Epson FX manual

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FCC COMPLIANCE STATEMENT FOR AMERICAN USERS This equipment generates and uses radio frequency energy and if not installed and used properly, that is, in strict accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, may cause interference to radio and television reception. It has been type tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B computi[...]

Preface The User’s Manual for the FX Series printers consists of two vol- umes: Tutorial and Reference. This volume, the Tutorial, is arranged in the following logical groupings: Introduction (for everyone) Programmer’s Easy Lesson (for experienced users) Hardware description: Chapter 1 Software introduction: Chapter 2 Control of the way charac[...]

may use a version of BASIC other than Microsoft, you may need to modify some of the programs in this manual before they will run. Appendix F offers help, as do the next several paragraphs. Methods for sending BASIC print and listing commands to the screen and to the printer vary widely. We have used PRINT and LIST as the commands for the screen dis[...]

This format allows you to shorten a program line by combining a command and its print string. In the case of Double-Strike, for in- stance, the quoted letter “G” turns the mode on and “H” turns it off. To see how combining the code with a print string works, compare: 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"G";"DOUBLE-STRIKE PRINT" with: 10 L[...]

The computer ignores these remarks; they merely serve to help pro- grammers understand at a glance the way a program is working. You may type them in or not, depending on whether you think you will want them in the future. We use the caret symbol (ˆ) to indicate exponents. For example: x = Yˆ2 means let X equal Y raised to the second power. Some [...]

FX Series Printer User’s Manual Volume 1 Contents Preface ..................................... . Conventions Used in This Manual ............... . List of Figures ......................................................... List of Tables ....................................................... xvii Introduction .....................................[...]

2 BASIC and the Printer ........................ . 37 BASIC Communications ....................... . 38 Character strings ........................... . 39 BASIC print commands ..................... . 39 ASCII and BASIC basics ..................... . 40 Control codes .............................. . 41 Escape-CHR$(27)-and other CHR$ commands 42 Chan[...]

6 Special Printing Features ....................... . 81 Backspace ................................... . 81 Overstrikes ................................ . 81 Offsets .................................... . 82 Unidirectional Mode .......................... . 83 International Characters ....................... . 85 Special Speeds .....................[...]

9 Margins and Tabs ............................ . 113 Margins.. ................................... . 113 Left margin ................................ . 113 Margins and pitches ........................ . 114 Right margin .............................. . 116 Both margins .............................. . 118 Tabs.. ...................................[...]

12 Design Your Own Graphics .................... . 159 Planning Process ............................. . 159 STRATA Program ............................ . 160 Three-Dimensional Program ................... . 163 First version of 3D program .................. . 165 Other versions ............................. . 170 Summary ............................[...]

16 Combining User-Defined Characters ............. . 215 Large Letters: Double Wide .................... . 215 Large Letters: Double High ..................... . 217 Giant Letters: Double High and Double Wide ..... . 217 Core Sets ................................... . 223 Line Graphics ................................ . 225 Summary ................[...]

List of Figures Easy-1 FX ticket program ......................... . 8 Easy-2 Ticket to success .......................... . 10 1-1 The FX-80 and FX-100 printers .............. . 14 1-2 Printer parts .............................. . 15 1-3 Paperpath ............................... . 17 1-4 Paper separator ........................... . 18 1-5 Protec[...]

5-1 Master Select Program ..................... . 74 5-2 Master Select choices ...................... . 75 5-3 Dress-up combinations ..................... . 77 6-1 Bidirectional line .......................... . 84 6-2 Unidirectional line ......................... . 84 7-1 Default line spacing ........................ . 94 7-2 Cascading STAIR STEPS[...]

12-1 STRATA layout .......................... . 161 12-2 STRATA logo ............................ . 162 12-3 STRATA program ......................... . 163 12-4 Corner of the FX-80 design .................. . 164 12-5 FX-80 figure .............................. . 168 12-6 Program for FX-80 figure ................... . 168 12-7 FX-100 figure .......[...]

17-1 17-2 17-3 17-4 Barchart ................................. . Program for BARCHART .................. . Statement form ........................... . Program for STATEMENT ................. . 228 230 232 234 xvi[...]

List of Tables 1-1 DIP switch functions ......................................... 23 2-1 Several computers’ print LIST commands ...... 38 2-2 Several computers’ printer activating commands . 40 2-3 ASCII codes on the FX ................................. 42 3-1 4-1 5-1 Master Select Quick Reference Chart ......... . 76 5-2 Print types ..........[...]

Introduction FX Features Epson’s MX series of printers attracted enough attention to become the most popular line of printers in the industry. Our FX printers fol- low in the same grand tradition. The FX printers’ power-packed assortment of features includes: l Upward compatibility with most MX III features l Several different print modes that [...]

l Program debugging mode (hexadecimal dump of codes received from the computer) l Fast print speed-160 characters per second-for rapid processing of documents l 2K print buffer for smooth operation l Adjustable tractor unit for narrow forms l Both friction- and tractor-feed capability l Replaceable print head l Easy-to-reach DIP switches to customi[...]

You can use this manual as a reference, a tutorial study guide, or some combination of the two. l For those of you who want to use the printer for one simple applica- tion (like listing BASIC programs or using a word processing pack- age), a description of the hardware and an overview of the software may be all that’s necessary. In this case, you[...]

Think of the manual as your personal guide in your exploration of the FX’s many features. For a preview of what your programs can produce, take a look at the following potpourri of print modes and graphics. 4[...]

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Programmer’s Easy Lesson Before you start, note that we haven’t claimed that one easy lesson will make you an FX maestro. It takes more than one lesson to learn the full value of the feature-packed FX printer. In fact, the more time you spend with this manual, the more your printer will cooperate with your every command. But some of you want to[...]

feed the paper through. If you use single sheets of paper, the paper- out sensor will cause a beep and stop the printing whenever the bottom edge passes the sensor. You can shut off the sensor by changing DIP switches as shown in Chapter 1. 3. Turn the printer and computer on and load a short BASIC pro- gram. Then send a listing to the printer (usi[...]

130 LPRINT "7 :"; E$" !X"; E$"4"; " " E$" - 1"; 140 LPRINT "TICKET TO SUCCESS!"; E$"!@"; E$"5"; E$"+0"; 150 LPRINT H$": 9": FOR X=1 TO 2: LPRINT "7 :"H$ ":9": NEXT X 160 LPRINT "7 :";: LPRINT CHR$(14);E$;"E"; &[...]

Figure Easy-2. Ticket to success Ticket Program Description This is not a complete explanation of the program. That’s what the rest of the manual is for. But this brief, line-by-line description should help those of you who wish to analyze the program. 10 Stores values in variables for easy access. E$ holds the ESCape code, CHR$(27). 20 Uses ESCa[...]

110 Prints the outside border, then the top of the inside border (which was defined as the “:” character). 120 Prints another line of borders. 130 Prints more borders, then uses the Master Select to turn on Emphasized Double-Strike Pica. Also turns on Italic and Under- line Modes. 140 Prints TICKET TO SUCCESS, then resets the FX to its defaults[...]

280 Returns the printer to its defaults. 300-330 Provides data for the FX letters as user-defined characters 0-3. 350-410 Provides data for the ticket borders. 12[...]

Chapter 1 The FX Printers Once you’ve unpacked your new printer, the first thing you should do is make sure you have all of the parts. With the FX-80 or FX-100 printer, you should receive the items shown in Figure 1-1: 1. The printer itself 2. A manual-feed knob 3. A paper separator 4. Two protective lids 5. One ribbon cartridge (in a box) 6. Thi[...]

Figure 1-1. The FX-80 and FX-100 printers 14[...]

Figure 1-2. Printer parts 1 5[...]

Additional Supplies and Accessories The following items may be purchased separately from your Epson dealer: Printer cable or interface kit. Each computer system has its own way of connecting to a printer. Some computers need a cable only, others require both a cable and board. The FX printers use the Centronics standard parallel interface scheme de[...]

Figure 1-3. Paper path Printer Preparation Once you’ve found a good home for FX, you’ll need to do some preparing before you can print. This section describes the first steps, which include installing a few parts, checking the setting of some internal switches, and then inserting the ribbon cartridge. Note: The printer should be turned OFF duri[...]

Figure 1-4. Paper separator Covers For protection from dust and foreign objects and for quiet opera- tion, FX printers use two types of covers. When you use the friction feed on either the FX-80 or the FX-100 or the built-in tractor on the FX-80, use the pair of flat protective lids (Figure 1-5). When you use the removable tractor unit, use the tra[...]

fitting over its post. Lower the cover. To remove the cover, move it to its full vertical position and then lift it up and a little to the left. Figure 1-5. Protective lids Figure 1-6. Tractor cover Manual-feed knob The manual-feed knob (Figure 1-7) can aid you in loading and adjusting paper. To install the manual-feed knob, hold it in position on [...]

the right side and twist until the flat sides of rod and fitting match. Push the knob straight in with a steady pressure. To remove, pull straight out. Figure 1-7. Manual-feed knob DIP switches Several tiny switches, called DIP (for Dual In-line Package) switches, are located inside the FX. They control a number of impor- tant printer functions, su[...]

Figure 1-8. DIP switch vent 21[...]

These switches are set at the factory, and most of them you will never need to touch. You may, however, want to take the time now to match up the switches with their functions, as shown in Table 1-1. For a further discussion of the DIP switches, see Appendix E. Figure 1-9. DIP switch location Figure 2-20. DIP switch factory settings Always turn the[...]

Table 1-1. DIP switch functions Switch 1 No . 1-8 1-7 1-6 O N ON ON ON Function International character International character OFF OFF OFF OFF International character 1-5 Emphasized Print weight 1-4 2K buffer RAM memory 1-3 Inactive Paper-out sensor Single strike User-defined characters Active 0 Pica 1-2 0 (slashed) 1-1 Compressed Zero character P[...]

end of the cartridge into the corresponding slots in the printer frame (Figure 1-11). The cartridge should snap neatly into place. With the paper bail resting on the platen, you can tuck the ribbon between the metal ribbon guide and the black print head. As Figure 1-11 suggests, you can ease the ribbon into place with the deft application of a dull[...]

Figure 1-11. Ribbon insertion 25[...]

Figure 1-12. Printer readied for paper insertion l Be sure the printer is turned off. Lift the front protective lid and move the print head to the middle of the platen. l Remove the center protective lid. l Pull the paper bail and the friction-control lever toward the front of the printer. Your printer should now look like Figure 1-12. l Adjust the[...]

