Omron DR 170 14 manual

OMRON ETH ERNE T Direct DASe rver User’s Guide Ver 1.x Rev 1.3 DR 170 14 KLINKMANN AUTOMATION P.O. Box 38 FIN-00371 Helsinki Finland tel. int. + 358 9 5404940 fax int. + 358 9 5413541 www .klinkmann.com[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer i Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 Contents Before You Begin ............... ................ ................... ............... ................ ................ ......... 1 About T his User Guide .... ................... ................ ............... ................ [...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 1 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 Before You Begin A b out This User Gu ide This user’s guide describes the user interface and fu nctions of t he KLINKMANN OMRON Ethernet Direct DAServer. It also provides you with the step-by-step procedures on how to configure an d use [...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 2 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 CHAPT ER 1 Introduction This chapter provides you with an overview of the KLINKMANN OMRON Ethernet Direct DAServer, including the application- and bus-level communications protoco ls, item naming conventions and DAServer features. Contents[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 3 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 Microsoft W in dows program capable of acting as a DDE, SuiteLink ™ or OPC client that can also coexist with FactorySuite ™ 2000 and greater. Commun ication Proto cols The OMRON Ethernet Direct DAServer commun icates with clients and P[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 4 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 FastDDE FastDDE provides a means of packing many proprietary W on derware Dynamic Data Exchange messages into a single Microsoft DDE messa ge. This packing improves eff iciency and performa nce by reducing the total nu mber of DDE transact[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 5 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 To access an OPC item, the OPC client needs to conn ect to the DAServer (either in- process or out-of-pro cess) and create an OPC group d efining the da ta-acquisition properties for the collection of items to be added. OPC groups can be e[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 6 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 • topic nam e: Meaningful na mes are conf igured in the DAServer to identif y specific devices. These nam es are then use d as the to pic names in all conversations with that device. For example, OmronPLC . Topic nam e maps to a device g[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 7 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 CHAPT ER 2 Before starting the OM RON Ethernet DAServ er This chapter conta ins instructions how to conf igure OMRON PLCs to be accessible by Omron Ethernet DAServer in OMRON Ethernet FA network. Configuration example de als with local net[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 8 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 Configuration sof tware tool, appropriate (and recommend ed) for all OMRON controllers is OMRON CX- Programmer W indows Programing Soft ware (see “OMRON CX -Programmer Users Manual”) . Ethernet U nit Configu ration Example fo r CS1 PLC[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 9 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 W hen CX-Progr amm er establishes commu nication with PLC, select "Opera ting Mode" (from PLC's menu ) and set "P rogram" mode. Note: If you do not know (or have fo rgotten) the comm un ication settings currently c[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 10 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 W hen IO Table is received, d isplay the slot list under Main Rack (press "+" butto n in the "PLC IO Tab le - NewPLC1" dialog box). Select "Ethernet Unit(ET)(0)" a nd press the mouse right button . The Ethe r[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 11 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 Click "Unit Setup". Th e "Etherne t Unit CPU Bus Unit" dialog box appears:[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 12 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 Enter Address Conversion type, FINS UDP port numb er and Sub -net Mask. Edit the IP Ad dress Table: th e compute r where Omron Ethernet DAServer is running must be ad ded to the IP Address Tab le. To add it, press "Insert" b utt[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 13 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 To complet e the conf iguration: from the "Etherne t Unit CPU Bus Unit" (or from the "PLC IO Table - NewPLC1") dialog box select "Op tions" and click "Tra nsfer to PLC" . Example progra m for sendin[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 14 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 by-time poll area D500…D509 a nd time-by-time gets unsolicited com mand assigning to items D500…D509 values of PLCs D10…D19 area. Even if corresponding Controller is configured to b e processed in slave mode – at commu nication st[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 15 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 16 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 CHAPT ER 3 Configuration Once the KLINKMANN Omron Ethernet DAServer has been installed, a small am ount of configuration is required. Th is configuration is perfo rmed using the DASe rver Manager hosted in the System Management Console af[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 17 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 4. From the System Management Consol e, find the Omron Ethe rnet DAServer in the DA Server Manager tree, th e location in which it is installed. • Under the Loca l branch node, th e name of the DAS erver is A rchestra .DA SOmronEth.1 . [...