HP (Hewlett-Packard) Ski Simulator manual

Ski IA-64 Sim ulator Reference Man ual Rev . 1.0L (26 Apr 00) Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co.[...]

ii Notice Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L Notice The information in this document is subject to change without notice. HEWLETT -P A CKARD MAKES NO W ARRANTY OF ANY KIND WITH REGARD T O THIS MA TERIAL, INCLUD- ING, BUT NO T LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED W ARRANTIES OF MERCHANT ABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A P [...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Preface iii Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L Preface This document is the Ski IA-64 Simulator Reference Manual. The goal of this document is to provide a description of the features, commands, and simulation en vironment provided by the Ski IA-64 simulator . The version of the simulator described he[...]

iv Syntax Con ventions Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L italic + A plus sign applied to an argument indicates that the ar gument must be supplied one or more times, as in the Appen- dix A, “Command Reference” description of the eval command: eval expr ession_without_spaces +. [ italic ]+ A plus [...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. T able of Contents v Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0 T able of Contents 1 Getting Started: A Ski Tutorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1.1 The Ski Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [...]

vi T able of Contents Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0 4.1 Command Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4.2 Command Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4.3 Comm[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. T able of Contents vii Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0 8.7.1 Summary of Symbol Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8 9 Command Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 9.1 Initiali[...]

viii T able of Contents Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. List of Figures ix Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L List of Figures Figure 1-1. Starting xski From the Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 Figure 1-2. The Four Primary xski Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [...]

x List of Figures Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L Figure 8-1. The Original Program Loaded in ski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 Figure 8-2. The Program After Assigning a String in ski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3 Figure 8-3[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. List of T ables xi Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L List of T ables Table 4-1. Ski Simulator Arithmetic and Logic Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 Table 7-1. Linux System Calls Supported by Ski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]

xii List of T ables Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Getting Started: A Ski T utorial 1-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 1 Getting Star ted: A Ski T utorial In this chapter , you learn how to use Ski by e xecuting a brief tutorial. At the end of the tutorial, you will learn where to look in this manual for detailed descriptions of Ski’ s operation[...]

1-2 Getting Started: A Ski T utorial Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L Figure 1-1. Starting xski From the Command Line[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Getting Started: A Ski T utorial 1-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 1.2.2 Exiting Ski Y ou can quit xski and this tutorial with the Quit button, with the File->Quit menu selection, or with the “ quit ” com- mand. All are in the Main W indow . (Don’t quit now; you are just be ginning!) 1.2[...]

1-4 Getting Started: A Ski T utorial Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L Figure 1-3. Loading the “ hello ” Program Figure 1-4. The xski Program Windo w[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Getting Started: A Ski T utorial 1-5 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 1.2.4 Inspecting Data T o look at the argv and envp strings, you need to use the Data Windo w . Linux passes argc , argv , and envp on the mem- ory stack ( r12 ). T o look at this memory area, use the “ dj ” command (“ d ata[...]

1-6 Getting Started: A Ski T utorial Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L type “ dj r12 ”o r“ dj 9ffffffffff780 ”, as shown in Figure 1-7 and the Data W indow changes to display the hexadec- imal data stored at the location, as sho wn in Figure 1-8. Find the v alue of r12 in your program and use[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Getting Started: A Ski T utorial 1-7 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L character strings of argv and envp . (In a moment, you’ll learn ho w to see data in ASCII translation.) T yping hexadecimal numbers is error-prone, and Ski pro vides several shortcuts to av oid it. The first is xski ’ s Comma[...]

1-8 Getting Started: A Ski T utorial Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L Another shortcut is the * pointer-dereference operator for indirect addressing. T ype “ dj 0 ” to jump the Data W indow to location 0. Then type “ dj *(r12+18) ”. Ski will take the contents of r12 ( 9ffffffffff780 , rememb[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Getting Started: A Ski T utorial 1-9 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 1.2.7 Viewing Sour ce Code Mixed In with Assembl y Code The Program W indow sho ws the C source code intermixed with the IA-64 assembly code. Y ou can turn the source code Figure 1-12. Jumping the Pr ogram Window to the Beginning [...]

