HP (Hewlett-Packard) 6400CL manuel d'utilisation

Installation and Getting Start ed Guide www .pr ocurve.com Pr oCurv e Series 6400cl Switches[...]

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ProCurve Series 6400cl Switch Installation and Getting Started Guide[...]

Hewlett-Packard Company 8000 Foothills Boulevard, m/s 5552 Roseville, California 95747-5552 http://www .procurve.com © Copyright 2005, 2006 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P . The infor mation contained herein is su bject to change without notice. This document contains proprie tary information, which is protected by copyright. No pa rt of [...]

iii Contents Introducing the Switch Front of the Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 Console Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4 Network Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]

iv 6. Connect the Switch to a Power Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13 7. Connect the Network Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14 Connecting a fiber cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14 Connecting a copper cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]

v Restoring the Factory Default Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9 Downloading New Switch Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10 ProCurve Customer Su pport Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11 Before Calling Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]

vi Recycle Statements Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipm ent (WEEE) Statements . . . . . . C-1 Index[...]

1-1 Introducing the Sw itch 1 Introducing the Switch The ProCurve Series 6400cl Switch are mult iport switches that can be used to build high-perfo rmance sw itched workgroup networ ks. The se switches are store-and-forward devices offering lo w latency for high-speed ne tworking. Throughout this manual, this switch wi ll be abbrev iated as the Swi[...]

1-2 Introducing the Switch Introducing the Sw itch These switches are designed to be used primarily in a high-density wi ring closet or in a data center . These swit ches can directly connect computers and servers to provide dedicated bandwidt h to those devices, and can build a switched network infrastructure by co nnecting the switch to other swi[...]

1-3 Introducing the Switch Front of the Switch Introducing the Sw itch Front of the Switch Reset and Clea r buttons Switch port LEDs Power and Fault LEDs Console port ProCurve Switch 10-Gig 6400cl-6XG (J8433A) T est, Fan, RPS, and Module Status LEDs Auxiliary port LED Auxiliary po rt Network ports T est, Fan, RPS, and Module Status LE Ds ProCurve S[...]

1-4 Introducing the Switch Front of the Switch Introducing the Sw itch Console Port This port is used to connect a console to the switch by usin g the serial cable supplied with t he switch. This connection is descri bed under “Connect a Console to the Switch” in chapter 2, “Installing the Switch.” The console can be a PC or workstation run[...]

1-5 Introducing the Switch Front of the Switch Introducing the Sw itch ■ Restoring Factory Default Configuration - When pressed with the Reset button in a speci fic pattern, any configuration changes you may have made through the switch console, the web browser interface, and SNMP management are re mo ved, and the factory de fa ult configurat ion[...]

1-6 Introducing the Switch Front of the Switch Introducing the Sw itch T able 1-2. RPS LED Behavior RPS Status (green) On Blinking Off Normal operation. RPS is connected and operating correctly . RP S could be powering the unit - see table below . RPS is connected but has experienced a fault. RPS is not connected or is not powered. Fan Status (gree[...]

1-7 Introducing the Switch Front of the Switch Introducing the Sw itch Location of Status Indicator LEDs ■ If the Link indicator LED is li t, each port LED displays link informati on for the associa ted port ■ If the Activity indicator LED is li t, each port LED displa ys activity information for the associated port—i t flickers as network tr[...]

1-8 Introducing the Switch Front of the Switch Introducing the Sw itch Expansion cl Module LEDs Expansion cl M odule LEDs refer to the LEDs specific to t he expansion module. These LEDs are located on the physical expansi on module bulkhead. These LEDs are only viewable in the rear of the Switch on the Expansion Module it self. T able 1-3. Expansio[...]

1-9 Introducing the Switch Back of the Switch Introducing the Sw itch Back of the Switch The back of both 6400cl Seri es switches look the same. cl Module Slot This switch suppor ts one of two types of cl modul es: ■ 10-GbE Copper cl Module (J8434A) - provides two CX4 fixed c opper ports ■ 10-GbE Media-Fle x cl Module (J8435A) - provides two fl[...]

1-10 Introducing the Switch Switch Features Introducing the Sw itch Switch Features The features of the Series 6400cl Switch devices include: ■ The Switch 6400cl-6XG and Swi tch 6410cl-6XG have respectively , six fixed copper or six flexible media X2 tr ansceiver slots, to support 10-GbE connectivity to other switch boxes, to a 10-GbE concentr at[...]