Figure 1-13. Pin feeder adjustment very important to keep the paper straight so that the pins on both sides engage at the same time. If the paper does not move smoothly, remove it by reversing the manual-feed knob and start again with an unwrinkled sheet. Figure 1-14. Loading the FX-80 27[...]

l As the paper comes up the front of the platen, watch to be sure that it is feeding under the black edges of the pin feeders. If your paper is wrinkling as it comes through, you may need to readjust the pin feeders. l Reinstall the center protective lid underneath the paper. Push the paper bail back against the paper and close the front protective[...]

Now follow these steps to load your paper into the friction feeder: l Be sure the printer is turned off, Lift the front protective lid and move the print head to the middle of the platen (refer back to Figure 1-12). Pull the paper bail up. l Engage the friction-control mechanism by pushing the friction- control lever to the back. l Guide the paper [...]

sides of the tractor assembly are firmly in place. Rock the front of the unit downward, pressing firmly until it locks into place. Figure 1-16. Tractor unit installation Figure 1-17. Hook and stud 30[...]

To load the paper into the unit, use this procedure: l Be sure the printer is turned off; then open the front protective lid to move the print head to the middle of the platen. l Pull the paper bail and the friction-control lever toward the front of the printer (refer back to Figure 1-12). l Insert the paper under the paper separator and the platen[...]

Top-of-form position After you have loaded the paper, you should set it to the top of form, which is the position of the print head when you turn the printer on. (Since the computer term form corresponds to the word page, it may be easier for you to think of this as the top of the page.) To make this setting, advance the paper until a perforation l[...]

Figure 1-19. Top of form 1-21). The other end of the cable plugs into your computer. If your cable includes grounding wires, be sure to fasten the wires to the grounding screws at each end. With the paper loaded, turn the printer on with the toggle switch at the left-rear comer of the FX. You get a little dance from the print head and three lights [...]

Figure 1-20. Paper thickness adjustment 34[...]

Figure 1-21. Cable connection Control panel When the control panel’s ON LINE light is on, the printer and com- puter are in direct communication and the FF (form feed) and LF (line feed) buttons have no effect. Go ahead, try pushing one. To use the FF and LF button; press the ON LINE button to turn it off. Now you can see what the other buttons d[...]

loaded because the printer’s test uses all 136 columns. Turn the printer completely off (with the switch on the left side of the printer), press down the LF button, and turn the printer back on again while still holding down the LF button. Figure 1-22. Sample automatic test Figure 1-22 shows the FX’s automatic test, which prints the standard ch[...]

Chapter 2 BASIC and the Printer While you read this manual, you’ll be testing your FX with pro- grams in the BASIC language. You can, of course, use another lan- guage with your printer; see Appendixes A through D for the ASCII and ESCape codes that your software manual will explain how to use. Here we use BASIC because it is the most popular lan[...]

Table 2-1. Several computers’ print LIST commands Command Computer LLIST Epson QX-10™, IBM-PC ® , and Radio Shack TRS-80 ® LIST"COM0:" Epson HX-20 Notebook Computer™ PR#1 Apple ® II LIST PR#0 If your listing is more than a page long (or if you didn’t start the listing at the top of a page), your printer may have printed right o[...]

Character strings The character-string (or CHR$) function converts any decimal number from zero through 255 to a character or action. Its format is CHR$ followed by a number in parentheses, for example, CHR$(84). The character-string command follows a PRINT or LPRINT com- mand and causes your computer system to send an ASCII code to the computer’[...]

Table 2-2. Several computers’ printer activating commands Activating commands Computer 10 LPRINT CHR$(193) Epson QX-10, IBM-PC, and Radio Shack TRS-80 5 OPEN "0",#1, "COMØ" Epson HX-20 Notebook Computer 10 PRINT#1, CHR$(193) 99 CLOSE#1 5 PR#1 Apple II 10 PRINT CHR$ (193) 99 PR#Ø Check your computer’s reference manual and t[...]

instead of an Italic A, pay close attention to the next three paragraphs. The original ASCII code was designed to use the decimal numbers zero through 127. Computer systems designers soon decided to extend this range (to 0 through 255) in order to make room for more features. Unfortunately, some designers did not anticipate that printers would make[...]

Now RUN it. You should hear a short beep. (If you don’t hear it, check DIP switch 2-2, using the procedure we gave in Chapter 1.) That’s the printer’s beeper, which most often sounds to inform you that you’ve run out of paper (Appendix F lists other causes of beep- ing). When you produce the beep, you’ve proved that on your com- puter cer[...]

Here are two examples of ESCape code sequences: LPRINT CHR$(27)CHR$(71) LPRINT CHR$(27)CHR$(38)CHR$(0)CHR$(1)CHR$(3) To see how such sequences work, start a new program now by entering: 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)CHR$(52) 20 LPRINT "ITALIC CHARACTER SET" and RUNning it. When you can RUN a program, we show you the results that you should expect: IT[...]

Change Commands After you have sent commands to the printer, you will often want to change them, either to turn off one or more modes, or to erase text. To understand what happens when you use one of the several FX methods of making changes, you need to know about two special aspects of the printer, defaults and the printer buffer. We often talk in[...]

Reset Code You could turn off the Italic Mode by turning the printer off, then back on. Although turning the printer off resets the printer to its defaults, which include Roman Mode, cycling the printer off and on may disrupt computer/printer communications. FX printers have a Reset Code to avoid that: ESCape CHR$(64). To see the Reset Code work, a[...]

ITALIC CHARACTER SET BACK 'TO ROMAN WITH ITALIC OFF Notice that CHR$(53) turned Italic off and the semicolon at the end of line 30 eliminated the blank line between the two lines of text. DELete and CANcel But suppose you don’t want that much power. Suppose you only want to erase text in the print buffer without affecting any print modes. Tw[...]

of line 10 is the number 4, and the symbol for the 53 of line 30 is the number 5, so enter the following: 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)“4” 30 LPRINT CHR$(27)"5"; Now use RUN to make sure that both ESCape sequences work as before. You can also shorten your programs by storing the ESCape code in a character string. If you enter A$=CHR$(27) in an e[...]

See the Preface for a list of the conventions used in this manual, Appendix A for a table of the ASCII codes, and Appendixes B and C for tables of the control codes. Appendix F offers programming solu- tions to interfacing problems, while Appendix E lists the defaults and shows the DIP switch settings. See also the Quick Reference Card. Here are th[...]

Chapter 3 Print Pitches ' One of the big advantages an FX printer has over a daisy-wheel printer or a typewriter is the ability it gives you to choose from a variety of widths, or pitches, for your characters. To use this feature well, it’s important to understand just how an FX prints. The tech- nique used by an FX printer is called dot-mat[...]

Figure 3-1 shows one each of lower- and uppercase letters. The p gives an example of the way a few lowercase letters use the bottom two rows of the matrix. All numbers, uppercase letters, and most symbols are formed within the top seven rows of the matrix. Main columns The construction of the print head restricts the maximum height of any character[...]

Intermediate positions FX characters are designed to be five or fewer columns wide. Leav- ing the sixth column blank allows for space between letters. Figure 3-3 shows the 6 main columns, numbered 1, 3, 5, etc. Figure 3-3. Main columns Because the use of 5 dots does not give quite enough detail for the highest quality characters, an FX prints some [...]

If you look through Appendix A, you’ll notice that none of the FX’s characters use dots in consecutive main and intermediate columns in the same row. There is a reason for this: the printer’s speed. The FX recalls a character’s dot-matrix pattern from ROM and prints it in 1/160th of a second. At that speed, the print head is simply moving t[...]

Figure 3-5. Pica and Elite letters 3Ø LPRINT CHR$(27)"P"; 4Ø LPRINT PICA PITCH IS THE NORMAL PRINT WIDTH" When you RUN it, you should get: COMPARE ELITE PITCH WITH THE PICA BELOW PICA PITCH IS THE NORMAL PRINT WIDTH Figure 3-6. Pitch comparison The 10 blank spaces in line 20 above print as 10 Elite spaces; the 10 corresponding spac[...]

NEW 2Ø LPRINT CHR$(15)"COMPRESSED MODE IS SET WITH CHR$(15)" 3Ø LPRINT "IT WILL STAY ON UNTIL YOU CANCEL IT" 4Ø LPRINT CHR$(l8)"PICA AGAIN" COMPRESSED MODE IS SET WITH CHR$(15 ) IT WILL STAY ON UNTIL YOU CANCEL I T PICA AGAIN Notice that we had you use only CHR$(l5) to turn Compressed Mode on-that is, we didn’t ha[...]

DIP switch 1-1 on. This adjustment will make the printer reset to Compressed Mode, after which you can switch to other modes as needed. You could get Pica Mode with control codes, for instance, by using the Compressed shut-off code: CHR$(18). Then you could return to Compressed with either of the usual commands-CHR$(15) or ESCape " @ “-or by[...]

Don’t take this lesson lightly-it is a good example of how print modes interact on FX printers. Pitch Mode Combinations The previous three modes can’t be mixed, but the next mode can be used in combination with any one of them. And you can add it to a printout for either of two durations, for one print line or for a longer passage. Expanded Mod[...]

40 LPRINT "CONTINUOUSLY WITH ESCAPE W" 50 LPRINT CHR$(27)"W"CHR$(0) The printer extends the dot matrix by spreading the dots horizontally to twice their normal distances apart, and then it adds a duplicate of each dot to the next main dot column (see Figure 3-7). Figure 3-7. Pica and Expanded letters Those of you who like compac[...]

CHR$(1) can use an alternative form for this pair. For continuous Expanded, and for the other modes which use CHR$(1) and CHR$(0) as a toggle switch, you can use an abbreviation. Here, for example, you can use: LPRINT CHR$(27)"W"CHR$(1) or you can use: LPRINT CHR$(27)"W1" for the same result. Expanded Mode works equally well wit[...]

By deleting the semicolon at the end of line 10 and adding a semicolon to the end of line 30, you can mix all six print pitches on a single print line. In program lines 30 to 70, CHR$(14) and CHR$(20) move the printer in and out of Expanded Mode. This program turns Compressed Mode on in line 40, and Com- pressed stays on until the Reset Code turns [...]

Table 3-1. Summary of print pitches Here is the DIP switch that we mentioned in this chapter: Switch 1-1 Allows you to change the pitch default from Pica to Compressed Here is a list of the commands that we introduced in this chapter, listed in the order of their appearance: CHR$(27)“M” Turns Elite Mode ON CHR$(27)“P” Turns Elite OFF CHR$(1[...]

Chapter 4 Print Quality In the last chapter you learned how to change the width of the printed characters to achieve six different print pitches. The FX printer also offers several modes that improve print quality without affecting pitch. The three new modes that we discuss in this chapter are Double-Strike, Emphasized, and Proportional. After we c[...]

