Sharp EL-5250 manuale d’uso

PROGRAMMABLE SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR OPERATION MANUAL ® EL-5230 EL-5250 SHARP CORPORATION 04LGK (TINSE0796EHZZ) PRINTED IN CHINA / IMPRIMÉ EN CHINE / IMPRESO EN CHINA EL-5230/EL-5250 PROGRAMMABLE SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR[...]

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1 Introduction Appendix Chapter 1: Before Y ou Get Started Chapter 2: General Information Chapter 3: Scientific Calculations Chapter 4: Statistical Calculations Chapter 5: Equation Solvers Chapter 6: Complex Number Calculations Chapter 7: Programming Chapter 8: Application Examples SHARP EL-5230/5250 Programmab le Scientific Calculator[...]

2 Contents Intr oduction ........................................................... 7 Operational Notes .................................................................................... 8 Ke y Notation in This Manual .................................................................... 9 Chapter 1: Bef ore Y ou Get Star ted .....................[...]

3 Setting the floating point numbers system in scientific notation . .. 26 Using Memories ..................................................................................... 27 Using alphabetic characters .......................................................... 27 Using global var iab les ........................................................[...]

4 Solver Function ...................................................................................... 52 Entering and solving an equation .................................................. 52 Changing the value of v ariables and editing an equation ............. 52 Solving an equation .............................................................[...]

5 Entering the PROG mode .............................................................. 75 Selecting the NORMAL program mode or the NBASE program mode ................................................................................ 75 Programming concept .................................................................... 75 Ke ys and display .....[...]

6 Appendix ............................................................ 115 Batter y Replacement ........................................................................... 115 Batteries used .............................................................................. 115 Notes on batter y replacement .............................................[...]

7 Intr oduction Thank you f or purchasing the SHARP Programmab le Scientific Calculator Model EL-5230/5250. After reading this manual, store it in a con v enient location for future ref erence . • Unless the model is specified, all text and other material appearing in this manual applies to both models (EL-5230 and EL-5250). • Either of the mod[...]

8 Operational Notes • Do not carry the calculator around in your back poc ket, as it may break when you sit do wn. The display is made of glass and is particularly fragile. •K eep the calculator awa y from e xtreme heat such as on a car dashboard or near a heater , and av oid exposing it to e xcessiv ely humid or dusty environments. • Since t[...]

9 Ke y Notation in This Man ual In this manual, ke y operations are described as follo ws: To specify e x : @ " ..................... 햲 To specify In : i To specify F : ; F ........................... 햳 To specify d/c : @ F ..................... 햲 To specify a b / c : k To specify H : ; H ........................... 햳 To specify i : Q [...]

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11 Chapter 1 Befor e Y ou Get Started Preparing to Use the Calculator Before using y our calculator for the first time , you must reset it and adjust its contrast. Resetting the calculator 1. Press the RESET switch located on the back of the calculator with the tip of a ball- point pen or similar object. Do not use an object with a breakable or sha[...]

12 The Har d Case Y our calculator comes with a hard case to protect the ke yboard and display when the calculator is not in use. Before using the calculator , remove the hard case and slide it onto the bac k as shown to a void losing it. When you are not using the calculator , slide the hard case over the k eyboard and displa y as shown. • Firml[...]

13 Chapter 1: Before Y ou Get Started Calculator La yout and Displa y Symbols Calculator lay out 1 Display screen: The calculator displa y consists of 14 × 3 line dot matrix display (5 × 7 dots per character) and a 2-digit e xponent displa y per each line. 2 Po wer ON/OFF and Clear key: Tu r ns calculator ON. T o turn off the calculator , press @[...]

14 Chapter 1: Before Y ou Get Started Display • During actual use, not all symbols are displa yed at the same time. • Only the symbols required f or the usage under instruction are shown in the displa y and calculation examples of this manual. : Indicates some contents are hidden in the directions shown. Press cursor keys to see the remaining ([...]

15 Operating Modes This calculator has five oper ating modes to perform various operations. These modes are selected from the MODE ke y . Selecting a mode 1. Press b . The menu displa y appears. Press d to display the ne xt menu page. 2. Press 0 to select the NORMAL mode. • In the menu displa y , press the assigned n umber to choose or recall a s[...]

16 A Quic k T our This section takes y ou on a quick tour co vering the calculator’ s simple arithmetic operations and also principal features like the solv er function. T urning the calculator on and off 1. Press j at the top right of the keypad to turn the calculator on. •T o conserve the batteries, the calculator tur ns itself off automatica[...]

17 Chapter 1: Before Y ou Get Started Editing an expression After obtaining an ans wer , you can go back to an e xpression and modify it using the cursor ke ys just as you can before the e is pressed. Example Return to the last expression and change it to 8 2 ÷ 았 3 – 7 × -10.5 1. Press d or r to return to the last expression. • The cursor i[...]

18 Using variab les Y ou can use 27 variables (A-Z and θ ) in the NORMAL mode . A number stored as a variab le can be recalled either by entering the variable name or using t . Example 1 Store 2 3 to variab le R. 1. Press j 2 1 then x . • j clears the display . • ALPHA appears automatically when you press x . Y ou can now enter any alphabetic [...]

19 Chapter 1: Before Y ou Get Started 3. Press e to obtain the result. F ollo w the same procedure as above , b ut press t instead of ; in step 1. Y ou will get the same result. Using simulation calculations (ALGB) If you want to find more than one solution using the same f or mula or algebraic equation, you can do this quic kly and simply by use o[...]

20 • Note that, as the variab le R already has a number stored in memor y , the calculator recalls that number . • indicates that there is another v ar iable earlier in the e xpression. 4. Press 8 to input the radius . Input of all variab les is now complete. 5. Press e to obtain the solution. • The answ er (volume of cone  ) is display ed[...]

