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A good user manual
The rules should oblige the seller to give the purchaser an operating instrucion of HP 180 Degree Turn, along with an item. The lack of an instruction or false information given to customer shall constitute grounds to apply for a complaint because of nonconformity of goods with the contract. In accordance with the law, a customer can receive an instruction in non-paper form; lately graphic and electronic forms of the manuals, as well as instructional videos have been majorly used. A necessary precondition for this is the unmistakable, legible character of an instruction.
What is an instruction?
The term originates from the Latin word „instructio”, which means organizing. Therefore, in an instruction of HP 180 Degree Turn one could find a process description. An instruction's purpose is to teach, to ease the start-up and an item's use or performance of certain activities. An instruction is a compilation of information about an item/a service, it is a clue.
Unfortunately, only a few customers devote their time to read an instruction of HP 180 Degree Turn. A good user manual introduces us to a number of additional functionalities of the purchased item, and also helps us to avoid the formation of most of the defects.
What should a perfect user manual contain?
First and foremost, an user manual of HP 180 Degree Turn should contain:
- informations concerning technical data of HP 180 Degree Turn
- name of the manufacturer and a year of construction of the HP 180 Degree Turn item
- rules of operation, control and maintenance of the HP 180 Degree Turn item
- safety signs and mark certificates which confirm compatibility with appropriate standards
Why don't we read the manuals?
Usually it results from the lack of time and certainty about functionalities of purchased items. Unfortunately, networking and start-up of HP 180 Degree Turn alone are not enough. An instruction contains a number of clues concerning respective functionalities, safety rules, maintenance methods (what means should be used), eventual defects of HP 180 Degree Turn, and methods of problem resolution. Eventually, when one still can't find the answer to his problems, he will be directed to the HP service. Lately animated manuals and instructional videos are quite popular among customers. These kinds of user manuals are effective; they assure that a customer will familiarize himself with the whole material, and won't skip complicated, technical information of HP 180 Degree Turn.
Why one should read the manuals?
It is mostly in the manuals where we will find the details concerning construction and possibility of the HP 180 Degree Turn item, and its use of respective accessory, as well as information concerning all the functions and facilities.
After a successful purchase of an item one should find a moment and get to know with every part of an instruction. Currently the manuals are carefully prearranged and translated, so they could be fully understood by its users. The manuals will serve as an informational aid.
Table of contents for the manual
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Page 1
1 2005/03/11 ( C) Herbe rt Haa s The Ethe rnet Ev olution The 180 Degree Turn[...]
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Page 2
2 “Use common s ense in r outing cable. Avoid wrappin g coax around source s of strong electric or m agnetic fields. Do not wrap the cable around flourescent light ballasts or cyclotrons, for exa mple.” E thernet Headsta rt Product, Information and Ins tallat ion Guide, Bell Technologies, pg. 11[...]
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Page 3
3 3 (C) Herbe rt Haa s 2005/03/11 History : Initi al Idea Shared media CS MA/CD as access algorithm CO A X Ca bles Half duplex communication Low latency No networking nodes (except repeaters) One collision domain a nd also one broadcast domain 10 M bit/s sha red by 5 hosts 2 Mbit/s ea ch !!! The ini ti al id ea o f E[...]
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Page 4
4 4 (C) Herbe rt Haa s 2005/03/11 Histor y: Multi port Rep eaters Demand fo r structu red cabl ing (v oice-g rade twist ed- pair) 10BaseT (C at3, Cat 4, ...) Multipo rt repeater ("Hub ") created Still one c ollisi on dom ain ("CS M A/CD in a b ox") Later, Eth ern et dev ic es suppo rtin g structu red cabl ing w e[...]
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Page 5
5 5 (C) Herbe rt Haa s 2005/03/11 Histor y: Bridges Store a nd forw ar ding accor ding des tinati on M AC address Separa ted c ollisio n domains Improved netw ork performan ce Still one broad cast domain Thre e collision domains in this example ! Bridg es were i nvent ed fo r perf orman ce r easo ns. It s eemed t o be i mpra cti cal[...]