1-10 Getting Started: A Ski T utorial Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L display of f or on using the pa (“ p rogram a ssembly”) and pm (“ p rogram m ixed”) commands, respecti vely . Mixed code dis- play only works if you ha ve the source code to the program av ailable to Ski; the source code [...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Getting Started: A Ski T utorial 1-11 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 1.2.9 Running a Program T o run your program, type the “ run ” command or click the Run button in the Main W indow . Ski will start the simulation and connect the program’ s standard I/O ports (stdin, stdout, and stderr) to[...]

1-12 Getting Started: A Ski T utorial Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 1.2.10 Single-stepping a Pr ogram T o try single-stepping (and no, this is not a kind of ethnic dance), set a breakpoint at main+10 . Then use the “ run ” com- mand or Run button to simulate the program up to the breakpoint. [...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Getting Started: A Ski T utorial 1-13 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L the Main W indow . Ski tells you why it stopped and gives you statistics about program e xecution up to this point, as you can see in Figure 1-18. The Program W indow marks the next instruction to be fetched with a greater-than s[...]

1-14 Getting Started: A Ski T utorial Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L By changing the v alue of the ip register , you can change where in the program Ski will resume simulation. Enter the com- mand “ = ip main+20 ” in the Main W indow and observ e the first line of the first pane in the Regis[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Getting Started: A Ski T utorial 1-15 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L Changing registers isn’ t enough to debug most programs, ho wev er . Often, you need to change values in memory as well. Ski provides se veral commands for this, dif fering in whether they modify one-byte chunks, two-byte chunk[...]

1-16 Getting Started: A Ski T utorial Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L Next, issue the command “ =s _IO_stdin_used+8 Ski!Ski!Ski! ” in the Main W indo w . (Y ou may need to left-click in the Main W indow to mak e it activ e.) Observe how the Data W indow changes: the he xadecimal values at, and [...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Getting Started: A Ski T utorial 1-17 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 1.2.12 Getting Help T o see what commands are available, type “ help ” in the Main W indow or use the Help->Commands menu selection. T o see the syntax of a specific command, type “ help ” follo wed by the command nam[...]

1-18 Getting Started: A Ski T utorial Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Overview 2-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 2 Overview 2.1 Intr oduction The Ski simulator is a software package designed to functionally simulate the IA-64 processor architecture at the instruc- tion le vel. Ski offers an informati ve, screen-oriented machine state display and a friendly , powerf[...]

2-2 Overview Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 2.4 Ski V ariations The simulator is av ailable in three v arieties, distinguished by their user interfaces: ski , xski , and bski . The underlying simulation engine is identical across all three v arieties. The figures below sho w how each v ariety loo[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Overview 2-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L Figure 2-2. The X Window System, Motif-based xski Interface[...]

2-4 Overview Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 2.5 Star ting Ski T o start the Ski simulator, type its name ( ski , xski ,o r bski ) and any necessary command line options and file redirec- tions, just as you would start an y other Linux program. (Command line options are described in Section 2.5.1,[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Overview 2-5 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L standard Linux fashion. The Ski command line syntax is sho wn below . The -i , -rest , -icnt , and -stats flags can appear in any order . ski [ -help ] [ -i filename ] [ -rest filename ] [ pr ogr am_filename [ args ]+] xski [ -help ] [ -noconsole ] [[...]

2-6 Overview Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 2.6 Quitting Ski The quit command causes the simulator to exit. If a numeric operand or e xpression is supplied, the value is returned to the shell as Ski’ s exit status. This can be particularly useful with bski and command files (see Chapter 9, “C[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Screen Presentation 3-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 3 Screen Presentation 3.1 Ski’ s Use of Windows xski and ski generally divide the screen into four windo ws. ( bski doesn’t create an y windows because it has no user interface, only a command line interface.) xski uses Motif windows which[...]

3-2 Screen Presentation Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L ski shows only a portion of a re gister set at a time and you use the commands described in Section 5.1, “Register W indow Commands” to select which portion of which set to see. The sets are described belo w in the order they appear in the[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Screen Presentation 3-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 3.2.2 The General Registers P ane The general registers pane sho ws the current values of the 64-bit general (inte ger) data registers, four to a line, in hexadec- imal. Registers whose corresponding NaT bits are set are displayed with a leadi[...]