21 Using the solver function Y ou can solve an y unknown variab le in an equation by assigning known v alues to the rest of the v ariables. Let us compare the differences between the solver function and the sim ulation calculations using the same expres- sion as in the last example . Example What is the height of cone 3 if it has a radius of 8 and [...]

22 14. Press @ h to find the height of cone 3 . • Note that the calculator finds the v alue of the v ariable that the cursor is on when you press @ h . •N ow you ha ve the height of cone 3 that has the same volume as cone 2 . •R → and L → are the values computed by Newton's method, which is used to determine the accuracy of the solut[...]

23 Chapter 2 General Infor mation Clearing the Entry and Memories * 1 Global variab le memor ies. * 2 Sav ed equations and local variables b y the filing equations function * 3 Last answ er memor y . * 4 Statistical data (entered data) * 5 n , x ¯ , sx , σ x , Σ x , Σ x 2 , ¯ y , s y , σ y , Σ y , Σ y 2 , Σ xy , a , b , c, r . * 6 Will be [...]

24 Chapter 2: General Information Editing and Correcting an Equation Cursor ke ys Incorrect ke ystrokes can be changed b y using the cursor keys ( l r u d ). Example Enter 123456 then correct it to 123459. 1. Press j 123456. 2. Press y 9 e . • If the cursor is located at the right end of an equation, the y ke y will function as a backspace k ey .[...]

25 Chapter 2: General Information Delete key •T o delete a number/function, mov e the cursor to the number/function you wish to delete, then press y . If the cursor is located at the right end of an equation, the y ke y will function as a backspace ke y . Multi-entry recall function Previous equations can be recalled in the NORMAL, ST A T or CPLX[...]

26 The SET UP menu The SET UP menu enab les you to change the angular unit and the displa y fo r mat. • Press @ J to display the SET UP menu. • Press j to e xit the SET UP menu. Determination of the angular unit The f ollowing three angular units (degrees, r adians, and gr ads) can be specified. • DEG(°) : Press @ J 0 0 • RAD (rad): Press [...]

27 Using Memories The calculator uses global variab le memor ies (A–Z and θ ), local variable memories (maximum of nine variables per equation), and a last ans wer memor y used when solving equations. Using alphabetic characters Y ou can enter an alphabetic character (written in blue) when ALPHA is displa yed at the top of the display . T o ente[...]

28 Example 2 Recall global variable A. 1. Press t A. • There is no need to press ; because ALPHA is selected automatically when y ou press t . Using local variab les Nine local variab les can be used in each equation or program, in addition to the global variab les. Unlike global v ariables, the v alues of the local variables will be stored with [...]

29 •Y ou do not need to enter an alphabetic char acter . Just specify the named local variab le using a number from 0 to 8, or mov e the arrow to the appropriate variable the press e . 5. Press @ v 0 e . • The value of V AR 0 will be recalled. • Alternatively you can recall a v ariable by moving the arro w to it then press e twice. Note: •Y[...]

30 Using the last answer memory The calculator alwa ys keeps the most recent ans wer in ANS memory and replaces it with the new ans wer e very time you press an ending instruction ( e , x etc.). Y ou may recall the last ans wer and use it in the ne xt equation. Example Ev aluate the base area (S = 3 2 π ) and v olume of a cylinder (V = 5S) using t[...]

31 Using memory in each mode Notes: • Calculation results from the functions indicated belo w are automati- cally stored in memories replacing any e xisting values. • → r θ , → xy .................. R memor y ( r ) θ memory ( θ ) X memory ( x ) Y memory ( y ) • Use of t or ; will recall the v alue stored in memor y using up to 14 digit[...]

32 Chapter 2: General Information Resetting the calculator If you wish to clear all memories, v ariables, files and data, or if none of the ke ys (including j ) will function, press the RESET switch located on the back of the calculator . In rare cases, all the k eys ma y cease to function if the calculator is subjected to strong electrical noise o[...]

33 Chapter 3 Scientific Calculations NORMAL mode NORMAL mode is used f or standard scientific calculations, and has the widest variety of functions. Many of the functions described in this chapter are also av ailable f or use in other modes. Press b 0 to select the NORMAL mode. • Differential/Integ ral functions, N-base functions, Solv er functio[...]

34 Chapter 3: Scientific Calculations Constant calculations • In constant calculations, the addend becomes a constant. Subtraction and division behav e the same wa y . For m ultiplication, the multiplicand becomes a constant. • In constant calculations, constants will be displa yed as ∆ . Functions • The range of the results of in verse tri[...]

35 Chapter 3: Scientific Calculations (cosh 1.5 + sinh 1.5) 2 = tanh –1 — = 0.895879734 ln 20 = 2.995732274 log 50 = 1.698970004 e 3 = 20.08553692 10 1.7 = 50.11872336 — + — = 0.309523809 8 –2 – 3 4 × 5 2 = -2024.984375 (12 3 ) — = 6.447419591 8 3 = 512. 4. 3. 4! = 24. 10 P 3 = 720. 5 C 2 = 10. 500 × 25%= 125. 120 ÷ 400=?% 30. 500+[...]

36 Math menu Functions Other functions are av ailable on this calculator besides the first and second functions on the ke y pad. These functions are accessed using the math function menu. The math men u has different contents f or each mode. Press I to display the math men u. In the NORMAL mode, you can recall the f ollowing functions. • Switch t[...]

37 Chapter 3: Scientific Calculations Function Key operations Result 5: SOLVE Enter the Solver function mode. (See page 52.) 6: Ω sec Sexagesimal numbers are converted to seconds notation. (See page 46.) 7: Ω min Sexagesimal numbers are converted to minutes notation. (See page 46.) I 5 24 [ I 6 0 [ 0 [ 1500 I 7 24∂Ωsec 86400. 0∂0∂1500?[...]