The way Double-Strike gets this result is rather clever: the FX prints each character in the regular fashion until it reaches either the end of the line or the point at which you have Double-Strike turn off. Then the FX shifts the paper up slightly and prints the Double-Strike pas- sage again. This means that every dot in each row of the character [...]

DOUBLE-STRIKE PRINT IS DARKER THAN SINGLE-STRIKE EMPHASIZED ADDS A TOUCH OF CLASS That’s right, Emphasized is very similar to Expanded print, except that Expanded Mode prints a duplicate set of dots a full (rather than a half) column to the right of the initial set. Figure 4-2 shows Expanded and Emphasized characters. Figure 4-2. Expanded and Emp[...]

Emphasized Mode (line 30) stays on until you shut it off. Double- Strike comes on (line 40) before Emphasized is turned off. You see the result above. Proportional Mode Have you ever wondered why most computer printouts don’t look as good as typeset books, even when you use bold characters? It’s because most dot-matrix printers use a uniform wi[...]

Since all Proportional characters are Emphasized, it makes sense that Proportional characters, like Emphasized, can only be printed in Pica pitch, not Elite nor Compressed. In addition, Proportional Mode cannot be mixed with Double-Strike. The cost of all this high-powered printing is the slower speed of printing and the wear and tear on the ribbon[...]

the printer will prove that Double-Strike has been turned on all the time. Add lines 30 and 50, and make some changes to line 70: 30 LPRINT CHR$(27)"G"; 50 LPRINT "WHEN PROPORTIONAL GOES" 70 LPRINT "!!!!!!!!!!!!!OFF, DOUBLE-STRIKE CAN COME ON" !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!PROPORTIONAL ON WHEN PROPORTIONAL GOES !!!!!!!!!!!![...]

sized, strips excess space from between characters. Double-Strike can be combined with all other modes except Proportional, whereas Emphasized, and thus Proportional, cannot be combined with either Elite or Compressed. Mode combinations are governed by the FX’s priority list. This list determines which mode gets printed when two or more conflicti[...]

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Chapter 5 Dress-Up Modes and Master Select In the first three subsections of this chapter, we cover four more print modes: Underline; two Script Modes-Superscript and Sub- script; and Italic. Each of these modes allows you to add a particular finishing touch to your printouts. After we show how you can quickly select 16 combinations of pitch and we[...]

You can turn Underline Mode off with: CHR$(27)"-"CHR$(0) or CHR$(27)"-0" Enter and RUN this program to see what FX underlining looks like: NEW 20 LPRINT CHR$(27)"-1UNDERLINING IS SIMPLE"; 40 LPRINT CHR$(27)"-0 TO TURN ON/OFF" UNDERLINING IS SIMPLE TO TURN ON/OFF You can underline virtually anything you want-e[...]

The FX-80, on the other hand, can perform a reverse line feed, and it uses this capability to place the underline one row lower than any text dot. To do this, the FX-80 prints the text to be underlined, moves the print head down the paper one row’s worth to print the underline, then moves the print head back up to the original text line. To see w[...]

Notice that ESCape “T” turns either kind of Script Mode off and also that both versions of Script Mode are automatically printed in Double-Strike. Since Double-Strike prints at half speed, so do the Script Modes. And since Double-Strike can’t mix with Proportional, neither can either type of Script. If you are using the FX-100 and you switch [...]

Whether your computer system is one of these or not, with ESCape “4” you can print Italic characters. Prove it by adding these lines to your program: 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)“4” 70 LPRINT CHR$(27)"@" When you want to turn off only the Italic Mode, you use ESCape "5" (instead of line 70’s Reset Code) in your program. More Mod[...]

NEW 20 Y$(1)="SINGLE-STRIKE Y$(2)="SNGL-STRIKE EMPHASIZED " 30 Y$(3)="DOUBLE-STRIKE Y$(4)="DBL-STRIKE EMPHASIZED " 40 Z$(1)="PICA Z$(2)="ELITE : Z$(3)="COMPRESSED 50, FOR X=1 TO 2 60 FOR Y=1 TO 4 70 FOR Z=1 TO 3 80 READ N: IF N<0 THEN 130 90 LPRINT CHR$(27)"!"CHR$(0);: IF N<10 THEN LPRINT[...]

0 SINGLE-STRIKE PIC A 1 SINGLE-STRIKE ELIT E 4 SINGLE-STRIKE COMPRESSED 8 SNGL-STRIKE EMPHASIZED PICA 16 DOUBLE-STRIKE PIC A 17 DOUBLE-STRIKE ELITE 20 DOUBLE-STRIKE COMPRESSED 24 DEL-STRIKE EMPHASIZED PIC A 32 SINGLE-STRIK E EXPANDE D PIC A 33 SINGLE-STRIKE EXPANDED ELIT E 36 SINGLE-STRIKE EXPANDED COMPRESSED 40 SNGL - STRIKE EMPHASIZED EXPANDED PI[...]

Double-Strike, use LPRINT CHR$(27)“!T". N/A indicates that the two modes cannot be combined. Table 5-1. Master Select Quick Reference Chart WEIGHT PITCH Single Strike Emphasized Double Strike Double Strike Emphasized Pica @ H P X Elite A N/A Q N/A Compressed D N/A T N/A Expanded * 0 8 Pic a Expanded Elite Expande d Compressed ! NIA 1 N/A $ N[...]

Figure 5-3. Dress-up combinations Master Select base and then add the sequence(s) that you want to embellish it. Here is a program that does just that, several times. NEW 10 N=4: GOSUB 70: LPRINT CHR$(27)"S1THE FX"CHR$(27)"T" 20 N=17: GOSUB 70: LPRINT CHR$(27)"-1PRINTERS" 30 N=8: GOSUB 70: LPRINT CHR$(27)"-0HAVE E[...]

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Here are the commands that we introduced in this chapter. CHR$(27) “-1” Turns Underline Mode ON CHR$(27)“-0” Turns Underline OFF CHR$(27)“S1” Turns Subscript Mode ON. Script characters print in Double-Strike and at half speed CHR$(27)“S0” Turns Superscript ON CHR$(27)“T” Turns either version of Script Mode OFF CHR$(27)“4” Tu[...]

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Chapter 6 Special Printing Features In this chapter you’ll discover several new features that will enhance your control over the printer. Backspacing, for example, allows you to combine characters. You can use a set of software commands to switch in and out of international character sets, and you can control the speed of printing. Backspace The [...]

use the same technique to produce the plus-or-minus symbol: 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"S0+"CHR$(8); 'Plus/minus 20 LPRINT CHR$(27)"S1-" 30 LPRINT CHR$(27)"@" ± How about that, and it only took three lines. Next try this approxi- mately equally short program: 10 LPRINT CHR$(126)CHR$(8); ' Approximately equal 20 LPRIN[...]

The 17 backspaces (line 40) are printed in Compressed Mode. The difference in character widths makes the second printing of the word BACKSPACES be offset from the first. In the next program, the offset is a little more dramatic. Change the following lines: 30 LPRINT "BACKSPACE"CHR$(15); 40 FOR X=1 TO 15: LPRINT CHR$(8);: NEXT X 50 LPRINT [...]

Figure 6-1. Bidirectional line Look carefully at your printout or at the version we show as Figure 6-1. See how the line seems to quiver? Now turn on Unidirectional printing to see how much difference it makes. Add line 10 and RUN the program again: 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"U1" Figure 6-2. Unidirectional line CHR$(27) “U1" turns on the U[...]

line feed, which means that the subsequent movement of the print head will be from the left margin to the right. To see this in action, delete line 10 and change line 40 to read: 40 FOR X=1 TO 10: LPRINT CHR$(27)"<"CHR$(124): NEXT X When you RUN it, you can watch the print head move to its leftmost position after it prints each line. U[...]

that are used in different countries. These international characters can be accessed with: LPRINT CHR$(27)"R"CHR$(n); where n is a number from zero to eight. The ESCape “R” sequence selects one of these nine countries: 0 USA 3 United Kingdom 6 Italy 1 France 4 Denmark 7 Spain 2 Germany 5 Sweden 8 Japan Once you have selected a country[...]

Table 6-2. International characters in Roman typeface USA FRANCE GERMANY U.K . DENMARK SWEDEN ITAL Y SPAI N JAPAN This program provides an easy reference to the international charac- ters; you’ll probably want to keep the printout handy. You can also print international characters in Italic Mode. Change these two lines: 80 READ C$: LPRINT C$CHR$([...]

When could you use this program? Well, you can print . . . and if you want to use one of the foreign sets all the time, you can change your printer’s default. The factory setting of a default international character set-for the USA-is shown in line 1 of Table 6-4. You can change this by resetting some of the FX’s DIP switches. Three switches: S[...]

either of these capabilites on and off, as a mode, with an ESCape sequence. Half-Speed Mode The FX can print at the fine rate of 160 characters per second (cps). But it will also print more slowly if you want it to: the Half-Speed Mode prints at 80 cps. The command sequence uses lowercase s plus zero and one as a toggle: LPRINT CHR$(27)"s1&quo[...]

and print the contents of the buffer, press RETURN alone. Now add this line: 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"i1" And RUN the program. Your FX-80 responds to your typing-imme- diately. When you are finished, press RETURN alone, then use the zero version of the command to return to full speed. Summary You can use the Backspace Mode to overstrike one or [...]

CHR$(27)“s1” CHR$(27)“s0” CHR$(27)“i1” CHR$(27)“i0” Turns Half-Speed ON; If your system can’t send lowercase letters, use CHR$(115) CHR$(1) Turns Half-Speed OFF For the FX-80 only, turns Immediate-Print Mode ON. If your system can’t send lower- case letters, use CHR$(105)CHR$(1). Turns Immediate-Print Mode OFF 91[...]

92[...]

Chapter 7 Line Spacing and Line Feeds Up to this point in the manual, we have not discussed the way the printer moves a page so that it doesn’t print lines of text right on top of each other. Now we do. In this chapter you will learn how to change the distance that the paper moves; the movement is called a line feed, and the distance is called a [...]

Figure 7-1. Default line spacing To see 12-dot spacing, reset the printer (to clear any previous modes), and enter: NEW 20 FOR X=0 to 4 30 LPRINT TAB(6*X)"STAIR STEPS" 40, NEXT X 94[...]

Your first STEPS print in 12-dot spacing. Now tighten up the line spacing by adding lines 10 and 50: 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"0" 50 LPRINT CHR$(27)"2" The CHR$(27)“0” of line 10 changes the usual 12-dot (1/6-inch) line spacing to a handy variation: 9-dot (l/B-inch) spacing. Nine-dot spac- ing is especially useful in the 9-pin Grap[...]