3-4 Screen Presentation Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 3.2.4 The System Registers P ane The system registers pane sho ws the Processor Status Register ( psr ), Control Re gisters, Region Registers ( rr0 - rr7 ), Pro- tection K ey Registers ( pkr0 - pkr15 ), Data Breakpoint Re gisters ( dbr0 - dbr1[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Screen Presentation 3-5 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 3.3 Resizing Register Window P anes with xski As mentioned abov e, ev en a large X W indow System screen is too small to display all the re gisters simultaneously , so you may hav e to scroll a pane to see the registers you want, or resize the[...]

3-6 Screen Presentation Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 3.5 The Pr ogram Window The Program W indow pro vides a view into the program space. Whether you load a program into the simulated processor’ s address space via the command line or using Ski’ s load , iaload ,o r romload commands, the pro[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Screen Presentation 3-7 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L instruction in the bundle. The end of each instruction group (a unit of potentially parallel e xecution) is marked with a pair of semicolons (“ ;; ”) after the last operand of the last instruction in the group. Ski uses the first few colu[...]

3-8 Screen Presentation Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 3.5.2 IA-32 Instruction Display IA-32 instructions are displayed as shown in Figure 3-11, according to the con ventions for Intel assembly code. As with IA-64 instruction display , Ski uses the first column of each assembly language instructi[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Screen Presentation 3-9 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 3.5.3 Changing the Range of Locations Shown in the Pr ogram Window xski doesn’t place a scroll bar in the Program W indo w . Instead, like ski , xski provides the pf and pb commands, described in Section 5.2, “Program W indow Commands”. [...]

3-10 Screen Presentation Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 3.6 The Data Window In the Data W indow , xski and ski present data in hexadecimal format, sixteen bytes to a line, as sho wn in Figure 3-14. The data are displayed as four groups of eight hexadecimal digits each, with an ASCII character tran[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Screen Presentation 3-11 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L which may change by the time the simulated IA-64 processor actually loads the bytes.) The address is expressed as a sym- bol from the ex ecutable file’ s symbol table or as a sixteen digit hexadecimal number . W ith the dbndl command, Ski [...]

3-12 Screen Presentation Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 3.6.2 In v alid Code and the Data Window If you tell Ski to display non-existent memory , Ski will display x ’ s instead, as sho wn in Figure 3-14. Non-e xistent mem- ory is defined for the Data W indow similarly to its definition for the[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Screen Presentation 3-13 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 3.7.2 The ski Command Window ski ’ s Command Windo w is simpler , as shown in Figure 3-17. There are no menus, buttons, or Command History . Instead, you enter commands when you see a * prompt in the 4-line Command W indo w at the bottom of[...]

3-14 Screen Presentation Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 3.8 Other Windows Some commands, such as help , isyms , and symlist , cause xski and ski to create additional windo ws. When xski cre- ates an additional windo w , it adds scroll bars if there is more information than will fit. As an example[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Screen Presentation 3-15 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L Figure 3-18. xski ’ s Symbol List Window[...]

3-16 Screen Presentation Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Command Language 4-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 4 Command Language The Ski command language is simple, ef ficient, and easy to learn. It consists of commands you can inv oke from the ke y- board or from a command file (see Chapter 9, “Command Files”). Each command is giv en with an appro[...]

4-2 Command Language Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L the commands “ step 100 ” and “ eval my_buffer ”. This pair of commands would e xecute one hundred instructions and then print the value of (your) v ariable named “ my_buffer ”. By combining these two commands into one command sequenc[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Command Language 4-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L As an example, in xski , eval 64 0d64 0o64 0b100000 *main ~(((0D1234+0X10EF0)*4)<<6)+0B10001001 prints the v alues of the six expressions in the Main W indow , as shown in Figure 4-1. The first expression is taken as a hexadecimal number ,[...]

4-4 Command Language Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 4.4.1.3 Addresses An address is specified by a 64 bit hexadecimal number . For example, the command pj 1000 repositions (“jumps”) the Program W indow to address 0x1000. As discussed in Section 6.1, “ Application-Mode and Sys- tem-Mode Simu[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Command Language 4-5 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L assigns the v alue contained in the ip register to general register 31. (F or a description of the = command, see Section 8.1, “Changing Registers and Memory with Assignment Commands”.) Where ver the simulator e xpects you to supply a numeric[...]