38 Differential/Integral Functions Differential and integ ral calculations can only be perf or med in the NORMAL mode. It is possib le to reuse the same equation ov er and over again and to recalculate by only changing the v alues without having to re-enter the equation. •P erforming a calculation will clear the value in the X memory . •Y ou ca[...]

39 •T o exit the diff erential function, press j . • After getting the ans wer , press e to retur n to the display f or inputting the x value and the min ute inter val, and press @ h to recalculate at any point. * X memory is specified by pressing ; then the 3 key . Integral function The Integral function is used as f ollows. 1. Press b 0 to en[...]

40 When perf orming integral calculations Integral calculations require a long calculation time , depending on the integrands and subintervals input. Dur ing calculation, ‘calculating!’ will be displa yed. T o cancel calculation, press j . Note that there will be greater integral errors when there are large fluctuations in the integ ral values [...]

41 Random Function The Random function has four settings f or the NORMAL, ST A T or PROG mode. (This function is not a vailab le while using the N-base function, solver function and simulation calculations.) Random number s A pseudo-random number , with three significant digits from 0 up to 0.999, can be generated b y pressing @ w 0 e . To generate[...]

42 Angular Unit Con ver sions The angular unit is changed in sequence each time @ ] ( . key) is pressed. Chain Calculations The previous calculation result can be used in a subsequent calculation. Howe v er, it cannot be recalled after entering m ultiple instr uctions. • When using postfix functions ( , sin, etc.), a chain calculation is possible[...]

43 Fraction Calculations Arithmetic operations and memor y calculations can be performed using fractions, and con versions between decimal n umbers and fractions. • If the number of digits to be displa yed is greater than 10, the number is conv er ted to and displayed as a decimal n umber . Chapter 3: Scientific Calculations 3— + — = [a—] j[...]

44 Binary , P ental, Octal, Decimal, and Hexadecimal Operations (N-base) This calculator can perform conv ersions between n umbers expressed in binary , pental, octal, decimal and he xadecimal systems. It can also perform the four basic arithmetic oper ations, calculations with parentheses and memory calculations using binar y , pental, octal, deci[...]

45 Chapter 3: Scientific Calculations DEC(25) → BIN j @ / 25 @ z 11001 . b HEX(1AC) @ a 1AC → BIN @ z 110101100 . b → PEN @ r 3203 . P → OCT @ g 654 . 0 → DEC @ / 428. BIN(1010–100) @ z ( 1010 - 100 × 11 = ) k 11 e 10010 . b BIN(111) → NEG d 111 e 1111111001 . b HEX(1FF)+ @ a 1FF @ g + OCT(512)= 512 e 1511 . 0 HEX(?) @ a 349 . H 2FEC[...]

46 Time, Decimal and Sexagesimal Calculations Conv ersion between decimal and sexagesimal n umbers can be performed, and, while using se xagesimal numbers, also con version to seconds and minutes notation. The f our basic arithmetic operations and memor y calcula- tions can be perf or med using the sexagesimal system. Notation for se xagesimal is a[...]

47 Coor dinate Con versions Conv ersions can be performed between rectangular and polar coordinates. P ( x , y ) X Y 0 y x P ( r , θ ) X Y 0 r θ Rectangular coordinate Polar coordinate • Before perf orming a calculation, select the angular unit. • The calculation result is automatically stored in memories. •V alue of r : R memor y •V alue[...]

48 Calculations Using Ph ysical Constants Recall a constant by pressing @ c follow ed by the number of the ph ysical constant designated by a 2-digit number . The recalled constant appears in the displa y mode selected with the designated number of decimal places. Physical constants can be recalled in the NORMAL mode (when not set to binary , penta[...]

49 24 Muon magnetic moment 25 Compton wavelength 26 Proton Compton wavelength 27 Stefan-Boltzmann constant 28 Avogadro constant 29 Molar volume of ideal gas (273.15 K, 101.325 kPa) 30 Molar gas constant 31 Faraday constant 32 Von Klitzing constant 33 Electron charge to mass quotient 34 Quantum of circulation 35 Proton gyromagnetic ratio 36 Josephso[...]

50 Calculations Using Engineering Prefixes Calculation can be e xecuted in the NORMAL mode (e xcluding N-base), ST A T mode and PROG mode using the f ollowing 12 types of prefix es. Prefix Operation Unit E P T G M k m µ n p f a (Exa) (Peta) (Tera) (Giga) (Mega) (kilo) (milli) (micro) (nano) (pico) (femto) (atto) @ j 0 @ j 1 @ j 2 @ j 3 @ j 4 @ j 5[...]

51 Modify Function Calculation results are internally obtained in scientific notation with up to 14 digits for the mantissa. Howe ver , since calculation results are displayed in the form designated by the displa y notation and the number of decimal places indicated, the internal calculation result may diff er from that shown in the display . By us[...]

52 Solver Function This function enables y ou to find any v ar iable in an equation. Entering and solving an equation The solver function is used as f ollows . 1. Press b 0 to enter the NORMAL mode. 2. Enter both sides of an equation, using ‘=’ and variable names. 3. Press I 5 . 4. Enter the value of the kno wn variables . 5. Move the cursor (d[...]

53 Solving an equation Example Tr y finding the v ar iables in the equation belo w . AB CD ×× = 1. Press b 0 to select the NORMAL mode. 2. Press ; A k ; B ; = ; C k ; D. •Y ou must enter the whole equation. 3. Press I 5 . • The calculator automatically calls the displa y for entering variables and displa ys the variables in alphabetical order[...]

54 • The value sho wn on the display f or the unknown variab le does not hav e to be set to 0 to solve the equation. • The answ er is display ed on the top line and the values of the left- hand and right-hand sides of the equation appear below . 8. Press e . • Returns you to the display f or entering var iab les. 9. Press d 8 e . • Substitu[...]