To show what varying n can mean, the following program increases the line spacing by one dot’s worth on each line feed: 20 FOR X=0 TO 24 30 LPRINT TAB(X)"STAIR"CHR$(27)"A"CHR$(X+128) STEPS" 40 NEXT X 50 LPRINT CHR$(27)"2" Figure 7-2. Cascading STAIR STEPS Figure 7-2 shows that the loop in line 20 and the ESCape [...]

The ESCape”A”CHR$( n) command sets the line spacing to n/72- ) inch if the n is any number from 0 through 85. If n is between 85 and 128, the line spacing is 85/72-inch. At 128 the sequence starts again, with 128 giving the same result as 0, 129 the same as 1, and so on. Therefore, the X+128 in line 30 produces a change in line spacing from 0 t[...]

Microscopic line spacing There is also a way to space at smaller intervals than 72nds. Using a CHR$(27)“3” will set the spacing to increments of 216th of an inch; l/216-inch is one-third the distance between the pins of the print head (center to center). That means the printer can position a specific line one-third of a dot lower than the previ[...]

One-time, immediate line feed The FX has a special line feed that executes a new size of line feed once, then reverts back to the size of the previous line feed. And that’s not all-it is executed immediately rather than at the end of the print line as all the other line spacing commands are. The format is: LPRINT CHR$(27)"J"CHR$(n) wher[...]

Figure 7-3. Staggering STAIR STEPS 100[...]

print the two lines of text and then move the print head up the page to print the line of hyphens above the first line. 10 LPRINT "REVERSE FEED" 20 LPRINT 30 LPRINT "ARE YOU WATCHING?" 40 LPRINT CHR$(27)"j"CHR$(140); 50 LPRINT “___________" If your system cannot send lowercase letters to the FX, use the numeric [...]

Table 7-1. Line-spacing commands Line spacing Command 7/72" CHR$(27)“1” 9/72' CHR$(27)“0” (1/8”) 12/72" CHR$(27)"2" (l/6”) (default) n/72” CHR$(27)“A”CHR$(n) n = 0 - 255 n/216” CHR$(27)‘3”CHR$(n) n = 0 - 255 n/216” CHR$(27)“J”CHR$h) n = 0 - 255 (immediate) n/216” CHR$(27)“j’CHR$(n) n = 0 [...]

Chapter 8 Forms Control The FX has several features that make it easy for you to print on any size of page and to determine where on the page the printing will appear. Because they are needed most often for creating forms or for printing on pre-printed forms, these features are called forms control. With the FX you can easily change the length of a[...]

first tell the printer where the top of form is. In most cases you’ll want the printer to use the first line below the paper perforation as the top- of-form line. To get this result, turn the printer off and feed the paper through (using the manual-feed knob) until a perforation lines up with the top of the ribbon (see Figure 8-1 or consult Chapt[...]

CHR$(12) sends the paper to the top of the next form. It gives the same result as the FF button so long as you end the line with a semi- colon to prevent BASIC from adding a line feed to the LPRINT line. Not-so-standard forms The printer’s default length for a form feed is 11 inches. But what if you decide to use a different form length, say 2 or[...]

Figure 8-2. Two-inch form feed Check it by changing your program lines as shown below and RUN- ning the program again; see if your printout matches Figure 8-3. 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"C"CHR$(2); 30 LPRINT "TWO-LINE FORM"CHR$(12); Figure 8-3. Two-line form feed 106[...]

Why does the printer give you two options? In some cases, setting the form length by inches is more convenient. If you know how many inches long the form should be, the printer will calculate the correct setting for you, regardless of the current line spacing. On the other hand, setting the form length by number of lines is the only way you can set[...]

For standard 11-inch forms, just position the paper correctly before turning on the printer; for other form lengths, use the CHR$(27)“C” command. It’s time to try this out. Make sure the perforation is even with the top of the ribbon (as in Figure 8-1), reset the printer, then type: NEW 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"N"CHR$(6); 20 FOR X=1 TO 70[...]

When you use the skip-over-perforation command, you may want to change your top of form. No matter what number you use as a skip-over-perforation setting, the printer skips that many blank lines from the last text line to the new top of form. In other words, when you set your top of form the usual way, you will have all of your blank space at the b[...]

If you use single-sheet paper on your FX printer and run to the end of the form, the paper-out sensor prevents the printer from acciden- tally printing on the platen. The sensor automatically sounds the beeper and shuts down the printing until you load another sheet and continue. While the sensor saves wear of print head, ribbon, and pla- ten, it a[...]

off, either by changing DIP switches or by sending the printer ASCII codes as summarized below. Switch 2-2 When on; activates the beeper; when off, deactivates it Switch 1-3 When off, makes the paper-out sensor active; when on, deactivates it Switch 2-3 When off, turns the skip-over-perforation feature OFF; when on, produces an auto- matic 1-inch s[...]

112[...]

Chapter 9 Margins and Tabs At power-up, your FX contains specific default settings for margins and for horizontal and vertical tabs. You can make changes to any of these. Since it is best to change margins before tabs, we discuss mar- gins first, then three aspects each of horizontal and vertical tabs. Margins Most word processing programs have com[...]

Try out the left margin command with: NEW 10 LPRINT "LEFT MARGIN" 253 LPRINT CHR$(27)"1"CHR$(10) 30 LPRINT "LEFT MARGIN SET AT 10 40 LPRINT Figure 9-1. Left margin setting As Figure 9-1 shows, line 10 prints at the default (zero) left margin, and line 30 makes the new left margin start 10 spaces to the right of the default.[...]

Figure 9-2. Listing at new margin and then switch to Compressed, the left margin stays the same dis- tance from the edge of the paper. To see an example, type: LPRINT CHR$(15) and then your computer’s print listing command. Figure 9-3 shows the page with this addition. Figure 9-3. Absolute left margin 115[...]

The text prints in Compressed Mode, but the left margin is still set at 10 Pica spaces. Right margin The general format for the right margin is: CHR$(27)"Q"CHR$(n) For the FX-80, n can range from 2 to 80 in Pica, 3 to 96 in Elite, and 4 to 137 in Compressed Mode. For the FX-100, n can range from 2 to 136 in Pica, 3 to 163 in Elite, and 4 [...]

Figure 9-4 shows the new listing, which did not print out at the posi- tion you specified. What happened? Well, the CHR$(18) turned off Compressed Mode, but there was no change in the margin because the new right margin setting would have occurred on the wrong side of the current left margin (which is still set at 10). Remember, the FX simply ignor[...]

Both margins Notice that the left and right margin commands use different num- bering systems. In Pica Mode the left margin command counts from 0 to 79 while the right margin command counts from 1 to 80. Keep this difference in mind when you use the two commands together. Another difference between the two margin commands is that the minimum left m[...]

Horizontal tab usage The FX has the ability to tab horizontally, and it has default tabs set in the current pitch at columns 8, 16, 24, 32, . . . every eight Pica spaces on out to the current width of the page. We will show you how to change the tabs to suit your needs more closely, but first let’s see how the printer’s tabs work. You can move [...]

Note that many BASIC S handle numbers differently from strings. This difference is most evident when you are printing columns that contain mixtures of numbers and strings: many BASIC S automati- cally add spaces both before and after each number. You may have to make adjustments if you want to have a column of numbers line up. Test this out on your[...]

Variable horizontal tabs You can change the default horizontal tab settings by specifying new tab stops. To do this, use the format: CHR$(27)"D"CHR$(n 1 ) . . . CHR$(n k )CHR$(O) where n 1 and n k stand for the first and last of a series of new tab stops, and the CHR$(0) informs the printer that you are through setting tabs. The FX can st[...]

For the FX-100 this is: 135 in Pica, 162 in Elite, and 232 in Compressed. Don’t forget that resetting the margins automatically returns the tabs to their default settings. Set margins before tabs. Tabs are set in the currently active pitch, and subsequent changes in pitch do not affect the tab positions. Here’s proof. Add these lines to your cu[...]

the default vertical tabs, which are set for every other line, or you can set tabs in one of two ways, in a single set or, for forms, in up to 8 sets, called channels. Ordinary vertical tabs Most often you probably will only need one series of vertical tabs. You set them with ESCape “B” in this format: CHR$(27)“B”CHR$(n 1 ) . . . CHR$(n k )[...]

Figure 9-10. Ordinary vertical tabs Once you have tabbed to a stop, you can print more than one line of text at that position. See this by changing line 50 and adding the three lines shown below to your current program. If you enter the number of spaces that we have indicated with M S , the entries will line up neatly. 50 LPRINT V$;"LOCATION&q[...]

Figure 9-11. Text at tab stop Just as for horizontal tabs, vertical tab settings are absolute: they do not change when you change the size of a space. For example, suppose you want to add to this form a graphics logo that uses special line spacing. If you forget to return to 12-dot spacing before the FX prints the next text after the logo, the line[...]

uses the Reset Code to return the FX to 12-dot spacing. RUNning this program produces a printout to match Figure 9-12. Figure 9-12. Absolute vertical tabs Be sure to delete line 25 after you’ve seen its effect. Vertical tab channels Vertical tab channels are especially helpful in two situations. The first occurs when you are writing a program to [...]

You can store up to eight channels of tab stops, numbered from 0 to 7. You use a format that is similar to the one for a single set: CHR$(27)"b"CHR$(N)CHRR$(n 1 ) . . . CHR$(n k )CHR$(0) where N stands for a reference number between zero and seven under which this channel will be stored. If you have already stored a set using ESCape “B?[...]

TOF OF PAGE TOP OF PAGE TOP OF PAGE TAB #1 FOR CHANNEL 1 TAB #1 FOR CHANNEL 2 TAB #2 FOR CHANNEL 2 TAB #1 FOR CHANNEL 3 TAB #2 FOR CHANNEL 1 TAB #2 FOR CHANNEL 3 Figure 9-13. Printout of multipage channels Summary The FX gives you the ability to set margins and to use default, regu- lated and variable tabs; you can set tabs in either the horizontal[...]

CHR$(27)“1”CHR$(n) Sets the left margin to n. (If you can’t use low- ercase letters, use CHR$(108) in place of “1”.) Limits are 0 - 78 in Pica, 0 - 93 in Elite, and 0 - 133 in Compressed CHR$(27)“Q”CHR$(n) Sets the right margin to n. Limits are 2 - 80 in Pica, 3 - 96 in Elite, and 4 - 137 in Compressed CHR$(9) or CHR$(U7)Moves the pri[...]

130[...]

Chapter 10 Introduction to Dot Graphics Welcome to the world of Epson graphics. To get you off to a solid start, we use this chapter to discuss all the fundamentals of dot graphics, from the number of dots per page to the way to position one dot, before we show you several patterns that you can print by using one dot at a time. Dots and Matrixes Im[...]