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 18 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 DAServer Manager, click the Help t opics on the SMC Help m enu. Both t he MMC Help and the DAServer Manager Help are displayed. An Ad obe Acrobat version of the DAServer Manager documentation (DASe rver Manager.pdf) is also available in t[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 19 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 Note: See the DAServer Manager docum entation f or general informa tion about working in this snap-in environment. 7. Before t he DAServer is started, you must f irst build the device hierarchy to establish communications t o each of the [...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 20 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 • To activate the DAServer, rig ht-click on A rchestrA .DASOmronEth.1 and select A ctivate Server from th e shortcut menu. Note: To run the Omron Ethernet DAServer as a service, rig ht-click on the DAServ er name and select Configure A [...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 21 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 Enter/modif y SOCKET parameters. Host Name (IP A ddr.) Enter the Compu ter’s Internet Add ress (IP Address) if it has m ore than on e. If th ere is only one Internet Ad dress for comp uter then you can use def ault address 0.0.0 .0. Por[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 22 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 This confi guration view has 15 p arameters (configuration requires proven network information , it can not be validated by the DAServer): • Enter Controller’s Netw ork A ddress - to each n etwork in the OMRON sy stem can be assigned [...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 23 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 C/CPM2x series offers 5 o ptions (C200HS, C200H, C1000 H, C2000H, CPM2x) and CQM1 series off ers 1 op tion (CQM1). • Enter Reply Timeout field - the amount o f time (in se conds) the PLC will be given to reply to comman ds from th e DAS[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 24 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 • Check or uncheck the Slave Mode check box to select the principles ho w to obtain data f rom corresponding controller. If Slave Mode is not checked (Master mod e) – DAServer polls data from controller all the time. In Slave Mode (if[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 25 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 Note: Default Watchdo g state is “non-active”, i.e. W atchdog Time Interval is equal to z e ro. Note: In order to use the DAServer, you must activate it. See t he DAServer Manager documentat ion for inf ormation ab out how to activate[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 26 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 To make edits on device groups Make edits on a de vice gr oup na me or update interval for an o bject as follows: • In the Name co lumn, double-click or press F2 on the device group’s name to be edited and make t he edit. • Double-c[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 27 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 If Memory A rea Read is checked (de fault set ting), then Server uses Memory Area Read FINS commands a nd maximum (Read FINS Mess age Maximum Size – 14 ) / 2 consecutive words can be read fro m this Controller by one read command. If Mu[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 28 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 To edit update interva ls • To edit th e update in terval for an object, do uble-click its value in the Update Interval column and make the edit. • Update Inte rval is the f requency (in milliseconds) that the DAServer acq uires data [...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 29 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 3. In the Archiv e Configuration Set configuration view, prov ide a Configuration Set Name. 4. Click A rchiv e. • All current configuration values are saved to the archived set. Once you have archived at least one co nfiguration set, yo[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 30 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 To create or add device items 1. To create or add device items, right-click in the Device Items dialog box. 2. Select the Add command from the shortcut m enu. • A device item is created, and it is numerically named by default. For examp[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 31 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 1. Right-click anyw here in the Device Items dialog bo x. 2. Select the Clea r A ll co mmand f rom the shortcut menu. • All the device items listed in the dialog box, including their corresponding actual PL C item names, wi ll be del et[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 32 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 CHAPT ER 4 Item Nam es The Omron Et hernet DAServer supports item/p oint names consistent with the point naming conventions used by OMRON PLCs and programming software. The Server supports almost all m emory areas of the fo llow ing OMRON[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 33 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 contains 800 0 