55 Sim ulation Calculation (ALGB) This function enables y ou to find different solutions quic kly using different sets of values in the same e xpression. Entering an expression f or simulation calculation The simulation calculation is used as f ollows. 1. Press b 0 to enter the NORMAL mode. 2. Enter an e xpression with at least one variable. 3. Pre[...]

56 Simulate an equation f or different v alues Example Find the area S = bc sin A ÷ 2 when: 1 b = 3, c = 5 and A = 90° (DEG) 2 b = 3, c = 5 and A = 45° (DEG) 3 b = 4, c = 5 and A = 45° (DEG) 1. Press b 0 to select the NORMAL mode. 2. Press @ J 0 0 j . • Sets the angular unit to DEG. 3. Press ; B ; C v ; A z 2. • The equation is entered in t[...]

57 8. Press e and then 45 e . • After getting the ans wer , press e to return to the display f or entering var iables. 9. Press @ h . • Sides b and c are both the same length in triangle 2 as in triangle 1 , so you do not hav e to re-enter these values . 10. Press e and then d 4 e @ h . Area of triangle 3 is display ed. BCsinA©2= 7.071067812 B[...]

58 Filing Equations When the calculator is in the NORMAL mode (e xcluding N-base), you can sav e equations in the EQU A TION FILE. Sav ed equations can be loaded or deleted in the NORMAL mode. Press f in the NORMAL mode to call the EQU A TION FILE menu. • Press 0 , 1 or 2 to select if an equation is to be loaded, sav ed or deleted, respectiv ely [...]

59 Loading and deleting an equation The procedures to retriev e (load) and delete an equation from memor y are the same, e xcept that you ha ve to confirm that you wish to delete the equation. Retriev e or delete an equation as follo ws. 1. Press f and then 0 or 2 to retriev e (load) or delete. 2. Use d u to select the name of the file you wish to [...]

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61 Chapter 4: Statistical Calculations The ST A T mode is used to perform statistical calculations. Press b 1 to select the statistics mode . The sev en statistical calculations listed below can be perf ormed. After selecting the statistics mode, select the desired sub-mode b y pressing the number key that corresponds to your choice. To change stat[...]

62 Chapter 4: Statistical Calculations The f ollowing statistics can be obtained f or each statistical calculation (refer to the table belo w): • Use I key to perf orm a ST A T variable calculation. Single-variab le statistical calculation Statistics of 1 and value of the normal probability function Linear regression calculation Statistics of 1 a[...]

63 Chapter 4: Statistical Calculations Quadratic regression calculation Statistics of 1 and 2 and coefficients a , b , c in the quadratic regression fo rm ula ( y = a + bx + cx 2 ). (F or quadratic regression calculations, no correla- tion coefficient ( r ) can be obtained.) Data Entry and Correction All data entered is kept in memory until ST A T [...]

64 Correction after pressing _ : Use u d to displa y the data set previously entered. Press d to displa y the data set in ascending (oldest first) order . T o rev erse the display order to descending (latest first), press the u key . Each data set is displa yed with ‘ X= ’, ‘ Y= ’, or ‘ N: ’ ( N is the sequential number of the data set)[...]

65 Statistical Calculation Formulas In the statistical calculation f or mulas, an error will occur if: • The absolute value of an intermediate result or calculation result is equal to or greater than 1 × 10 100 . • The denominator is zero . • An attempt is made to take the square root of a negativ e number . • No solution exists f or a qua[...]

66 Normal Probability Calculations •P ( t ), Q( t ), and R( t ) will alwa ys take positive v alues, e ven when t <0, because these functions f ollow the same principle used when solving for an area. •V alues f or P( t ), Q( t ), and R( t ) are given to six decimal places . – x – x x σ t = Standardization conversion formula Chapter 4: St[...]

67 Chapter 4: Statistical Calculations DATA 95 b 1 0 80 95 _ 80 80 _ 75 _ 75 75 , 3 _ 75 50 _ 50 – x = I 0 1 e @ P 2 y = I 0 3 e n = I 0 0 e = I 0 4 e = I 0 5 e sx = I 0 2 e sx 2 = A e (95– – x ) × 10+50= ( 95 - I 0 1 ) sx z I 0 2 k 10 + 50 e x = 60 → I 1 1 60 I 1 0 ) e t = –0.5 I 1 3 S 0.5 ) e Σ x 2 Σ ˛= 75.71428571 σ ≈ = 12.37179[...]

68 Chapter 4: Statistical Calculations DATA b 1 1 2 5 2 , 5 _ 2 5 _ 12 24 12 , 24 _ 21 40 21 , 40 , 3 _ 21 40 15 , 25 _ 21 40 I 2 0 e 15 25 I 2 1 e I 2 3 e I 0 2 e I 0 7 e x =3 → y' =? 3 I 2 5 y =46 → x' =? 46 I 2 4 b 1 2 @ P 2 y @ P 2 y 12 , 41 _ 8 , 13 _ 5 , 2 _ 23 , 200 _ 15 , 71 _ I 2 0 e I 2 1 e I 2 2 e x =10 → y' =? 10 I [...]

69 Chapter 5 Equation Solvers Sim ultaneous Linear Equations Simultaneous linear equations with two unkno wns (2-VLE) or with three unknowns (3-VLE) ma y be solved using this function. 1 2-VLE: b 3 0 2 3-VLE: b 3 1 • If the deter minant D = 0, an error occurs. • If the absolute value of an intermediate result or calculation result is equal to o[...]

70 Chapter 5: Equation Solvers 3. After inputting the last coefficient, press e to solve the 2-VLE. • After solving, press e or j to return to the coefficient enter ing display . Y ou can use @ h to solve the 2- VLE, regardless of the cursor position. Example 2 x + y - z = 9 x = ? 6 x +6 y - z = 17 Ò y = ? 14 x -7 y +2 z = 42 z = ? det(D) = ? 1.[...]