A final multiplication: 480 main columns X 792 rows gives you a grand total of 380,160 dot positions per FX-80 page. And that doesn’t even take into account intermediate columns, the FX-100’s ability to print 136 Pica matrixes, or both models’ ability to use graphics density settings to increase the number of dots across the page and microsco[...]

Figure 10-1. Pins numbered sequentially Each time the print head makes a horizontal pass, it prints a pattern of dots. To print figures taller than 7 or 8 dots, the print head must make more than one sweep. If you use the 12-dot (default) line spac- ing, the print head will leave gaps between the graphics lines, just as it does between text lines. [...]

Each pass of the print head contains one piece of the total pattern, which can be as tall or short as you desire. You don’t have to use the whole page or even an entire line for your graphics figures. In fact, you can reserve as little or as much space as you like for a figure-and position it anywhere on the page. Graphics Mode Multi-line figures[...]

Often a figure needs more than half a line. To reserve more than 255 columns for graphics, the second number (n,) must be greater than 0. But n 2 does not represent a number of single dots; it represents a num- ber of groups, each of which contains 256 dots. Using a 1 in the second slot means “reserve one group of 256 dots plus whatever is in the[...]

Since computers use the binary numbering system (O S and 1s only), it is most efficient for each pin to correspond to the decimal equivalent of one bit in an &bit binary number: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc. (see Figure 10-3). Figure 10-3. Pins labelled uniquely The hardware makes this the most practical labelling system. Each pin corresponds to one of [...]

Print head Decimal sum of the desired pin pattern Figure 10-4. Pin combinations Now that you, know the labels for the pins, how would you fire the top pin? Why, by sending LPRINT CHR$(128), of course. And how about the bottom graphics pin? That’s right, LPRINT CHR$(l). If you wanted to fire only the top and bottom pins, you’d simply add 128 and[...]

In the programs that follow (except the first), we shorten the process of specifying pins by using the fact that their labels represent powers of two. (Refer back to Figure 10-3 to refresh your memory about the relationship of ordinal numbers to powers of two and the exponential labels for the pins.) We use the caret (^) to represent exponentiation[...]

Line 40 completes the loop. Line 50 doesn’t print anything-it just forces a carriage return at the end of the print line, overriding the semicolon of line 30. Forcing the carriage return is not really necessary since the line is the last one of this program. It’s just a good habit to develop. Notice that the printer doesn’t print each time it[...]

110 LPRINT CHR$(2^N); 120 NEXT X: RETURN On the first pass of the loop (line SO), N equals X and the exponents increase in order from 0 to 6. The second time the routine is called, N equals 6 minus X, which reverses the order (from 6 down to 0). The flag F of line 50 activates the change of direction, and line 90 reflects the value for the exponent[...]

See what a big difference the line spacing makes? All of the multiple-line graphics programs in this manual use this line spacing. Diamond pattern In this next and final version of the program, you exercise even more control over the slashes. This program varies not only their direction, but also their sizes (length and height) on the print line. A[...]

Summary You enter Graphic s Mode with the CHR$(27)“K” CHR$(n 1 )CHR$(n 2 ) command. You determine the number of graphics columns by filling the two reservation slots, n 1 , and n 2 . You fire your pin patterns by adding up the pin labels, which consist of powers of two. Here is the command we introduced in this chapter: CHR$(27)“K”CHRS(n 1 [...]

Chapter 11 Varieties of Graphics Density We introduced you to FX graphics by having you use Single- Density Graphics Mode and a single pin per column. In this chapter we cover six more graphics densities and provide examples of designs that use pin combinations. We also offer you several tips for program- ming graphics. Graphics Programming Tips Le[...]

Graphics and the Reset Code You may have wondered about the semicolon we had you place after the B$ in line 40. If this line were text rather than graphics data, this semicolon would cause the text and the Reset Code (CHR$(27)“@“) in line 80 to be placed in the same text buffer and consequently the Reset Code would wipe the text out. This doesn[...]

for form feed-CHR$(12)--to the printer, the computer system inter- cepts it and sends instead a series of line feeds-CHRS(10). It does this whether the CHR$ commands represent true commands, parameters for commands, or data. It screens out all instances of its reserved numbers. You can see how this could upset the printing of graphics. In this exam[...]

SINGLE-DENSITY GRAPHICS The printer fires pins 1, 3, 5, and 7 (with the respective exponential values of 1, 4, 16, and 64) in the first column and pins 2, 4, and 6 (exponential values 2, 8, and 32) in the second. And it alternates that sequence for 50 columns-50 columns in Single-Density. This program also mixes graphics and text on one line. It do[...]

Pattern Prints as (Overlapping dots) In double-density mode at High Speed Figure 11-1. High-Speed Double-Density dots To check this out, change the pin patterns in line 30 from 85 to 127, the sum of the labels for pins 1 through 7: 30 B$=CHR$(127)+CHR$(42) As Figure 11-2 shows, the repeated dots, the ones called for by the CHR$(42)--pins 2, 4, and [...]

Low-Speed Double-Density Graphics Mode Ah, but the FX has a special print mode to take care of this very problem. It’s called the Low-Speed Double-Density Graphics Mode. Change the 2 of line 20 to a 1 and change the text in line 50 once more: 20 A$=CHR$(27)+"*"+CHR$(l)+CHR$(50+CHR$(0) 50 LPRINT "PLOW-SPEED DOUBLE-DENSITY GRAPHICS &[...]

Quadruple-Density Graphics Mode The FX also gives you the ability to print dots four times as densely as in Single-Density. Change the 1 line 20 to a 3 and lines 30 and 50 to read: 20 A$=CHR$(27)+"*"+CHR$(3)+CHR$(50)+CHR$(0) 30 B$=CHR$(85)+CHR$(42) 50 LPRINT QUADRUPLE-DENSITY GRAPHICS ; QUADRUPLE-DENSITY GRAPHICS In Quadruple-Density Grap[...]

MODE # 0 MODE # 1 MODE # 2 MODE # 3 MODE # 4 MODE # 5 MODE # 6 Figure 11-4. Seven density modes Figure 11-4 displays all seven of the FX modes that affect graphics density. Table 11-1 describes them. More Graphics Programming Tips The next two sections discuss two modes that the FX offers to help you solve potential graphics problems. A reassigning[...]

Table 11-1. Graphics Modes Mode Density 0 Single 1 Low-Speed Double High-Speed Double 2 Alternate code Description CHR$(27)“K” 60 dots per inch; 480 dots per 8” line 816 dots per 13.6” line CHR$(27)“L” 120 dots per inch; 960 dots per 8” line 1632 dots per 13.6”line CHR$(27)“Y” Same density as Mode 1, but faster. The printer does[...]

You should get another printout of Figure 11-4. A second time you can make good use of the reassigning code occurs when you want to change a program in which you have not concatenated the graphics codes. Using the "?” sequence allows you to change every instance of your graphics command by entering only one line. A third type of use occurs w[...]

Figure 11-5. Nine-pin usage (Use CHR$(94) if you can’t generate the caret symbol (^) from your system.) The d determines the density of the graphics: d set to 0 produces Single-Density; d set to 1 produces Double-Density. In this format, n 1 and n 2 represent the usual width settings, but each print pattern requires two bytes (instead of one). Th[...]

Firing 9 pins with 8 data lines is just a shade more difficult than firing 7 or 8 pins. It takes 2 bytes to define each 9-dot pin pattern: the first byte determines the pattern of the top 8 pins in the usual way and only the top bit of the second byte is used. Thus any second byte of 128 or greater fires the bottom pin of the print head; anything l[...]

50 READ N 90 DATA 3,7,31,63,126,124,112,96,92,66,33,25,5,3 Line 50 reads the first data number into the variable N. To read the rest of the numbers, line 50 must be executed in a loop. Add these lines to the program: 20 A$=CHR$(27)+"K"+CHR$(14)+CHR$(0) 30 LPRINT A$; Figure 11-7. Curling design 40 FOR X=1 TO 14 60 LPRINT CHR$(N); 70 NEXT X[...]

like this one, you can just get the program to reread one set of data by using a RESTORE statement. To see this, change two lines and then RUN the program: 30 FOR Y=l TO 19: RESTORE: LPRINT A$; 79 NEXT X: NEXT Y Although the new loop in line 30 repeats the pattern 10 times, you don’t need 10 repetitions of the DATA statements. The RESTORE stateme[...]

80 LPRINT CHR$(27)"@": END 90 DATA 8,28,62,93,-6,28,93,62,28,8 100 READ R: FOR J=1 TO -N 110 LPRINT CHR$(R);: NEXT J 120 X=X-N-1: GOT0 70 RUN it again. Same arrow pattern, right? And with less data. The number of repetitions (6) is entered into the DATA line as a negative number that is followed by the pattern (28) to be repeated. Yet eve[...]

CHR$(27)“L”CHR!$(n 1 )CHRS(n 2 ) Enters Low-Speed Double-Density Graphics Mode and specifies the width setting. Width = n 1 +(256*n 2 ), where n 1 is 0 - 255 and n 2 is 0- 7 CHR$(27)“Z”CHR!$(n 1 )CHR$(n 2 ) Enters Quadruple-Speed Graphics Mode and specifies the width setting. Width = n 1 +(256*n 2 ), where n 1 is 0 - 255 and n 2 is 0 - 7 CH[...]

Chapter 12 Design Your Own Graphics In this chapter we take you through the development of two graphics programs, from design to implementation. The two pro- grams use entirely different techniques. The first program uses a method of storing and recalling data similar to that of the curling pro- gram in the last chapter. You store pin patterns and [...]

2. Translate the dots into their appropriate pin numbers, seven or eight rows (depending on your computer system’s capability) at a time. 3. Figure out the easiest way to send those numbers to the printer. Once you get the hang of it, the whole process is easy. It does require some patience, but sometimes, when regular patterns form your designs,[...]

Figure 12-1. STRATA layout In most cases the program reads a number greater than or equal to zero and sends it to the printer (line 620). Control then returns to line 610, which reads the next number. If N is negative, the program bypasses the LPRINT in line 620 and goes on to line 630. Negative numbers in the DATA lines represent repeat factors as[...]

There’s only one thing left to do before you can print the first line- enter a Graphics Mode: 600 LPRINT CHR$(27)"L"CHR$(60)CHR$(0); Now RUN the program. That’s a good start. To complete the program, add 7-dot line spacing, a loop to process the last five lines of data, and the data lines: 100 LPRINT CHR$(27)"1" 590 FOR K=1 [...]

l00 LPRINT CHR$(27)"1" 590 FOR K=1 TO 6 600 LPRINT CHR$(27)"L"CHR$(60)CHR$(0); 610 READ N: IF N=128 THEN 650 620 IF N>=0 THEN LPRINT CHR$(N);: GOT0 610 630 READ P,R: FOR J=1 TO -N: LPRINT CHR$(P)CHR$(R);: NEXT J 640 GOT0 610 650 LPRINT: NEXT K: LPRINT CHR$(27)"@": END 799 ' <<< LOGO DATA >>> 8[...]