4-6 Command Language Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L first in its symbol tables for program-defined symbols and internal variables (which includes re gister names). If a match is found, the matching v alue is used, otherwise the character sequence is taken as a number . Y ou can force the numeric[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Screen Manipulation Commands 5-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 5 Screen Manipulation Commands Ski provides se veral commands to manipulate windo ws. These commands let you make major changes of context or fine adjustments. xski provides more fle xibility: you can change the location and size of[...]

5-2 Screen Manipulation Commands Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L Displays the IA-32 ( eax , ebx , esp , etc.) registers in the Re gister W indow . sr Displays the system registers ( cr , rr , pkr , dbr , ibr , pmc , and pmd ) in the Register W indo w . ur Displays the user registers ( pr , br , ar [...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Screen Manipulation Commands 5-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L pm Display the program being simulated in its source code form with the assembly language translation mixed in, as shown in Figure 5-2. The source code display is for your con venience only; you cannot interact with the source code, e[...]

5-4 Screen Manipulation Commands Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L pd starting_addr ess ending_addr ess [ filename ] Dump the assembly language translation of the program in the area between the two addresses (inclusi ve) to the screen ( ski ) or to a windo w ( xski )i fn o filename is giv en, or t[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Screen Manipulation Commands 5-5 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 5.3 Data Window Commands The Data W indow displays an area of memory in he xadecimal format and, if the window is wide enough, an ASCII trans- lation. (See Section 3.6, “The Data W indow”.) The commands to adjust the Data W indow [...]

5-6 Screen Manipulation Commands Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L dd starting_addr ess ending_addr ess [ filename ] Dump the memory area between the two addresses (inclusi ve) to the screen ( ski ) or windo w ( xski )i fn o filename is gi ven or to the specified file if one is. The dump will be [...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Program Sim ulation 6-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 6 Pr ogram Simulation Ski’ s main responsibility is to simulate IA-64 instructions and programs built from these instructions. Many commands and features are supplied to provide you with a great deal of fle xibility in using Ski. 6.1 Applic[...]

6-2 Program Sim ulation Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 6.3.1 System-Mode IA-64 Programs A system-mode IA-64 program “sees” a more complete simulated en vironment: writeable registers are initialized to zero, page and TLB faults are simulated and cause a transfer to the interruption v ector tab[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Program Sim ulation 6-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 6.4 Misaligned Data Access T rap If the psr .ac bit is set, the IA-64 architecture requires alignment checks on memory accesses; i.e., when data accesses are made to items larger than a byte, the appropriate number of lo w-order address bits m[...]

6-4 Program Sim ulation Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L example is “ xski my_program ”. The second way is to use the load , iaload ,o r romload commands, which take the filename as the first argument, for e xample, “ load my_program ”. 6.5.2 Summary of Program Loading Commands load filen[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Program Sim ulation 6-5 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 6.6 Pr ogram Execution Programs may be run in their entirety without interruption, they may be stopped at appropriate places (see Section 8.3, “Program Breakpoints”) and continued, or they may be single-stepped for deb ugging purposes. The[...]

6-6 Program Sim ulation Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Linux and MS-DOS ABI Em ulation 7-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 7 Linux and MS-DOS ABI Em ulation As discussed in Section 6.1, “ Application-Mode and System-Mode Simulation”, Ski can provide application programs with a Linux-compatible or MS-DOS-compatible en vironment. The en vironments ar[...]

7-2 Linux and MS-DOS ABI Em ulation Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L Ski accepts but ignores the system calls sho wn in T able 7-2. For those that return an error indication, the errno code is sho wn in parentheses. All other ignored system calls return with a success indication, having done nothing[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Linux and MS-DOS ABI Em ulation 7-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 7.3 MS-DOS Application En vironment IA-32 application-mode programs “see” a limited MS-DOS en vironment. The MS-DOS en vironment is emulated by cre- ating and initializing an MS-DOS Program Segment Prefix (PSP) and by setting [...]

7-4 Linux and MS-DOS ABI Em ulation Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Debug ging 8-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 8 Deb ugging The simulator provides man y facilities to help you debug your programs. Y ou can modify the current state of the simu- lated processor , set program breakpoints, trace program ex ecution, and dump a memory image into a file. 8.1 Changing[...]