2-1 Installing the Swi tch 2 Installing the Switch The ProCurve Series 6400cl Switch devices come with an accessory kit that includes the brackets fo r mounting the switch in a standard 19- inch telco rack, in an equipment cabinet, and with rubbe r feet that can be attached so the switch can be securely located on a horizontal surface. The brac ket[...]

2-2 Installing the Switch Included Parts Installing the Switch ■ Power cord, one of the foll owing: Japan Power Cord Warning Please use the power cord supplied with your product. This power cord is not to be used with other products. Australia/New Zealand China Continental Europe Denmark Japan Switzerland United Kingdom/Hong Kong/Singapore United[...]

2-3 Installing the Switch Installation Procedures Installing the Swi tch Installation Procedures Summary 1. Prepare the ins tallation site ( pa ge 2-5 ). Ensure the physical environ- ment is properly prepared , including having the correct network cabli ng ready to connect to the switch and h aving an appropriate location for the switch. See page 2[...]

2-4 Installing the Switch Installation Procedures Installing the Switch Installation Precautions: Follow these precautions when installing the Series 64 00cl Switch devices. WAR N I NG ■ The rack or cabinet shoul d be adequately secured to prevent it from beco ming un stable an d/or fall ing over . Devices i nstalled i n a rack or cabinet should [...]

2-5 Installing the Switch Installation Procedures Installing the Swi tch 1. Prepare the Installation Site Cabling Infrastructure - Ensure the cabling in frastruc ture meets th e necessary network specific ations. The copper ports accept CX4 cable w ith Infiniband-st yle connecto rs or fiber ca ble using a CX4 optical media conve rter (OMC). The fib[...]

2-6 Installing the Switch Installation Procedures Installing the Switch ■ Installation Location - Before instal ling the switch, plan it s location and orientation relative to other devices and equipment: • In the front of the switch, leave at least 7.6 cm (3 inches) of space for the twisted-p air and fiber -optic cab ling. • In the back of t[...]

2-7 Installing the Switch Installation Procedures Installing the Swi tch 2. (Optional) Install or Remove a cl Module Caution It is recomm ended the p ower to the sw itch be removed be fore inserting or extracting the expansio n module. If the expansion module i s inserted or removed with the switch powered on, a re set will occur . Only install or [...]

2-8 Installing the Switch Installation Procedures Installing the Switch 3. (Optional) Install or Remove a T ransceiver WAR N I NG The ProCurve X2 fiber optic transcei vers are Class 1 or Class 1M laser devices. A void direct eye exposure to the be am coming from the transmit port. a. Slide the transceiver in until it stops. 1 b. Push firmly until t[...]

2-9 Installing the Switch Installation Procedures Installing the Swi tch 4. V erify the Switch Passes Self T est Before mounting the switch in its network l ocation, you should first verify it is working properly by plugging it int o a power source and ve rifying it passes self test. 1. Connect the power cord supplied with the switch to the power c[...]

2-10 Installing the Switch Installation Procedures Installing the Switch 2. Check the LEDs on the switch as described below . When the switch is powered on, it perf orms a diagnostic self t est. Self test takes approximately 50 seconds to complet e. LED Behavior: During the self test: • Initially , al l the status and port LE Ds are on for most o[...]

2-11 Installing the Switch Installation Procedures Installing the Swi tch When the self test completes successfully: •T h e Power and Fan Status LEDs remain on. •T h e Fault and T est LED s go off. • The port LEDs (includes the expansion module LEDs) go into their normal operational mo de: – If the ports are conn ected to active networ k de[...]

2-12 Installing the Switch Installation Procedures Installing the Switch Rack Mounting the Series 6400cl Switch Devices WAR N I NG For safe operation, us e only screws provided with your rack mount kit to secure mounting brackets to the switch. Use of longer or improper screws may damage in ternal components 1. Use a #1 Phillips (cross-head) sc rew[...]

2-13 Installing the Switch Installation Procedures Installing the Swi tch 2. Hold the switch with attached br a ckets up to the rack and move it vertically until rack holes line up with the bracket holes, then inse rt and tighten the four nu mber 12-24 scre ws holding the bra ckets to the ra ck. Horizontal Surface Mounting Place the switch on a tab[...]