71 Chapter 5: Equation Solvers Quadratic and Cubic Equation Solvers Quadratic ( ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ) or cubic ( ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0 ) equations ma y be solved using these functions. 1 Quadratic equation solver (QU AD): b 3 2 2 Cubic equation solver (CUBIC): b 3 3 • If there are more than 2 results, the ne xt solution can be displa yed. • Th[...]

72 Example 2 5 x 3 + 4 x 2 +3 x + 7 = 0 → x = ? 1. Press b 3 3 to select CUBIC of the EQN mode. 2. Enter the value of each coefficient (a, etc.) 5 e 4 e 3 e 7 • Coefficients can be entered using ordinary ar ithmetic operations. •T o clear the entered coefficients, press j . • Press d or u to move line b y line. Press @ d or @ u to jump to t[...]

73 Chapter 6 Complex Number Calculations The CPLX mode is used to carry out addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of complex n umbers. Press b 4 to select the CPLX mode. Results of comple x number calculations are expressed in tw o modes: 1 @ E : Rectangular coordinates mode ( xy appears.) 2 @ u : P olar coordinates mode ( r θ appear[...]

74 Chapter 6: Complex Number Calculations b 4 (12–6 i ) + (7+15 i ) – (11+4 i ) = ( 11 + 4 Q ) e 8. +5.i 6 × (7–9 i ) × 6 k ( 7 - 9 Q ) (–5+8 i ) = k ( S 5 + 8 Q 222. +606.i 16 × (sin30 ° + 16 k ( v 30 + i cos30 ° ) ÷ (sin60 ° + i cos60 ° )= 13.85640646 +8.i @ u 8 R 70 + 12 R 25 e 18.5408873 ∠ ∠ 42.76427608 r 1 = 8, θ 1 = 70 °[...]

75 Chapter 7 Pr ogramming PROG mode A program enab les you to automate a series of calculations, including those simple and complex. Programs are created either in the NORMAL progr am mode or in the NBASE program mode . Entering the PROG mode 1. Press b 2 to select the PROG (PROGRAM) mode . 2. Press 0 to RUN a prog ram, press 1 to create a NEW prog[...]

76 Chapter 7: Programming Ke ys and display In the PROG mode , to make programs as simple as possib le, some k eys and the display ma y work in a diff erent manner to other modes. The diff erences are described below . • Press i (the f ke y) to directly access the command menu f or programming. The Filing Equation function does not w ork in PROG [...]

77 Chapter 7: Programming Use of variab les Global and local variab les are treated differently in the PR OG mode. • The letters A – Z and θ , used on their own, represent global v ariables. Global variables correspond to the memories of the calculator (e.g., ‘C’ in a program means memory C of the calculator). Global variables allo w your [...]

78 2. Entering the program •T o enter more than one alphabetic character , press @ a to apply the alphabet-lock mode . Press ; to escape from this mode. 3. Running the program • If the value of a local v ariable y ou defined using @ v is unknown, the program automatically prompts y ou to input a value . •T o quit running the program, press j [...]

79 Programming Commands In this section, all commands that are av ailable in the PR OG mode are described, excluding k eyboard commands and I menu commands . Input and display commands 1. While creating a NEW or EDIT program, press i to access the COMMAND menu. • The first page of the COMMAND menu is displa yed. • Press d or u to scroll page b [...]

80 Chapter 7: Programming Command Description Key operations Examples i 4 i 5 Rem TIME TABLE End Indicates the line is a remark and not a command, thus allowing you to insert comments in the program. Any line beginning with Rem is ignored when running a program. Excessive use of this command will use up a considerable amount of memory. Terminates t[...]

81 i 6 i 7 i 8 i 9 i 9 i A i B Label LOOP1 Clrt Goto LOOP2 Gosub PART1 Return Label LOOP2 If B≥=1 Goto LOOP1 Label <label name> Indicates a destination point for the flow statements Goto and Gosub. Up to seven letters can be used for the label name. Each label name must be unique. You cannot use the same label name more than once in a progr[...]

82 Equalities and inequalities These e xpressions are used to form the conditional statement in the If clause. They are the basis for looping and other flo w control operation in programs. The ‘=’ (equals) sign is also used as a function to form a substitution command for v ariables. Y ou can also enter ‘=’ by simply pressing ; = . Symbols [...]

83 Statistical Commands In the PROG mode , statistical commands are only av ailable when the NORMAL program mode is selected. If the NBASE program mode is selected, the statistical command menu cannot be called. • When you use the ST A T x or ST A T xy commands, the calculator erases all data previously stored in the ST A T function. Chapter 7: P[...]

84 Editing a Program 1. Press b 2 to enter the PROG mode and then press 2 to select the EDIT mode. 2. Select the program you wish to edit and press e . • If you want to add te xt into your prog ram, press @ O . • If you want to add lines into y our program, press @ O (the shape of the cursor will become a triangle) and then move the cursor to t[...]

85 Error Messa ges The calculator displays an error message if a prog ram encounters a problem. The error message indicates the nature of the problem while the calculator can display the line where the prob lem has occurred. After entering a program, it is often necessary to debug it. T o make this task easier , the calculator displays an error mes[...]

86 PROGRAM MODE ƒRUN ⁄NEW ¤EDIT ‹DEL DEL ¬º ⁄AREA º ¤TEMP º ‹STAT TITLE:AREA DELETE¬[DEL] QUIT¬[ENTER] Deleting Programs Y ou can create as many programs as y ou want within the limitations of the calculator’ s memor y . T o free up space f or new progr ams, you must delete old ones. 1. Press b 2 to enter the PROG mode. 2. Press [...]

87 Chapter 8 Application Examples Programming Examples The follo wing examples demonstr ate the basic use of programming commands including print, input and flow controls. Use the examples for y our programming ref erence. Some like it hot (Celsius-Fahrenheit con version) This is a program to con vert temperatures from Celsius to Fahrenheit and vic[...]

