l ens onto a PI- MAX4 camer a: 1. Locate t he lar ge indi cator dot on the si de of the lens. 2[...]

Appendix E C- and F -Mount Inform ation 283 E.3 C amera Or ienta tion In gener al, a PI-MAX4 ca n be mounted at any att itude or angle, and the camera can res t on any secur e surface. T ake care n ot to bloc k the ventilat ion open ings. CAUTION! ! When an F-mount lens has been inst alled on t h e PI-MAX4, NEVER mount the camera nose-u p such that[...]

284 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 This p age is inten tion ally b lank .[...]

285 Appendix F: S pectrograph Mount Information This appe ndix pr ovides in formati on abou t mounting a PI-MAX4 with spectroscop y-mount adapter to an Ac ton Spectr aPro Seri es or IsoPlane ® SCT -320 spec trograph and for subs equ ent alig nme nt an d foc usi ng o f the spec trom et er . Mounting the camera to an Acton SpectraPro Seri es spectro[...]

286 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 NOTE: Adapter parts are machined to provide a tight fit. It may be necessary to rotate the camera back and forth wh en inserting the sliding tube into the spectrograph. Forcing the tube into the spectrometer could permanently damage the tube and the spectrom eter opening. 3. Loosen set screw with 3/32” hex w[...]

Appendix F Spectrograp h Mount In formation 287 F.2 M ount a PI-M AX4 to an IsoPlane SCT-320 Spe ctrograp h This sec tion provi des the pr ocedure for mount ing a PI-MAX4 t o an IsoPlane SCT -320 spectr ograph. F.2.1 Required Tools and Equipment The foll owing tools and equ ipment are requi red: • 5/16” Open end wrench (provid ed in Spectromete[...]

288 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 F.3 Sp ectrog raph-Camer a Rotatio nal Alignmen t and Focu sing The camera mounting hardware p rovides t wo degrees o f freedom: rotation a nd focus . In this co ntext, rotatio n means ph ysicall y rotating the c a mera while watching a live display and adjus t ing for optimum sign al. Focus means to ph ysical[...]

Appendix F Spectrograp h Mount In formation 289 5. Set the spectrograph to : • 435.8 nm if using a mercury sou rce, or • 0.0 nm if using a b r oadban d source. TIP: Overhead f luore scent li ghts p roduce a mer cury spectrum. Use a white c ard tilted at 45 ° in front of th e entr ance slit to refl ect overhead light into the spectrograph. Se l[...]

290 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 F.3.2 Align and Focus an IsoPlane SCT-320 Sp ectrograph Because t he PI-MAX4 o r PI-MAX4-RF is m ounted di rectly to the mounting pl ate on an IsoPlan e, focus ing and al ignment is dif ferent fro m the way t hat rota tional alignment and focusin g are performed f or an Acton S pectraPro Serie s spectr ograph.[...]

Appendix F Spectrograp h Mount In formation 291 8. T urn on Focus mode (Wi nX) or select Align Spectro meter from the Experim en t menu (Light Field.) I f you are using LightField, re view the changes the software will make befor e clicking o n Be gin . 9. Using a 9/ 64” hex wr ench, loose n the four screws at the corners of the c amera mounting [...]

292 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 This p age is inten tion ally b lank .[...]

293 Appendix G: Accessories G.1 Accessory Kits The came ra is shi pped wit h the ada pter mount specif ied when it was pur chased . If a kit for an addit ional ada pter mount is also purch ased, it will be shipped i n an acc essory ki t contain i ng a do uble-ende d scre wdriver wit h magnet top. When the additional ada pter is a spectr oscopy moun[...]

294 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 G.3 Q uick Start Guide When a c amera s ystem is s hipped with a sp ectroscopy-mou nt ada pter kit , a quick st art guide for mo unting a PI -MAX4 with sp ectrosc opy-mount ada pter to an Acton s pectrogr aph is include d. T ypically , the guide ass umes that t here i s a spect roscopy-mount adapter pre-mount [...]

Appendix G Accessories 295 G.5 Spectroscopy-Mount for IVUV and NVUV Came ras In addit ion to th e spectroscopy a dapter , IVUV/NVUV ca meras requ ire two o-rings to be insta lled: • A 2.739” inner dia m eter o -ring is insta lled bet ween the face the camera and the spectr ograph’ s adapter ; • A 2.614” inner dia meter o -ring is install [...]

296 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 4. Positi on the 2.739” inner -diameter o-r ing into the groove on the face of t he camera . See Figure G- 4 . Figure G-4: Positioning the 2.739” (ID) O -ring 5. Using the four ( 4) screws removed i n step 1, mou nt the spectros copy-moun t adapter to the fr ont of the PI -MAX 4. 6. Positi on the sma ller [...]

Appendix G Accessories 297 G.6 Optical Di stance from Mo unting Face to Image Plane Each adapt er has a p reset optical distance from the moun ting face to th e image p lane. The distanc e varies from one adapter t ype to another a nd is described in greate r detail on the PI-MAX4 outl ine drawin gs. For qu ick refe rence, the di stances a re provi[...]