8-2 Debug ging Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L The hexadecimal v alue 0x1234 is assigned to general register 1. The six upper (more significant) bytes are padded with zeroes. = r1 ip+10 The value in ip added to 0x10 is assigned to general register 1. = f2.m 1234 ; = f2.s 1 ; = f2.e 10033 The hexad[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Debug ging 8-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 8.1.3 Notes on Assignment 8.1.3.1 Address Alignment Ski aligns addresses on natural boundaries: two-byte quantities are aligned on addresses di visible by two, four-byte quan- tities are aligned on addresses di visible by four, and eight-byte quantitie[...]

8-4 Debug ging Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 8.2 Ev aluating Formulas and Formatting Data The eval command ev aluates one or more expressions and prints the result(s) in decimal and he xadecimal. An example of the eval command and a more complete discussion are in Section 4.4.1.2, “Expressions?[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Debug ging 8-5 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 8.3.2 Deleting Program Breakpoints T wo commands delete program breakpoints. The bd command deletes a specified breakpoint. The bD command deletes all breakpoints currently set. 8.3.3 Listing Pr ogram Breakpoints The bl command causes a list of curren[...]

8-6 Debug ging Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 8.3.4 Notes on Pr ogram Breakpoints 8.3.4.1 How Ski Implements Breakpoints Program breakpoints are implemented by replacing the instruction at the address of each breakpoint with an IA-64 BREAK instruction or an IA-32 INT3 instruction. The replacement [...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Debug ging 8-7 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L iabs [ addr ess ] Sets an IA-32 breakpoint at the specified address or , if no addr ess is giv en, at the location pointed to by ip . bd br eakpoint_number Deletes the breakpoint numbered by breakpoint_number . bD Deletes all breakpoints. bl Displays [...]

8-8 Debug ging Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 8.5 Dumping Registers and Memory to a File Y ou can dump the registers to a file with the “ rd ” command, described in Section 5.1, “Re gister W indow Commands”. Y ou can dump a block of memory into a file in two forms: in he xadecimal or in [...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Debug ging 8-9 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L isyms [ filename ] Writes the list of internal variables to filename if gi ven, otherwise to the screen. Figure 8-5. The symlist Output from xski[...]

8-10 Debug ging Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Command Files 9-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 9 Command Files The dot (“ . ”) command temporarily redirects command input to the simulator so that input is taken from the file provided as an argument to the command. Into this file (a “command file”), you put commands as if you had ty[...]

9-2 Command Files Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L example of using goto and a label is: loop: ... other commands ... goto loop 9.2.2 The if Command The if command allows for conditional e xecution. If the e xpression following the command e valuates to nonzero, the remainder of the line is ex ecute[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Command Files 9-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L 9.5 Summary of Command File Commands . filename Executes commands in the gi ven command file. The file is opened and its contents are e xecuted as if they were entered from the ke yboard. When the contents of a non-nested command file are exhaus[...]

9-4 Command Files Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Command Reference A-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L A Command Reference In the command descriptions that follow , this face indicates literal text you should type, this face indicates operand te xt you should modify , [bracketed text] indicates text you may choose to omit (ne ver type the brack e[...]

A-2 Command Reference Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L cated page, including instruction pages. Multiple values may not be supplied. The string may not contain spaces and quoting it is not a workaround. See “Changing Registers and Memory with Assignment Commands” on page 8-1. bs [ addr ess ] Set[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Command Reference A-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L df [ count ] Mov e the Data W indow forward count lines or one windo wful if no count is gi ven. See “Data W indow Commands” on page 5-5. dh Display Data W indow contents in he xadecimal format. See “Data W indow Commands” on page 5-5. e[...]

A-4 Command Reference Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L isyms [ filename ] Write internal symbols to the screen or to the file giv en by filename . See “Symbol T able Commands” on page 8-8. load filename [ ar gs ] + Prepare for IA-64 application-mode simulation: Load the IA-64 ELF ex ecutable[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Command Reference A-5 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L the last line of the old window is displayed as the first line of the ne w windo w . ( ski only) See “ski Register W indow Commands” on page 5-1. rb [ count ] Mov es the Register W indow “backw ard” (scroll up) through the currently-dis[...]