88 Program code Key operations If T=1 Goto CTOF i 8 ; T ; = 1 ; s i 9 @ a CTOF ; e If T=2 Goto FTOC i 8 ; T ; = 2 ; s i 9 @ a FTOC ; e Goto START i 9 @ a START ; e Label CTOF i 6 @ a CTOF ; e F=(9©5)C≠+32 ; F ; = ( 9 z 5 ) @ v C0 e e + 32 e Print F i 0 ; F e End i 5 e Label FTOC i 6 @ a FTOC ; e C=(5©9)˚(F≠-32) ; C ; = ( 5 z 9 ) k ( @ v d F0[...]

89 The Heron Form ula Obtaining the area S of triangle with side lengths of A, B and C using the Heron Fo rm ula which is true for an y plane triangle. 1. Press b 2 1 0 to open a window f or creating a NEW program. 2. T ype HERON f or the program title then press e . •A NEW program called ‘HERON’ will be created. 3. Enter the program as f oll[...]

90 Program code K ey operation S=‰(T(T-A)(T-B)(T-C)) ; S ; = @ * ( ; T ( ; T - ; A ) ( ; T - ; B ) ( ; T - ; C ) ) e Print S i 0 ; S e End i 5 e Label ERROR i 6 @ a ERROR ; e Print”NO TRIANGLE i 1 @ a NO s TRIANGLE ; e Wait 1 i 3 1 e Print”REENTER i 1 @ a REENTER ; e Goto START i 9 @ a START ; e Example Obtain the area of the triangle with th[...]

91 2B or not 2B (N-base con version) The conv ersion functions and logical operations can be used in the NBASE program mode . The follo wing is a simple program that conv erts a decimal n umber to binary , pental, octal and he xadecimal formats. 1. Press b 2 1 1 to open a window f or creating a NEW program in the NBASE program mode . 2. T ype NBASE[...]

92 Program code Ke y operations Y¬OCT ; Y @ g e Print”OCTAL i 1 @ a OCTAL ; e Print Y i 0 ; Y e Wait i 3 e Y¬HEX ; Y @ h e Print”HEXADECIMAL i 1 @ a HEXADECIMAL ; e Print Y i 0 ; Y e Running the program 4. Press j to return to the PROG mode menu. 5. Press 0 , select the program ‘NBASE’ and press e . • The program prompts you to enter a [...]

93 Chapter 8: Application Examples T test The T -test v alue is obtained by comparing the mean values of sample data and e xpected aver age from sample data. Using the t- distribution table , the reliability of a mean value can be e v aluated. Example A’ s SHOP sells cookies by pac kage on which it is stated contents are 100 g. Buy 6 sample packa[...]

94 Chapter 8: Application Examples Program code Ke y operations STAT x i I e Data 102 i K 102 e Data 95 i K 95 e Data 107 i K 107 e Data 93 i K 93 e Data 110 i K 110 e Data 98 i K 98 e Print”MEAN i 1 @ a MEAN ; e Input M i 2 ; M e T=(˛-M)©‰(s x Œ©˜) ; T ; = ( I 5 1 - ; M ) z @ * ( I 5 2 A z I 5 0 ) e Print T i 0 ; T e End i 5 e Running the[...]

95 Chapter 8: Application Examples P ( X 1 , Y 1 ) S ( X 3 , Y 3 ) Q ( X 2 , Y 2 ) O ( X, Y ) X 1 –X Y 1 –Y R R R (X 1 2 +Y 1 2 -X 2 2 -Y 2 2 )(Y 2 –Y 3 ) – (X 2 2 +Y 2 2 -X 3 2 -Y 3 2 )(Y 1 –Y 2 ) 2{(X 1 –X 2 )(Y 2 –Y 3 ) – (X 2 –X 3 )(Y 1 –Y 2 )} X = ------ 1 (X 1 2 +Y 1 2 -X 2 2 -Y 2 2 )(X 2 –X 3 ) – (X 2 2 +Y 2 2 -X 3 2 [...]

96 Program code Key operations H=X√Œ+Y√Œ-X…Œ-Y…Œ ; H ; = @ v 2 A + @ v 3 A - @ v d d d d X3 e e A - @ v d d d d d Y3 e e A e I=X≥-X√ ; I ; = @ v 0 - @ v 2 e J=X√-X… ; J ; = @ v 2 - @ v 4 e K=Y≥-Y√ ; K ; = @ v 1 - @ v 3 e M=Y√-Y… ; M ; = @ v 3 - @ v 5 e X=(GM-HK)©2(IM-JK) ; X ; = ( ; G ; M - ; H ; K ) z 2 ( ; I ; M - ; J[...]

97 Radioactive decay Carbon-14 ( 14 C) is a naturally occurring radioactive isotope of carbon used in the carbon dating process. Because carbon-14 decays at a steady rate , it is possible to determine the age of a once living specimen by measuring the residual amount of 14 C it contains. Example This program asks f or a original mass and current ma[...]

98 DECAY :NORMAL ORIGINAL MASS Mº=? T= 5719.980034 YEARS Program code Key operations T=-(ln(M≥© M≠))© ; T ; = S ( i 1.2118œ-4 ( @ v 1 z @ v 0 ) ) z 1.2118 ` S 4 e Print T i 0 ; T e Print”YEARS i 1 @ a YEARS ; e End i 5 e • The half-life of a radioactiv e isotope is the time required f or half of its mass to decay . Running the program 4[...]

99 Delta-Y impedance circuit transf ormation Tr ansformation of a Y impedance circuit to an equivalent Delta impedance circuit and vice versa. 1. Press b 2 1 0 to open a window f or creating a NEW program. 2. T ype DEL T A Y for the title then press e . •A NEW program called ‘DEL T A Y’ will be created. 3. Enter the program as f ollows. Progr[...]