hex. In this case item n ame DM100 or DM100U would be d isplayed in client as 32768 . Signed quantities may be rea d from th e same cha nnel by appending the suffix ' S ' (or ' s ') to the item name. So,[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 34 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 High-order Byte Only the high-order byte (MSB - most significant 8-bits) of each word is used for read. To use this f ormat, ap pend the suf f ix ' D ' to the item name. Both Bytes Both bytes of each word are used fo r read/writ[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 35 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 CS1/CJ1 PLCs The f ollowing table lists the supported ite m names f or the CS1/CJ1 PL Cs: Memory Area Prefix Tag Type Range Value Rang e Format Suff ix CIO Area (Bit status) CIO Discrete CIO0:00...CIO6 143:15 or 0.00...61 43.15 0, 1 CIO A[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 36 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 Item/point na mes, correspond ing to CIO Area, may be without prefi x. (*) Value range for unsigned integer is from 0 to 65535 (item/p oint name wi th suf fix " U " (" u ") or wi thout su ffix), fo r signed integers fr[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 37 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 C200HX/C200HG /C200HE PLCs The f ollowing table lists the supported ite m names f or the C200HX , C200HG and C200HE PLCs. Memory Area Pre fix Tag Type Address Range Value Range Suff ix Internal Relay Area 1, 2 Special Relay Area 1, 2 (Bit[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 38 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 (****) Read only The f ollowing examples show the co rrect format f or item nam es fo r C200HX, C200HG, C200HE PLCs and SYSMAC Board: IR2:01 - Int ernal Relay Area (Bit status), word address 2, bit nu mber 1. 257 - Special Relay Area (W o[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 39 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 Step Tim er Present Value PVS Integer PVS0... PVS1023 (***) (*) u s b f g l m d e c Expansion area Current bank (Bit status) E Discrete E0:00...E3 2765:15 0, 1 Expansion area Current bank (W ord con tents) E Integer E0...E3276 5 (*) u s b[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 40 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 Item/point na mes, correspond ing to Input/Outpu t register area CIO, may be without prefix. (*) Value range for unsigned integer is from 0 to 65535 (item/p oint name wi th suf fix " U " (" u ") or wi thout su ffix), f[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 41 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 C/CPM2x PLCs The f ollowing table lists the supported ite m names f or the C-series PLCs: Memory Area Prefix Tag Type Range Value Range Format Suff ix CIO area (Bit status) IR Discrete IR0:00...IR511:1 5 or 0.00...511 .15 (**) 0 , 1 CIO a[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 42 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 Memory Area Pref ix Tag Type Range Value Range Format Suff ix IR & SR areas (Bit status)(***) IR Discrete IR0:00...IR255:1 5 or 0.00... 255.15 0 , 1 IR & SR areas (W ord con tents) (***) IR Integer IR0...IR255 or 0...255 (*) u s b[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 43 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 CQM1 PLCs The f ollowing table lists the supported ite m names f or the CQM1 PLCs: Memory Area Pref ix Tag Type Range Value Range Format Suff ix IR & SR area (Bit status) IR Discrete IR0:00...IR255:1 5 or 0.00... 255.15 (**) 0, 1 IR &[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 44 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 102 - IR Output area (W ord contents), word address 102 LR62.10 - LR area (Bit status), word address 62, bit number 10 DM21 - DM area (W o rd contents), word address 21 DA Serv er Standard Sy stem Items System Items provide you with easy [...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 45 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 DA Server Global Sy stem Item The f ollowing system item refers to specif ic information regarding a global condition of the DAServer. Sy s tem Item Name Ty pe/ A cc ess Rights Description Values $SYS$Licensed Boolean/ Read Binary status [...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 46 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 practical application, OPC clients should ref erence $SYS$Statu s at any hierarchy levels other than th e root. $SYS$ErrorCode Longint/ Read Detailed error code o f the communi cations state to t he device. The de vice gr oup (OPC access [...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 47 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 DA Server Device-G roup-Specific Sy stem Items The f ollowing system items ref er to specif ic information regarding device gr oups tha t have been conf igured in the DAServer. Sy stem Item Name Ty pe/ A c cess Rights Description Values $[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 48 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 or a -1 to test a client reaction on write errors). If the value of this item is zero, it cannot be po ked. $SYS$ReadComplete Integer/ ReadW rite Used to access the state of initial reads on all items in the corresponding device group. Th[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 49 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 device groups w ith a zero update inte rval (man ual protocol triggering). Generic O PC Syn tax DAServer serve s as a con tainer for the OPC Groups, which provide the mecha nism for containing and logically organiz ing OPC items. W ithin [...