Figure 72-4. Corner of the FX-80 design 164[...]

A very few pin patterns are needed for this program. In fact, each “pattern” consists of only one pin, making the numbers easy to calculate: 1 for the low pin 64 for the high pin 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 for the diagonal rise 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 for the diagonal fall As you will see in the next few pages, these pin patterns are coded right int[...]

170 FOR Y=1 TO 819: LPRINT CHR$(l);: NEXT Y 180 LPRINT: NEXT X: RETURN Now RUN the first trial: Line 20 stores the graphics entry string in G$. This produces Low- Speed Double-Density dots for 819 columns [51+(3x256) = 819]. Line 170 fires the bottom graphics pin 819 times. The X loop (lines 160 and 180) repeats the routine to print the line three [...]

If L is read as zero, line 70 causes the program to ignore line 80. This enables the printer to print the center portion of the X, where the diagonal fall meets the diagonal rise at a point and no low section is required. Line 90 serves two purposes. It forces a line feed each time a nega- tive number is read, and it skips the last three steps of t[...]

290 DATA 3,3,25,3,0,3,25,3,12,3,2,3,12,3,3,-1 300 DATA 3,3,24,3,2,3,24,3,12,3,2,3,12,3,3,-1 310 DATA 3,3,23,3,4,3,23,3,12,3,2,3,12,3,3,-1 320 DATA 3,3,22,3,6,3,22,3,12,3,2,3,12,3,3,-1 330 DATA 3,3,21,3,8,3,21,5,8,5,2,5,8,5,3,-1 340 DATA 3,3,20,3,10,3,21,18,4,18,4,-1 350 DATA 3,3,19,3,12,3,22,14,8,14,6,-1 Yes, indeed, high-resolution graphics does r[...]

100 LPRINT CHR$(1)CHR$(2)CHR$(4)CHR$(8)CHR$(16) CHR$(32)CHR$(64); 110 FOR X=1 TO H: LPRINT CHR$(64);: NEXT X 120 LPRINT CHR$(64)CHR$(32)CHR$(16)CRR$(8)CHR$(4) CHR$(2)CHR$(1); 130 GOTO 50 140 NEXT D: GOSUB 160 150 LPRINT CHR$(27)"@": END 160 FOR X=1 TO 3: LPRINT G$; 170 FOR Y=l TO 819: LPRINT CHR$(1);: NEXT Y 180 LPRINT: NEXT X: RETURN 190[...]

7 WIDTH LPRINT 255 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"1" 20 G$=CHR$(27)+"L"+CHR$(l2l)+CHR$(3): GOSUB 160 30 FOR D=1 TO 17.: PRINT "ROW 40 LPRINT G$; 50 READ L,H 60 L=L*7: H=H*7 70 IF L=0 THEN 90 80 FOR X=1 TO L: LPRINT CHR$(1);: NEXT X 90 IF H<0 THEN LPRINT: GOT0 140 100 LPRINT CHR$(1)CHR$(2)CHR$(b)CHR$(8)CHR$(16) CHR$(32)CHR$(64); 110 [...]

These changes fill in the diagonals as illustrated in Figure 12-9: 100 LPRINT CHR$(1)CHR$(3)CHR$(7)CHR$(15) CHR$(31)CHR$(63)CHR$(127); 120 LPRINT CHR$(127)CHR$(63)CHR$(31)CHR$(15) CHR$(7)CHR$(3)CHR$(1); Figure 12-9. More distinct version And one additional change fills in the entire text (Figure 12-10): 110 FOR X=1 TO H: LPRINT CHR$(127);: NEXT X C[...]

Figure 12-10. Most distinct version Figure 12-11. Reversed version 172[...]

Chapter 13 Plotter Graphics As you work with dot graphics, you may run into printer limita- tions because dot-matrix printers are designed primarily for fast print- ing of text. The FX, however, can also print high-resolution graphics, as you saw in the STRATA program. But the side-to-side motion of a dot-matrix printer makes it virtually impossibl[...]

Figure 13-1. Computer memory as sketch pad holes or cells arranged in rows and columns, as Post Office boxes are. Each cell of the array corresponds to a dot position on the paper (Fig- ure 13-2). Figure 13-2. Array in memory and on paper Although the cells in a numeric array can hold nearly any numeric value, you use only the binary numbers (0 and[...]

Figure 13-3. Ones and zeros become dots and blanks Why all this fuss and stew about arrays? We want to show you that the FX can simulate a plotter. And once the correspondence between array cells and dot positions is firmly established, you can easily plot in any direction. Let’s look at the way each cell is named. The cells are arranged in rows [...]

DIMension and arrays Most BASIC S allow you to use up to 10 rows and 10 columns in an array without any special preparation of the computer’s memory. Since arrays use up lots of memory, you must inform the system if you intend to use a larger array. In BASIC, this is done with the DIMen- sion statement, which is contained in the first line of the[...]

Figure 13-5. Plotting a circle Circle Plotting You can have your program examine the cells of an array in any order; the following program scans them row by row, using two loops: 20 FOR R=1 TO N: FOR C=1 TO N At each cell, line 30 calculates the cell’s distance from a center point by using the distance formula: 30 D=SQR((R-11)^2+(C-11^2) Next the[...]

The final step to plotting a circle in an array is to close the loops and display the contents of the array. Add these three lines to your program: 50 LPRENT A(R,C);: NEXT C: LPRINT 60 PRINT "ROW";R: NEXT R 170 LPRINT CHR$(27)"@": END and RUN it. Figure 13-6. Displaying an array The printout shows, in terms of ones and zeros, th[...]

The next line loads the beginning (B), ending (E), and step (S) values for the loop that will read and print the array. 100 B=1: E=N-6: S=1 We have you use variables here so that you can change them later. That way you can make your program read the array in a number of directions. Using 7 pins of the print head on each pass, the program will take [...]

encounters a one, it adds the appropriate power of two to F (line 190). The exponent is the difference between the current row (R) and the last row in this pass of the print head (P+6*S). Line 220 sends F to the printer as a graphics pin pattern. 10 DEFINT A: N=21: DIM A(N,N) 20 FOR R=1 TO N: FOR C=1 TO N 30 D=SQR((R-11)^2 + (C-11)^2) 40 IF INT(D+.[...]

below picks off any potential problem codes and changes them to less dangerous numbers. 210 IF F>8 AND F<14 THEN F=F-5 This line takes any number between 8 and 14 and subtracts 5 from it, putting it out of the trouble range. Adjust this test to fit your system. You may see another problem with the figure. The standard 7-dot line spacing may b[...]

drastic measures. One such measure would be to let each bit of the numbers stored in the array cells represent one graphics dot. This would increase the storage ability but tremendously complicate the programming. For symmetric designs such as the circle, you can use a different measure. Take advantage of the symmetry to increase your output four-f[...]

Reflections Once the desired image is stored in the array you can rotate and reflect it in several different directions. It’s all done with mirrors; at least, it looks like mirror reflections when you are done. You create the mirror effect by reading the array in different directions. Currently your program reads the array from left to right, sev[...]

100 IF Z=2 THEN B=1: E=N-6: S=1 110 FOR P=B TO E STEP 7*S 120 PRINT "LOADING ROWS";P;"TO"; P+6*S 130 LPRINT CHR$(27) "*"CHR$(5)CHR$(2*N)CHR$(0); 140 FOR C=N TO 1 STEP -1: GOSUB 180: NEXT C 150 FOR C=1 TO N: GOSUB 180: NEXT C 160 LPRINT: NEXT P: NEXT Z 170 LPRINT CHR$(27)"@": END 180 F=0: FOR R=P TO P+6*S STEP[...]

This adjustment makes it easier to compare the distance value with the value of the RND function (line 40, below). Once the computer knows the distance of each cell from the upper- left corner, it can use the following test to determine which cells receive 1s and which cells continue to contain 0s. 40 IF D>RND(9) THEN A(R,C)=1 Line 40 compares t[...]

70 LPRINT CHR$(27)"3"CHR$(20);CHR$(7); 80 B=N: E=7: S=-1 90 FOR Z=1 TO 2 100 IF Z=2 THEN B=1: E=N-6: S=1 110 FOR P=B TO E STEP 7*S 120 PRINT "LOADING ROWS";P;"TO"; P+6*S 130 LPRINT CHR$(27)"*"CHR$(0)CHR$(2*N)CHR$(0); 140 FOR C=N TO 1 STEP -1: GOSUB 180: NEXT C 150 FOR C=1 TO N: GOSUB 180: NEXT C 160 LPRINT: N[...]

is nearly all of the available memory on many personal computers. You are, therefore, not able to print significantly larger figures of this type with such computers. If you like the effect that is produced by this use of random numbers but would like a bigger printout without using more memory, there is a solution. The alternate method used in the[...]

By changing the value of N to different multiples of seven, you can generate this pattern in different sizes. Just be prepared to let your computer cook for several hours. Summary We used this chapter to demonstrate the way you can use your FX as though it were a plotter. You can also use your computer system to design a symmetric pattern, applying[...]

Chapter 14 Symmetrical Graphics Patterns In this chapter we continue to explore the generation of graphics patterns in memory. As in the last chapter, you will use ones and zeros in an array to generate pin patterns, but this time you will save mem- ory by using a one-dimensional array to print a two-dimensional figure. You will construct one long [...]

Table 14-1. Variables for SYMMETRY Variable Purpose A Array C Counter of array elements DOT Counter of dots; used to calculate P H Highest number used in calculating P J Loop counter K Loop counter L Loop counter LAST Last pass of the print head MAX Maximum number for the pattern MIN Minimum number for the pattern N Number of pins in the current pa[...]

Line 320 in the L loop stores the ones and zeros in the array. The end of line 330 makes X alternate between zero and one. To print out the contents of the array at this point, type: 5 LPRINT CHR$(27)"Q"CHR$(44) 110 FOR K=1 TO C: LPRINT A(K);: NEXT K: LPRINT: LPRINT "C="C and RUN your growing program. Figure 14-1 shows the first[...]

Pin Pattern Calculation You will use the one-line array that you just created to generate a two-dimensional pattern. This technique results in a significant saving of memory compared to the method of generating an array that we used in the last chapter. Two patterns are used in each pass of the print head. P is the pattern formed by the seven verti[...]