100 Program code Key operations Z=Z≥+Z√+Z… ; Z ; = @ v Z1 e e + @ v d Z2 e e + @ v d d Z3 e e e R≥=Z≥Z√©Z @ v d d d R1 e e ; = @ v 0 @ v 1 z ; Z e Print R≥ i 0 @ v 3 e Wait i 3 e R√=Z√Z…©Z @ v d d d d R2 e e ; = @ v 1 @ v 2 z ; Z e Print R√ i 0 @ v 4 e Wait i 3 e R…=Z…Z≥©Z @ v d d d d d R3 e e ; = @ v 2 @ v 0 z ; Z e [...]

101 Program code Key operations Wait i 3 e Z√=R©R… @ v 1 ; = ; R z @ v 5 e Print Z√ i 0 @ v 1 e Wait i 3 e Z…=R©R≥ @ v 2 ; = ; R z @ v 3 e Print Z… i 0 @ v 2 e End i 5 e Example When the impedances Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 of a delta impedance circuit are 70, 35, 140 respectively , obtain the impedances R 1 , R 2 , R 3 of a Y circuit. 4. Press[...]

102 Obtaining tensions of strings Suppose a bar is hung from the ceiling by two strings such that it balances with angles the strings make from the perpendicular lines A and B. If the w eight of the bar is W , obtain the tensions in the strings S and T . 1. Press b 2 1 0 to open a window f or creating a NEW program. 2. T ype TENSION for the title t[...]

103 Program code Key operations E=sin(C+D) ; E ; = v ( ; C + ; D ) e S=W ˚ sin C©E @ a S = W ; k v ; C z ; E e T=W ˚ sin D©E @ a T = W ; k v ; D z ; E e Print”TENSIONS i 1 @ a TENSIONS ; e Print S i 0 ; S e Wait i 3 e Print T i 0 ; T e End i 5 e Example Calculate the tension in the strings S and T when the w eight of the bar is 40 kg, angle A[...]

104 Pur chasing with payment in n-month installments If you wish to b uy goods with the price of P by n-month installments, this program determines the pa yment per month. 1. Press b 2 1 0 to open a window f or creating a NEW program. 2. T ype P A YBYMN for the title then press e . •A NEW program called ‘P A YBYMN’ will be created. 3. Enter t[...]

105 Program code K ey operation Print S i 0 ; S e Example If you wish to b uy fur niture costing $3,000 with $500 as a down pa yment and pay the remainder in 11 month’ s installments with a monthly interest r ate of 1%, how much is the monthly pa yment? 4. Press j to return to the PROG mode menu. 5. Press 0 , select the program ‘P A YBYMN’ an[...]

106 Digital dice This program sim ulates rolling of multiple dice. Y ou can play a dice game without dice or where there is not enough space to roll dice. At the first stage, ask the n umber of dice to use for pla y . Secondly , roll dice and displa y the result and wait until any k ey is pressed. 1. Press b 2 1 0 to open a window for creating a NE[...]

107 How man y digits can you remember? The calculator displays r andomly created numbers with the number of digits (up to 9) you specified f or the number of seconds y ou entered and asks you to enter the number y ou remembered. After 10 tries the score is displayed. The larger the number of digits and the shorter the seconds, the higher the score [...]

108 Program code Key operations If S<100 Goto AGAIN i 8 ; S i D 100 ; s i 9 @ a AGAIN ; e S=S˚10^(-3) ; S ; = ; S k @ Y ( S 3 ) e If N>6 Goto SIX i 8 ; N i G 6 ; s i 9 @ a SIX ; e If N>3 Goto THREE i 8 ; N i G 3 ; s i 9 @ a THREE ; e Q=ipart(Sx10^N) ; Q ; = I 1 ( ; S k @ Y ; N ) e Goto DISPLAY i 9 @ a DISPLAY ; e Label SIX i 6 @ a SIX ; e[...]

109 Program code Key operations Wait T i 3 ; T e Clrt i 7 e Print”ANSWER i 1 @ a ANSWER ; e Input X i 2 ; X e If X Q Goto WRONG i 8 ; X i H ; Q ; s i 9 @ a WRONG ; e A=A+int(10˚N©T˚3) ; A ; = ; A + I 2 ( 10 k ; N z ; T k 3 ) e Label WRONG i 6 @ a WRONG ; e M=M+1 ; M ; = ; M + 1 e If M<=10 Goto QUESTION i 8 ; M i E 10 ; s i 9 @ a QUESTION ; [...]

110 Calculation Examples Geosynchr onous orbits The orbit of a satellite about the Ear th is geosynchronous if the period of the orbit matches the period of the Ear th’ s rotation. At what distance from the center of the Ear th can geosynchronous orbit occur? The period of an orbit is described by the equation The Ear th rotates once ev ery 23 ho[...]

111 6. Press @ c 02 e 5.976 ` 24 e . • Use the physical constants function f or the G value . • After completion of entering values f or variables G and M, the cursor mov es on to variable R. (The variable T has already its v alue.) 7. Press @ h . Result Geosynchronous orbit is possible appro xi- mately 42,170 km (4.217 × 10 7 meters) from the[...]

112 Example 1 What is the ratio of the sun’ s luminosity to that of a star ha ving an absolute magnitude of 2.89? (The sun’ s absolute magnitude is 4.8.) The f or mer equation is equivalent to 1. Press b 0 and @ P 0 . 2. Press @ Y ( 0.4 k ( 4.8 - 2.89 ) ) e . Result 5.807644175 The star is nearly six times as luminous as the sun. Example 2 A se[...]

113 Chapter 8: Application Examples Memory calculations When you w ant to use the calculator for tasks such as adding up total sales, y ou can perf or m this type of operation using single-v ar iable statistics . Example In one week, an electrical store sold the items listed below at the prices and in the quantities shown. What was the total sales [...]