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 50 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 CHAPT ER 5 Troubl eshooting This chapter de scribes the troubleshoo ting tools you can use to d eal with the Omron Ethernet DAServer problems you may encoun ter. The DAServer Manager provides access to diagnostics and o ther statistical d[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 51 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 YourOPCA ccessPa th is the assembly of hi erarchy node names lead ing to a specif ic controller device. $SYS$Status is the discrete item used to mon itor the status of conne ctivi ty with the controller device. Note: In the case o f a PLC[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 52 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 In this example, each time the value of <tagname> changes in the PLC, the DAServer will autom atically send the new value to the cell conta ining the fo rmula in Excel. Note: Refer to the Microsoft Excel manual f or complete details[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 53 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 Error Messages and C odes Generic DAServer error messages and Omron Eth ernet-DAServer-specific messages are supported. Use the Log Flag data to customize the messages logged to the Lo g Viewer. See the Log Viewer online do cumentation f [...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 54 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 value from 0 to 65535. < Socket _ ControllerName > : Invalid W atchd og Address <InvalW dAddress> - must be valid Item name. Do not process W at chdog. Failed creation of W atchdog message. W at chdog message is not processed [...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 55 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 Item <ItemName > (<Pointer to Item_Class_Obj.>) was not created: max allowed message's length <Max_Length> is not suff icient. of respon se message) exceeds max read message length, configured fo r Controller object[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 56 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 and writing back modif ied word v alue into PLC’s memory. Here the processing of first step f ailed. < Socket _ ControllerName > : Item <Pointer to Item_Class_Obj.> (<ItemName>) read illegal BCD v a lue <W rongValue[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 57 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 Serv er-Specific Error Codes There are f ollowing serv e r-specific error codes, sho wn in the table, that augment those provided by the DAS Toolkit. Error code Logger Message Log Flag -10002 PLC timeou t DASProtFail -10003 No Eth. Socke [...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 58 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 numbe r too large. number below the maximum no de numbe r. 0 3 Send error cause d by lack of available spa ce in PLC internal buf fers. Reduce the t raffic on t he Ethernet Unit. Check user application. DASProtFail 05 Node nu mber setting[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 59 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 operation ma nual) 04 Node nu mber setting error. Make sure the nod e number is within specified ran ge and that there are no duplicate node num bers. DASProtFail 04: Not executable 01 An un define d command has been used, or short f rame[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 60 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 UDP/TCP socket number was not within the proper range and 8. 01 An inco rrect memory area or unavailable expansion mem. area has been u sed. Check the com mand’s memory area code . Check whether right controller type configured in DASer[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 61 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 data transf er between the CPU unit and a CPU Bus Unit). issue the ERROR CLEAR command 0A An error occured d uring CPU Bus Unit data transfer. Check the Units and cable connect ion and issue the ERROR CLEAR command DASProtFail Note: Refer[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 62 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 CHAPT ER 6 Reference Contents • DAServer Architecture • Component Environments DA Serv er A rchitecture Note: DAServers are supported on Microsof t W in dows 2000 and W indows X P only. NetDDE protocol is not supp orted by DAServers. [...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 63 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 Each physical part of a DAServer is comprised of a set of .exe an d/or .dll modules. W ond erware provides the Plug-ins and the DAS Engine. T he DAS To olkit user creates the PLC Protocol La yer (D AServer-specific) modu les. All three se[...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 64 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 The PLC Proto col Layer provides a protocol-translation f unction f or specific hardware, such as OMRON FinsGateway; and it serves as an interface between the DAS Engine and the hard ware. Compo nent Env ironments Stand-alone DASe rver s [...]

Klin kmann Automati on Omron Ethernet DAServer 65 Omron Ethernet DAServer V er 1.x User Manual Rev 1.3 17014m13 KLINKMANN AUTOMATI ON Omron Etherne t Direct DAServer Revisi on History Mar 2005 Rev 1.0 First Release Dec 2005 Rev 1.1 “Computer Node” Ad dress removed from CONTROLLER Object param eters configuration. Oct 2007 Rev 1.2 “Gateway Cou[...]