Graphics Width Settings The required graphics width is C, the size of the array. If, however, C is greater than 255, the value n 2 , in the graphics entry string must change from zero to one. With this in mind, add these three lines: 200 N1=C: N2=0 210 IF C>255 THEN N1=C-256: N2=1 220 LPRINT CHR$(27)"*"CHR$(5)CHR$(N1)CHR$(N2); Introduc[...]

10 DIM A(480): X=1: C=0 20 MAX=5: MIN=1: RE=4: N=0 30 FOR J=1 TO RE 40 N=N+1 50 GOSUB 300 60 IF N<MAX THEN 40 70 N=N-1 80 GOSUB 300 90 IF N>MIN THEN 70 100 NEXT J: PRINT 110 FOR K=1 TO C: PRINT A(K);: NEXT K: PRINT: PRINT "C = "c 120 LPRINT CHR$(27)"1"; 130 LAST=INT(C/7): R=C-7*LAST 140 FOR PASS=0 TO LAST: P=0: PRINT "[...]

Figure 14-4. Symmetric pattern 1 That’s enough to knock your eyes right out of their sockets! And all that from a single one-dimensional array. Variations The computer completely controls your symmetric pattern, dot for dot. Small changes in the program can affect the pattern in a big way. For example, try this simple change in line 300: 300 FOR [...]

Figure 14-5. Symmetric pattern 2 Here’s another interesting variation: 20 MAX=64: MIN=1: RE=1: N=1/2 40 N=N*2 70 N=N/2 Figure 14-6. Symmetric pattern 3 Quite a difference! Instead of adding and subtracting one from N, lines 40 and 70 now double and halve it. This geometric progression creates a very different pattern. 196[...]

Also notice that, because the variable RE is set to one, this pattern repeats only once. Now’s the time to experiment with some of your own changes to the variables and loops. Summary In this chapter you used a single string of ones and zeros to create a two-dimensional figure. You can use this technique to create large pat- terns with little dra[...]

198[...]

Chapter 15 User-Defined Characters If you’ve studied the program examples in this manual, you are quite adept at printing both graphics and text with the FX. In this chapter we’re going to share the secrets of the ultimate in printer con- trol-defining your own characters. With the FX, you can create any number of new characters, graphics patte[...]

Preparation DIP switch 1-4 controls the use of the FX’s 2K RAM buffer. You can use this RAM memory as a large text buffer to smooth printer/com- puter communications, or you can store in it a set of user-defined characters. Unfortunately, it can’t serve both purposes simultane- ously. In this and succeeding chapters, we’ll use this RAM area f[...]

The semicolon is very important. The CHR$(27)"&" sequence expects more data to follow (just as Graphics Mode does). The semicolon at the end of the line prevents an unwanted carriage-return code from disrupting the data. For each character to be defined (determined by c 1 and c 2 ), the printer expects 12 data numbers to follow. The f[...]

To be consistent with the ROM characters, we use only 7 rows. The character would normally go in the top 8 rows, but we shift all the dots down one row so that 7-bit systems can stay with the program. Also note that two adjacent dots cannot be printed in the same row. Even in Half-Speed Mode, the printer simply refuses to print two overlapping dots[...]

Attribute byte The attribute byte is the first of the 12 data numbers required to define any character. At print time it controls two aspects of the way the character is printed. First, it determines which 8 pins of the print head are used to print the character. For most characters, the top 8 pins are used, but for lowercase characters with descen[...]

mined by the data numbers as columns 0 to 10, then in Proportional Mode the minimum and maximum starting and stopping columns will be 0 and 11. Why 11 instead of 10? Column 11 is the maximum value because Proportional characters are always Emphasized; this makes each character wider by one intermediate column. So when defining your own characters f[...]

Note that the proportional print information is used only when the character is printed in Proportional Mode. Otherwise-the full range of columns 0 to 11 is used. Also note that if 7-bit system users set the high-order bit with CHR$(27)">" before they use the CHR$(27)"&" sequence, it stays on for the attribute and charact[...]

but before you print the user-defined E, make it more visible by adding: 170 LPRINT CHR$(27)"!8"; 190 LPRINT CHR$(27)"!@" Line 170 uses the Master Select code to print Double-Strike, Expanded, Emphasized Pica characters. Line 190 uses the Master Select to return to Pica Mode. Here are the lines you’ve typed so far: 120 LPRINT [...]

RAM area is like a big blank chalk board waiting for you to fill it up. At this point, because you have only defined an E, that’s all you get from RAM. Downloading Command Wouldn’t it be nice if you could magically transport some of the ROM characters over to the RAM area so you wouldn’t have to switch back and forth or define an entire chara[...]

and make these changes: 130 LPRINT CHR$(27)"&"CHR$(0)"rt"; 140 FOR Y=1 TO 3: LPRINT CHR$(139); 160 NEXT Y 180 LPRINT "rst" AR E Line 130 controls the reading of the data. It expects data for three characters: r, s, and t. This example uses lowercase characters. If nec- essary, you can use CHR$(114) and CHR$(l16) in[...]

Let’s use this command to see how the ROM control codes can print. Add: 2 LPRINT CHR$(27)"6" 4 FOR X=128 TO 159: LPRINT CHR$(X);: NEXT X 6 LPRINT CHR$(27)"7" 8 STOP That’s where the international characters (Italic version) have been stored. So the CHR$(27)“6” command without the CHRS(27)“R” gives you access to the i[...]

And add: 1100 DATA 0,121,0,73,0,73,0,73,0,79,0: ’My S 1110 DATA 0,127,0,65,0,65,0,65,0,127,0: 'My Oh SO W The program now contains six DATA lines, but it uses only the first three. The three characters are stored in ASCII codes 1, 2, and 3 in RAM; they are printed by line 180. Not all of the low-order (O-31) control codes can be changed to p[...]

Find 8 in the table; it is in the CHR$(93) row under the Spain heading. To print the character stored in 8, use CHR$(27)“R”CHR$(7) to acti- vate the Spanish character set, and print CHRS(93). Ole! This same technique can be used to access any of the normally unprintable con- trol codes. Using an international character set while defining charac[...]

12345678SOFTWAR E If you find yourself defining characters in small groups, the same tech- nique can be used to store part of the CHR$(27) ” &” command: Z$=CHR$(27)+"&"+CHR$(0) Z$ can be used to define each new string of characters with a simple command such as either of these: LPRINT Z$"AZ"; LPRINT Z$CHR$(l28)CHR$(1[...]

CHR$(27)“: “CHR$(n 1 )CHR$(n 2 )CHR$(n 3 ) Downloads ROM characters into RAM. All three numbers are 0 CHR$(27)“6” Enables printing of codes 128 to 159 and 255 CHR$(27)”7” Disables printing of codes 128 to 159 and 255 CHR$(27)“11” Enables printing of the codes 0 to 31 except those used as control codes. The control codes can be print[...]

214[...]

Chapter 16 Combining User-Defined Characters In this chapter we’ll explore the technique of combining user- defined characters to make large letters and symbols. Large Letters: Double Wide We’ll start by placing two characters next to each other to form a double-width letter. Enter this new program, being careful to enter the line numbers as wr[...]

Very nice. Using two characters side by side provides a larger matrix and therefore gives more flexibility in character design. But there is one problem. When two user-defined characters are placed side by side, there is one intermediate column that, unless the first character is printed in Emphasized Mode, cannot contain any dots. As you can see i[...]

Large Letters: Double High Let’s stack two characters, one on top of the other, with these changes: 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"1"CHR$(27)"U1"; 100 LPRINT "A" 110 LPRINT "B" 200 DATA 16,32,95,0,64,0,127,0,63,0,0 210 DATA 14,0,123,0,3,0,123,0,1,127,0,15 Line 10 changes the lines spacing to 7-dot and turns on Unidirec[...]

71 = G 103 = g 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 6 4 2 1 199=G 231=g Figure 16-2. Double high and wide character In order to define letters in groups of four, you’ll have to modify the definition process. Fortunately, the ASCII numbers that represent the four versions of each character have a consistent pattern. That pattern in shown in Table 16-[...]

Table 16-1. ASCII pattern Pattern Example Roman letter = L G = 72 lowercase letter = L + 32 g = 72 + 32 = 110 Italic letter = L + 128 G = 72 + 128 = 200 Italic lowercase letter = L + 160 g = 72 + 160 = 232 With this in mind, add these lines: 40 READ L: PRINT CHR$(L) 'Print to screen 50 FOR Y=0 TO 1: FOR Z=0 TO 1: A=L+128*Y+32*Z and make these [...]

characters in positions 6 and 7 of string A$, for example, MID$(A$,6,2) would be coded as A$(6,7). If your system uses this scheme, change line 140 to: 140 A=ASC(A$(X,X))+128*Y This program automatically prints all four parts of each letter. You type just a single letter; it does the rest. Before you RUN, check it against Figure 16-3. 10 LPRINT CHR[...]

no space after the 0 and then press RETURN. The next prompt on the screen is: ENTER A MASTER PRINT MODE NUMBER For now, enter a 24. Remember, all codes from 0 to 255 produce a combination of print modes, but there are only 16 unique combina- tions. You may want to refer to Figure 5-2 for the other possibilities. Figure 16-4. Giant G The four charac[...]

190 'SPACE 200 DATA 32 210 DATA 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 220 DATA 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 230 DATA 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 240 DATA 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 310 ’ A 320 DATA 65 330 DATA 0,0,1,0,1,0,6,24,32,92,0 340 DATA 67,32,24,4,3,0,0,0,0,0,0 350 DATA 0,65,32,7,24,33,64,32,16,0,8 360 DATA 8,97,24,7,0,97,24,7,0,1,0 370 ’M 380 DATA 77 390 DATA 0,64,[...]

positions. That includes Elite and Compressed Modes. For a compari- son of the three print pitches, RUN the program three more times and enter: MESSAGES, 48 MESSAGES, 49 MESSAGES, 52 Figure 16-7. Messages in three pitches All three mode combinations include Double-Strike and Expanded print; the only difference between them is the pitch. The first p[...]

Deleting line 20 ensures that the printer does not download the ROM characters. That makes your defined characters the only ones around-no funny stuff on the printer. Here is the data: 100'SIX 110 DATA 7,8,16,0,32,3,68,0,72,0,73 120 DATA 73,0,72,0,68,3,32,0,16,8,7 130 DATA 73,0,9,0,17,96,2,0,4,8,112 140 DATA 112,8,4,0,2,96,17,0,9,0,73 150 DATA[...]

210 ' Pattern 220 DATA "00012000", "01665620" 230 DATA "05055050", "16634652" 240 DATA "45621663", "05055050" 250 DATA "04656630", "00043000" Figure 16-9. Interlace Have fun creating your own designs with these characters. You may wish to SAVE the program before pr[...]