114 The state lottery Example The state you liv e in has two diff erent numbers lotteries. In the first, you m ust pick 6 numbers betw een 1 and 50 in any order . In the second, y ou hav e to pick 5 n umbers between 1 and 35, but y ou must pick them in the correct order . Which lotter y giv es you the better chance of winning? In the first lottery [...]

115 Appendix Battery Replacement Batteries used • Use only the specified batteries. • Be sure to write down an y important data stored in the memor y before replacing the batteries. Notes on battery replacement Improper handling of batteries can cause electrolyte leakage or explosion. Be sure to obser ve the f ollowing handling rules: • Do no[...]

116 Appendix Cautions • Fluid from a leaking battery accidentally enter ing an ey e could result in serious injur y . Should this occur , wash with clean water and immediately consult a doctor . • Should fluid from a leaking battery come in contact with your skin or clothes, immediately w ash with clean water . • If the product is not to be u[...]

117 Appendix 4. Remov e one used batter y by prying it out with a ball-point pen or similar pointed object. • Replace one battery at this step. 5. Install a new battery with the positive side (+) f acing up . 6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 to replace the other battery . 7. Replace the cov er and screws. 8. Press the RESET s witch using the tip of a ball[...]

118 Appendix The OPTION menu The OPTION menu controls displa y contrast, memory checking and deletion of data. The OPTION displa y Press @ o ( S ke y) to show the OPTION menu. • Press j to retur n to the mode in which y ou were working pre viously . Contrast Press 0 in the OPTION menu to show the LCD CONTRAST displa y . • Press + to darken the [...]

119 Appendix Deleting equation files and programs Press 2 in the OPTION menu to sho w the DELETE menu. • Press 0 or 1 to delete equation files or programs that ha ve been stored in the NORMAL or PROG modes, respectively . After selecting the mode f or which data is to be deleted, press y to delete data. Press e to cancel the operation. • Once a[...]

120 Appendix Err or Messages The f ollowing table sho ws common error messages and suggestions for correcting the error . Error no. Error message Solution Verify you are using the correct syntax for the function you are trying to apply. Check you have not attempted to divide by zero or made some other calculation error. Use of more than the availab[...]

121 Appendix Using the Solver Function Effectivel y The calculator uses Newton’ s method to solv e equations. (See page 52.) Because of this, the solution it provides ma y diff er from the true solution, or an error message ma y be displayed f or a soluble equation. This section shows how y ou can obtain a more acceptable solution or mak e the eq[...]

122 Calculation accuracy • The calculator solves an equation b y comparing the values of the left- hand and right-hand sides of the equation through 14-digit internal operations. If the value of the left-hand side is sufficiently close to agreeing with that of the right-hand side the calculator may present one of the ‘approximate’ values as a[...]

123 Appendix Equations that are difficult to solve Newton’ s method has prob lems in solving cer tain types of equations, either because the tangential lines it uses to approximate the solutions iterate only slowly to ward the correct answer , or because they do not iterate there at all. Examples of such equations include equations of which steep[...]

124 Appendix Te c hnical Data Calculation ranges • Within the ranges specified, the calculator is accurate to ±1 of the least significant digit of the mantissa. However , in continuous calculations the calculation error increases due to the accumulation of each successive calculation err or . (This is the same for y x , x , n !, e x , In etc., w[...]

125 Appendix Function Dynamic range nPr 0 ≤ r ≤ n 9999999999* —— < 10 100 nCr 0 ≤ r ≤ n 9999999999* 0 ≤ r ≤ 69 —— < 10 100 ↔ DEG, D ° M’S 0 ° 0’0.00001” ≤ | x | < 10000 ° x , y → r , x 2 + y 2 < 10 100 0 ≤ r < 10 100 DEG: | θ | < 10 10 r , θ → x , y RAD: | θ | < —– × 10 10 GRAD : |[...]

126 Appendix Function Dynamic range BIN : 1000000000 ≤ x ≤ 1111111111 0 ≤ x ≤ 111111111 PEN : 2222222223 ≤ x ≤ 4444444444 NOT 0 ≤ x ≤ 2222222221 OCT : 4000000000 ≤ x ≤ 7777777777 0 ≤ x ≤ 3777777777 HEX : FDABF41C01 ≤ x ≤ FFFFFFFFFF 0 ≤ x ≤ 2540BE3FE BIN : 1000000001 ≤ x ≤ 1111111111 0 ≤ x ≤ 111111111 PEN : 22[...]

127 Appendix Management Characters, commands and variables For value of local variables Total Program title If A=0 Goto ABC A¡=A+1 32 bytes 3 bytes 3 bytes 8 bytes 5 bytes 9 bytes 32 bytes 11 bytes 17 bytes Total consumption 38 bytes 13 bytes 9 bytes 60 bytes — — — Filing Equation functions Each stored equation uses 30 bytes plus the n umber[...]

128 Specifications Model: EL-5230/5250 Displa y type: [14 characters and 2 e xponents] × 3 rows Dot matrix characters: 5 × 7 dots /character Number of displa y digits: 10-digit mantissa + 2-digit exponent Input ranges: ±10 -99 to ±9.999999999 × 10 99 and 0. (up to 10-digit mantissa) Number of internal calculation digits: 14-digit mantissa P en[...]

129 Dimensions: 79.6 mm (W) × 154.5 mm (D) × 15.2 mm (H) 3-1/8” (W) × 6-3/32” (D) × 19/32” (H) W eight: Approx. 97 g (0.22 lb) (including batteries, b ut not including hard case) Accessories: 2 lithium batteries (installed), operation manual, quick ref erence card and hard case * This value ma y vary according to the wa y the calculator i[...]

PROGRAMMABLE SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR OPERATION MANUAL ® EL-5230 EL-5250 SHARP CORPORATION 04LGK (TINSE0796EHZZ) PRINTED IN CHINA / IMPRIMÉ EN CHINE / IMPRESO EN CHINA EL-5230/EL-5250 PROGRAMMABLE SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR[...]