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Page 6
6 6 (C) Herbe rt Haa s 2005/03/11 Histor y: S w itches Switch = Multiport Br idges with HW acceleration Full duplex Collision-free Et hernet No CSM A/CD necessary any more Different dat a rates at t he same ti me supported Autonegot iation VLAN splits LAN into several br oadcast domains 1 0 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s 1 00 Mbit/s [...]
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Page 7
7 7 (C) Herbe rt Haa s 2005/03/11 Today No coll isions no d istance li mitation s ! Gigabi t Ethernet beco mes W A N technology ! Over 10 0 km link s pan alre ady Combine sev eral links to " Etherchannels " Acts as si ngle link fr om the span ning-tr ee view • Cisco: Port A ggregation Protocol (P A gP) • IEEE 8[...]
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Page 8
8 8 (C) Herbe rt Haa s 2005/03/11 What About Giga bit H ubs? Would limit network diameter to 20- 25 meters (Gigabit Ethernet) Solutio ns Fram e B ur sti ng Carri er E xten sio n No GE-Hubs a v ailable on th e market today for get it! No CSM A/CD defined for 10GE ( !) Remember: Hubs simulate a half- duplex coaxial cable i[...]
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Page 9
9 9 (C) Herbe rt Haa s 2005/03/11 MAC Cont rol Frames A dditional functiona lity easi ly integrated Curr en tly o nly Pause-Frame supported preamble FC S MAC-ct rl par amet ers MAC-ctrl op cod e 8808h SA DA 8 bytes 6 6 2 2 44 4 Al w ay s 64 bytes MAC-ctrl op cod e ........... Defines fu nction of control fr ame MAC-ct rl par amet ers .... c[...]
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Page 10
10 10 (C) Herbe rt Haa s 2005/03/11 Auto Ne gotia tion Enables each t wo Ethernet dev ices to exchange info rmation about the ir capabi lit ies Signal rate, CSM A /CD, half- or f ull-duplex Using L ink -Integ rity-Tes t-Pul se-Seq uence Normal-Link-P ulse (NLP) technique is used in 10BaseT to chec k the link st ate (gre en LED) [...]
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Page 11
11 11 (C) Herbe rt Haa s 2005/03/11 Fast Link Puls es Modern Ethernet NICs send bursts of Fast-Link-Pulses (FLP) consisting of 17-33 NLPs for Autonegotiation signa lling Each representing a 16 bit word GE sen ds se ver al "pa ge s" A series o f FLPs constitute an autonegotiation frame. The whole frame consists of 33 timeslots,[...]
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Page 12
12 12 (C) Herbe rt Haa s 2005/03/11 100 Mbit Ethernet O verview Fast Eth ernet 100Base 4T+ Signaling Fast Eth ernet 100BaseX Signaling 100BaseTX 100BaseFX 100BaseT4 (half duplex) 100VG-A nyLA N "100Bas eT" HP and AT&T inventi on for real t ime applicat ions IEEE 80 2.3u Signaling S cheme s IEEE 80 2.12 Demand Prio rity The diagram abo[...]
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Page 13
13 13 (C) Herbe rt Haa s 2005/03/11 4B/5B Codi ng 4B/5B Encoder/Decoder PM A PCS MII 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 16 code groups 32 code groups 4x 25 Mbit/s 125 MBaud The diagram abov e shows the basic principle of th e 4B5B block coding principl e, which is used by 802.3u and also b y FDDI. The basic ide a is to transform an y arbitrar y 4 bit word into a (r[...]
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Page 14
14 14 (C) Herbe rt Haa s 2005/03/11 Gigabit Ethe rnet Media A ccess Cont rol (MA C) Gigabit M edia Independe nt Interf ace ( GMII) 1000Bas e-X 8B/10B enco der/dec oder 1000Bas e-T encoder /decoder 1000Bas e-LX LWL Fiber Optic 1000Bas e-SX SWL Fiber Optic 1000Bas e-CX Shielded Balanced Copper 1000Bas e-T UTP Cat 5e IEEE 80 2.3z phy si cal lay er IEE[...]