970 DATA 8,0,8,0,127,0,0,0,0,0,0: ’ h 980 DATA 8,0,8,0,127,0,8,0,8,0,8: ' i 990 DATA 8,0,8,0,8,0,8,0,8,0,8: ' j 1000 DATA 0,0,0,0,127,0,0,0,0,0,0: ’ k 1010 DATA 84,0,170,0,84,0,170,0,84,0,170: ' 1 You can put the line-graphics characters to work like this: 100 LPRINT CHR$(27)"1" 170 LPRINT "ajjjjjjfjjjjjjjb" 1[...]

Chapter 17 Business Applications In this chapter we turn our attention to business applications. First we program a sample barchart. Then we use designs from previous chapters to develop a program that puts the FX through its paces. The programs pull together many of the programming techniques that you’ve used in the course of this manual. The se[...]

Figure 17-1. Barchart In line 130 the parameters for “&” specify that our 14 user-defined characters will be stored at positions 94 to 107 (ASCII symbols ^ to k). Line 140 sets up a READ loop (Y) for the characters and sends the attribute byte—CHRS(139). Line 160 closes the loop and sets the form length to 33 lines so that, while you are [...]

Since you will need to switch two features-line feeds and Empha- sized Mode-on and off within the program, you can store their com- mands as shorter strings: 50 B$=CHR$(27)+"E" 60 D$=CHR$(27)+"J"+CHR$(11): C$=CHR$(27)+"F" If your system won’t send an 11, change both instances to either 10 or 12. The next 18 lines pri[...]

330 LPRINT H$;H$;"d";: A$="j": GOSUB 800: LPRINT "c" 335 LPRINT: LPRINT 340 LPRINT C$;H$;H$;H$; " JAN"; H$; " FEB";H$;~~MAR": LPRINT 390 LPRINT CHR$(27)"@": END Line 300 closes the P and M loops, prints the right-hand border, and sends control to either 310 or 320. Line 310 prints the[...]

270 FOR M=1 TO 3: LPRINT H$; 280 FOR P=1 TO 3 290 IF R>MAX(M,P) THEN LPRINT ;ELSE LPRINT CHR$(93+P); 300 NEXT P: NEXT M: LPRINT B$;H$;"k";C$;: IF F=0 THEN LPRINT: GOT0 320 310 LPRINT H$;CHR$(93+Z)" - DISTRICT ";Z: Z=Z+1 320 NEXT R: LPRINT H$;H$;B$;"g";H$;H$;H$;H$;"k" 325 LPRINT H$;H$;B$;"k";H$;H$[...]

STRATA SOFTWAR E 80 TRACK DRIVE DATA TOWN, U.S.A. 0124 8 PHONE FX1-0080 STATEMEN T ACCOUNT NO. DATE AMOUNT REMITTED PLEASE DETACH AND RETURN WITH YOUR PAYMENT DATE INVOICE NO. DESCRIPTION CHARGES PAYMENTS BALANCE CURRENT 30 DAYS 60 DAYS 90 DAYS AMOUNT DUE STRATA SOFTWARE THANK YOU[...]

Since this program uses many of the routines from the BAR- CHART program above, begin by loading that program. Many of its lines need no changes, including: 110, 120, 150 and 799-1010 Delete lines 10 to 90. Make small changes to four lines: 100 DIM A(18): LPRINT CHR$(27)"3"CHR$(20)CHR$(27)"U1"; 130 LPRINT CHR$(27)"&&quo[...]

7 WIDTH LPRINT 255 90 LPRINT CHR$(27)"QP"; 100 DIM A(18): LPRINT CHR$(27)"3"CHR$(20)CHR$(27)"U1"; 110 LPRINT CHR$(27)":" CHR$(0)CHR$(0)CHR$(0); 120 LPRINT CHR$(27)"%"CHR$(1)CHR$(0); 130 LPRINT CHR$(27)"&"CHR$(0)"at"; 140 FOR Y=1 TO 20: LPRINT CHR$(139); 150 FOR X=1 TO 11: REA[...]

499 ' *** BOX SUBROUTINE *** 500 FOR K=1 TO 5: READ L$(K),M$(K),N$(K),R$(K): NEXT K 510 FOR K=1 TO C: READ W(K): NEXT K 520 FOR L=1 TO 5: IF L=4 THEN FOR G=1 TO H 530 IF FT=1 THEN LPRINT H$; 540 LPRINT L$(L);: FOR K=1 TO C-1 550 FOR J=1 TO W(K): LPRINT M$(L);: NEXT J 560 LPRINT N$(L);: NEXT K 570 N=W(C): A$=M$(L): GOSUB 800: LPRINT R$(L); 580 [...]

1100 DATA 0,121,0,73,0,73,0,73,0,79,0: 'm - S 1110 DATA 0,127,0,65,0,65,0,65,0,127,0: 'n - 0 1120 DATA 0,63,64,8,64,8,64,28,64,32,0: 'o - F 1130 DATA 0,32,64,0,64,63,64,0,64,32,0: 'p - T 1140 DATA 0,126,1,2,4,8,4,2,1,126,0: 'q - W 1150 DATA 0,7,8,16,36,64,36,16,8,7,0: 'r - A 1160 DATA 0,127,0,72,0,72,0,76,2,121,0: &apo[...]

You may prefer to work out what each line does on your own— three cheers if you do. But if you want a little guidance, here is a brief program overview, followed by a line-by-line description of the main portion of the program. STATEMENT breaks down into several large blocks of routines and data: Lines Routine 100-150 Defines characters and does [...]

Deciphering the box routine in lines 500 through 660 is left as an exercise for you. The following hints will get you started. The subroutine at 500 is used to create three boxes of different sizes and characteristics, using the line-graphics characters. The data stored in lines 1300 to 1370 determine which line-graphics characters are used to prin[...]

INDEX Note: Refer to Table of Contents and List of Figures for specific programs. Also, the chapter summaries are not indexed. A Accessories, 16 American Standard Code for Information Interchange. See ASCII Apostrophe. See REMarks Apple II computers, 38, 40, 312-313 See also Seven-bit systems Arrays, 173-176, 189-193 DIMensioning, 176 Arrow. See Ex[...]

C Cable, 16, 35 CANcel, 46 Caret symbol. See Exponent character Carriage return, 23, 41 CHR$(13) produces it. See also Line feed Centronics. See Interface Channels. See Tabs, vertical Character fonts, shown, 253-270 See also User-defined characters Character size, 256-270, 327 See also specific pitches by name Character string function. See CHR$ fu[...]

Control codes, 41-42 Hex dumping and. See Hex dumping for FX compared with those for MX and RX, 287-294 listed by function, 283-286 listed by number, 271-281 See also specific modes and functions Control panel, 35 Conventions used in this manual, iii-vi Core sets of user-defined characters, 223-226 Corvus Concept computers, 151 Covers. See lids D D[...]

ESCape = CHR$(27), 42-43 format for commands, iv-v, 46-47, 57-58 listed by function, 283-286 listed by number, 271-281 See also specific modes or functions ESCape “!“. Master Select. See Master Select ESCape "#“. Accepts eighth bit as is from computer. See Bit, high order ESCape “%“CHR$(n 1 )CHR$(n 2 ). Selects a character set. See U[...]

ESCape “I1”. Enables printing of control codes 0-31. See User-defined characters. ESCape “J”CHR$(n). Produces an immediate one-time line feed of n/216-inch without a carriage return. See Line feed ESCape “K”CHR$(n 1 )CHR$(n 2 ). T urns Single-Density Graphics Mode on. See Graphics Mode ESCape “L”CHR$(n 1 )CHR$(n 2 ). Turns Low-Speed[...]

F Firing of pins. See pins FE See Form feed Foreign language characters. See International character set Form feed, 103-105 CHR$(12) produces one. button, 35 See also Top of form Forms length of, 103-107 ESCape “C”CHR$(0)CHR$(n) sets length to n inches; ESCape “C”CHR$(n) sets to n lines; ESCape “@” resets to default and sets top of form[...]

Nine-Pin, 152-154 ESCape “^”CHR$(d)CHR$(n 1 )CHR$(n 2 ) enters Nine-Pin Graphics Mode. reassigning code, 150-152 ESCape “?s”CHR$( n reassigns an alternate code to Graphics ) Mode n. summary table, 151 Grid. See dot matrix H Half-Speed Mode, 89, 322 ESCape “s1” turns it on; ESCape “s0” returns it to normal. Head. See Print head Hex d[...]

Line feed, 98-101 CHR$(10) produces it. button, 35-36 computer interface and. See Interface DIP switch for, 23 one-time immediate, 99-100 ESCape “J”CHR$(n) produces it. reverse, 99, 101 ESCape “j”CHR$(n) produces it. Line spacing, 93-98 ESCape “A”CHR$(n) sets to n/72”; ESCape “0” sets at 1/8”; ESCape “1” sets at 7/72”; ESC[...]

N NEC, 151 Nine-pin graphics. See Graphics Mode Noise reduction. See Half-Speed Mode O Offsets, 82-83 ON LINE light and button, 35 Overstrikes, 81-82 P Page, top of. See Top of form Paper bail, 15, 24, 26, 29 loading, 24-32, 304 length. See Forms separator, 17-18 thickness adjustment, 32, 34 types of, 16, 24, 328 Paper-out sensor, 110, 304 ESCape ?[...]

Print head and dot graphics, 132-133 and dot matrix printing, 50 life of, 16, 324, 328 replacement, 324-325 Print modes. See Modes Print pitch summary table, 60 See also specific pitches by name Print quality, 61-66 Print speed. See Half-Speed Mode Print type chart, 78 Print width, See specific pitches by name: Width Printer buffer, 44 Printer driv[...]

S Schematic, 331 Script Mode, 71-72 ESCape “S0” turns Superscript Mode on. ESCape “S1” turns Subscript Mode on. ESCape “T” turns either Script Mode off. Self test for printer. See Test Semicolons, iv, 45 Sensor. See Paper-out sensor Separator, paper. See paper Serial board. See Interface Set-up operations for printer, 13-36 Seven-bit sy[...]

Temperature, 329 Test automatic, 35-36 for seven-bit system, 309 Top of form, 31-33, 103-104 CHR$(12) sends the paper to top of form. ESCape “C” resets it to current paper position. ESCape “@” resets form length to default and sets top of form to current line. with skip-over-perforation, 109 See also Reset Code Tractor built-in, 24-28 cover[...]

W Width of characters, 256-270 statements, 313-314 Word processing, 36, 321-322 Z Zero, slashed, 23 251[...]