298 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 This p age is inten tion ally b lank .[...]

299 Appendix H: Glossary Binning A process that may occur in the readout regi ster and the out put node (on-chi p or hardware binning) or is p e rformed a s a post -process (softwar e binning.) Binni ng combines c harge from r ectan gular grou ps of adjacent p i xels int o super pixels. W hen done on -chip, this pro cess reduces re adout t ime and [...]

300 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 EBI Equivale nt Backg round Ill umination. EBI comes from the rmally-ge nerated e lectrons that c annot b e disti nguished from tho se gene rated by light photons. EBI can be red uced by coo ling the i ntensif ier ( or enviro nment) and i s usually negli gible in gated applica t ions. Expos ure Ti me The peri [...]

Appen dix H Gloss ary 301 Gate Delay The time bet ween the beginning of the trigger pul se (either inte rnal o r external ) and the beginni ng of th e photocat hode gate pulse. Gate Mode PI-MAX4 int ensifier mode in whi ch the photocat hode is bi ased on only for the time that each gat e puls e is appli ed. In this way , the a rray can b e exposed [...]

302 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Intensifier On/Off Ra tio The rati o of l ight outpu t when the i ntensifier i s gated on and off: The higher the rat io, the bet t er the gating. A high on /off rat io is ne cessary to el iminat e the bac kground and to faithf ully repr oduce trans ient events. In the vis ible regi on on/of f ratios exceeding[...]

Appen dix H Gloss ary 303 MCP Micro-Chan nel Plate . Composed of cylindr ical cha nnels through whi ch electr ons fr om the phot ocathode travel and gen erate add itional elect rons resu lting in elect ron gain. At the outp ut of the MCP is a phospho r-c oated fluoresc e nt scree n that converts the electr ons to photons th at subs equently strike [...]

304 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 QE Quantum Ef ficiency . The percent age of incide nt photons converted to electroni c charge. The throu ghput of the input windows, the sp ectral s e nsitiv ity of the ph otocathode and the CCD arr ay , the illu minated sur face (fr ont or bac k) of the CCD array , the in tensifier on/of f ratio, the MCP reso[...]

305 Declaration of Conformity This sec tion of t he PI-MAX4 syst em manual contains t he decla rations o f conformi ty for PI-MAX4 and PI -MAX4: 1024i-RF syst ems. A sys tem includ es the ca m era wit h a Gen II or Film less G en III int ensif ier a nd its powe r su pply .[...]

306 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4[...]

Declaration of Confor mity 307[...]

308 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 This p age is inten tion ally b lank .[...]

309 W arranty & Service Limited Warr anty Princet on Instr uments, a division of Roper Sci entifi c, Inc. (“Pr inceton Instruments”, “us ”, “we”, “our ”) makes the foll owing limited warr anties. These limited war ranties extend to the origina l purc haser (“ Y ou”, “you”) only an d no other p urchaser or tr ansfer ee. W[...]

310 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Sealed Cham ber Integrity Limited 12 Month Warranty Princet on Instruments warra nts the seale d chamber in tegri ty of all our prod ucts for a peri od of twelve ( 12) months a f ter shi pment. If, a t anytime within twel ve (12 ) months fr om the date of deliver y , the detector should experience a sealed cha[...]

Warranty & S ervice 311 Owner's Manual and Troubleshooting Y ou should read the owner ’ s manual thoro ughly befo re operating th is product. I n the unli kely event t hat you should enco unter dif ficulty operat ing this product, the o wner ’ s manual should be consul ted before contacti ng the Princeto n Instruments te chnical suppor[...]

312 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 10. All w arran ties impl ied by sta te la w or n on-U .S. la ws, i nclud ing the im plie d war ran ties of merchant ability and fitness for a part icular purpose, are expr essly limited t o the d uration of the limite d warrant ies set forth above. W ith the exception of an y warranti es implied by state l aw[...]

Index A A/D co nverters , dual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 AC po wer requir ements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Acton SpectraP ro Series spect rograph adapt er instruct ions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Adapter instruct ions Acton S pectraPro Series sp ectrogra[...]

314 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 Connectors AUX I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 AUX output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 AUX Power input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 39 Gig-E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 LOGIC O[...]

Index 315 Installa tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 PCI dr ivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 , 41 software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 , 41 Intensifier alarm disa bling of phot ocathode a nd MC P pow er . . . . 235 reason for . . . . . . . . . [...]

316 PI -MAX ® 4 System Manual Issue 4 PI-MAX4 1024 i-RF AUX Power input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 39 Mon RF Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 User RF Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Decla ration o f Conform ity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 ground ing and safety. . . . . . . . .[...]

Index 317 T ime budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 T ime Stamp ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 T iming coincide nce, h ow to achieve . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Ti m i n g m o d e s Readout Pe r Trigg er (Kinetic s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Shift Pe r Trigge r (Kin[...]

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