A-6 Command Reference Copyright © 2000 Hewlett-P ackar d Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L ur ski : Sho w the user registers (Predicate Registers, Branch Re gisters, Application Registers, Instruction Pointer , User Mask) in the Register W indow . See “Register W indow Commands” on page 5-1. xski : T oggle the display of the user [...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Register Names B-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L B Register Names IA-64 registers are fully described in other documents. This appendix provides a list for con venience only . The register names are documented here as recognized by Ski and, in a fe w cases, don’t exactly match the names in othe[...]

B-2 Register Names Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L eflags.df IA-32 Direction Flag bit eflags.id IA-32 ID Flag bit eflags.if IA-32 Interruption Flag bit eflags.iopl IA-32 I/O Privile ge Lev el bit eflags.le IA-32 Less Equal Flag bit eflags.lt IA-32 Less Than Flag bit eflags.nt IA-32 Nested T [...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Register Names B-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L fpsr .sf2.pc IA-64 FPSR Status Field 2, Precision control bits fpsr .sf2.rc IA-64 FPSR Status Field 2, Rounding control bits fpsr .sf2.v IA-64 FPSR Status Field 2, IEEE In valid Operation status bit fpsr .sf2.d IA-64 FPSR Status Field 2, Denormal/U[...]

B-4 Register Names Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L ldtd IA-32 Local Descriptor T able Descriptor lid IA-64 Local Interrupt ID lrr0-lrr1 IA-64 Local Redirection Registers p0 - p63 IA-64 Predicate Registers pfs IA-64 Previous Function State pkr0 - pkr15 IA-64 Protection Ke y Registers pmc0 - pmc15 IA[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Register Names B-5 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L psr .tb IA-64 PSR T aken Branch trap bit psr .um IA-64 PSR User Mask bits psr .up IA-64 PSR User Performance monitor enable bit pta IA-64 Page T able Address r0, r1, … r127 IA-64 General Registers r0.nat, … r127.nat IA-64 General Re gister Not-[...]

B-6 Register Names Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Internal V ariable Names C-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L C Internal V ariable Names Ski has one combined symbol table for registers and internal v ariables. (See Section 4.4.2.2, “Registers” and Section 4.4.2.3, “Internal V ariables”.) A separate symbol table describes program-defined [...]

C-2 Internal V ariable Names Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Simulator Status and Err or Messages D-1 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L D Sim ulator Status and Error Messa ges The following is a description of some of the status and error messages which can be produced by the simulator . “Fault” and “T rap” messages are usually the result of a program [...]

D-2 Simulator Status and Err or Messages Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L Breakpoint #%d wasn’t set Y ou used the bd command to delete a specific breakpoint but that breakpoint doesn’ t exist. Did you specify the right breakpoint? Use the bl command to list the breakpoints. See “Deleting Prog[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Simulator Status and Err or Messages D-3 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L missions are wrong or a remote file has suddenly become inaccessible? See “The Program W indow” on page 3-6 and the discussion of the pm command in “Program Windo w Commands” on page 5-2. Error: unr ecognized restor e[...]

D-4 Simulator Status and Err or Messages Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L help: Unknown command: %s Y ou asked Ski to tell you about a particular command b ut the command you asked for doesn’t e xist. Try the help command alone to get a list of all of the commands Ski understands. See “Command E[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Simulator Status and Err or Messages D-5 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L Missing ELF header See “File size > Memory size” on page D-3. Missing file version number Y ou are trying to restore a sa ved simulator state and the first non-blank, non-comment line of the file doesn’t be gin wit[...]

D-6 Simulator Status and Err or Messages Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L Not an IA-64 file See “File size > Memory size” on page D-3. Nothing to run No program has been loaded. Use the load , iaload ,o r romload command, depending on what kind of program you want to simulate or load an IA-6[...]

Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Simulator Status and Err or Messages D-7 Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L Reserved r egister/field fault Y our IA-64 application-mode program tried to access a reserved re gister or portion of a register . This can only hap- pen for application-mode programs; system-mode programs handle this fault [...]

D-8 Simulator Status and Err or Messages Copyright © 2000 He wlett-Pac kard Co. Ski IA-64 Simulator Ref erence Manual 1.0L Unable to open console window Y our system-mode program tried to open a console with the appropriate Simulator System Call but Ski w asn’t able to spawn the corresponding xterm program. First, v erify that en vironment varia[...]