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Page 15
15 15 (C) Herbe rt Haa s 2005/03/11 GE Signa ling PMA PCS 802.2 LLC 802.3 CSMA /CD 802.3 PHY FC-4 upper lay er mappin g FC-3 comm on servic es FC-2 signalling FC-0 interface and me dia FC-1 enco der/de coder IEEE 80 2.2 LLC CSMA/CD or full dupl ex MAC PMD IEEE 80 2.3 Ethernet ANSI X 3T11 Fibre Chan nel IEEE 80 2.3z Gigabit Ethernet Reconcili ation [...]
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Page 16
16 16 (C) Herbe rt Haa s 2005/03/11 GE 8B/1 0B C oding 8B/10B Encoder/Decoder PM A PCS GMII 256 code groups 1024 code groups 8x 125 Mbit/s 125 million code groups per second 1250 Mbaud 1 Only used by 1000Bas eX 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8B10B block coding is ver y similar to 4B5B bloc k coding but allows full y balanced 10-bit codewords. Ac[...]
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Page 17
17 17 (C) Herbe rt Haa s 2005/03/11 1000BaseX T wo different waveleng ths suppor ted Full duplex only 1000Ba se-SX: short w ave, 85 0 nm MMF 1000Ba se-LX: long wa ve, 1300 nm M M F or SMF 1000Base-C X: Twinax C able (hi gh qualit y 150 O hm bal anced shielded copper c able) About 25 m di stance li mit, DB-9 or th e newer[...]
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Page 18
18 18 (C) Herbe rt Haa s 2005/03/11 1000BaseT Defined by 802.3ab t ask force UTP Uses all 4 line pair s simulta neousl y for duplex transmission ! (echo cancellation) 5 level PAM coding • 4 lev els encode 2 bits + extra lev el used for Forward Error Corre ction ( FEC) Signal rate: 4 x 125 Mbaud = 4 x 25 0Mbit/s data rate • C[...]
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Page 19
19 19 (C) Herbe rt Haa s 2005/03/11 Several Physical Media S upported Logical Link C ontrol LLC MAC Control (optio nal) Media Access Control M AC PLS AUI P MA (MA U ) MDI Medi um Reconciliation Reconciliation Reconciliat ion PCS PM A PMD GMII MDI PLS AUI PM A MII MDI PCS PM A PMD MII MDI Medi um Medi um Med ium Data Link La yer PHY 1-10 Mbit/s 10 M[...]
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Page 20
20 20 (C) Herbe rt Haa s 2005/03/11 10 Gigabit Ethernet / IEEE 802.3ae Only optical support 850nm (MM) / 1310nm /1550 n m (SM only ) No copper P HY anymore ! Different implementation s at the moment – standardizat ion not finished! 8B/10B (I BM), SO NET/SDH suppo rt, … XAUI ("Z owie") i nstead o f GMII 10 GE on[...]
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Page 21
21 21 (C) Herbe rt Haa s 2005/03/11 Note GE and 10GE use synchronous physical sublay er !!! Recommendation: Don't use GE ov er copper w ires Radiation/ EMI Grounding p r oblems High BER Thick cab le bund les (especia lly C at-7) Both GE and 10GE are synchronous ph y sical t echnologies on fib er. It not recommended to u[...]
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Page 22
22 22 (C) Herbe rt Haa s 2005/03/11 Summar y Ethernet evolv ed in the opposite di rection: Collision free W A N qualified Switched Seve ral coding sty les Comp lex PH Y architectu re Plug & play through autonegot iation Much si mpler than A TM but no BISDN solution – might change![...]
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Page 23
23 23 (C) Herbe rt Haa s 2005/03/11 Quizz Why tends high-spee d Ethernet to synchronous PHY? Can I attach a 100 Mbit/s port to a 1000 Mbit/s port vi a fiber? What is the idea of Etherchannels? (Maximum bit rate, difference to multip le par all el lin ks)[...]
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Page 24
24 24 (C) Herbe rt Haa s 2005/03/11 Hints Q1: On fiber its difficult to deal with asynchronous transmission, phot ons cannot be buffered easily, store and forward problems Q2: No, autonegotiation on fiber does not care for data rat es Q3: "normal" parallel li nks w ould be disabled by STP, Etherchan nel supports up to 8 links[...]