2-14 Installing the Switch Installation Procedures Installing the Switch 7. Connect the Network Cables Connect the network cables, d escribed under “Ca bling Infrastruct ure” ( page 2-5 ), from the network devices or yo ur patch panels to the fiber or copper ports on the switch. Connecting a fiber cable T o connect: 1. Remove the dust covers fr[...]

2-15 Installing the Switch Installation Procedures Installing the Swi tch 8. (Optional) Connect a Red undant Power Supply to the Switch The “ProCurve 600 Redundant and External Power Supply (her eafter refe rred to as the RPS/EPS)” (J8168A) is an accessory product for the Series 6400cl Switch devic es and specific other Pro C urve switches. The[...]

2-16 Installing the Switch Installation Procedures Installing the Switch LEDs The RPS LEDs are located on the back of the RPS/EPS. These LEDs are duplicated on the front of the device. The following graphic shows an exa mple of the back of th e RPS/EPS. There are two green LEDs for each RPS port: ■ Device Connected ■ Power Status The following [...]

2-17 Installing the Switch Installation Procedures Installing the Swi tch The follo wing picture demonstr ates and example of connectivity betwee n an RPS/EPS device and a Switch device. RPS/EPS Operation The RPS/EPS monitors the po wer signal from the switch by detecting th at the RPS/EPS is connected to a switch with an RPS/ EPS cable. When the p[...]

2-18 Installing the Switch Installation Procedures Installing the Switch 9.(Optional) Connect a Console to the Switch The switch has a full-featured, easy to use console interface for performin g switch management tasks includ ing the follow ing: ■ Monitor switch and port status an d observe network activity statistics ■ Modify the switch’ s [...]

2-19 Installing the Switch Installation Procedures Installing the Swi tch Direct Console Access T o connect a console to the switch, follow these steps: 1. Connect the PC or terminal to the switch’ s Console Port using the console cable include d with the Switch. (If yo ur PC or terminal ha s a 25-pin serial connec tor , first attach a 9-pin to 2[...]

2-20 Installing the Switch Sample Network Topologies Installing the Switch Sample Network T opologies This section shows a few sample network topologie s in which the Switch is implemente d. For more topology in form ation, see the ProC urve Networking products W eb site, http://www.procurve.com . Three T ier Model The Switch is designed to be used[...]

2-21 Installing the Switch Sample Network Topolog ies Installing the Swi tch Remote Campus Local Site using 10- GbE SR or OMC up to 300m 6410cl Main Office Data Center Remote Site using 10-GbE LR up to 10 km 6400cl 6400cl 6400cl Remote Site using 10-GbE LR up to 10 km[...]

2-22 Installing the Switch Sample Network Topologies Installing the Switch Flexible Stacking The Series 6400cl Switch devices can be connected to gether in two configuratio ns depending on your need: High performance stack This configuration pro vides: ■ 228 gigabit ports ■ 4.8 to 1 over -subscriptio n In this configuration each 3400cl switch i[...]

2-23 Installing the Switch Sample Network Topolog ies Installing the Swi tch Resiliency Using 6400cl Seri es as a meshed Cluster The redundant topology increases the availability of a single switch by protecting against single point s of failure. All hardw are and paths are redundant an d active (versus, Spanning T ree Block ing). If any hardware f[...]

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3-1 Getting Started With Swit ch Configura tion 3 Getting Started W ith Switch Configuration This chapter is a guide fo r using the console Switch Setup screen to qu ickly assign an IP (Interne t Protocol) ad dre ss and subnet mask to the switch, set a Manager password, and, optionally , configure other basic features. For more informati on on usin[...]

3-2 Getting Started With Switch Con figuration Getting Started With Switch Configuratio n Note By default, the switch is configured to a cquire an IP ad dress configuration from a DHCP or Boot p server . T o use DHCP/Bootp instead of the manual method described in t his chapter , see “DHCP/Bootp Op eration” in the Management and Conf iguration [...]

3-3 Getting Started With Switch Configuration Getting Starte d With Switch Configuration 4. [T ab] to the IP Config (DHC P/Bootp) field and use the Space bar to sel ect the Manual option. 5. [T ab] to the IP Address field and enter th e IP addre ss that is compatible with your network. 6. [T ab] to the Subnet Mask field and ente r the subn et mask [...]

3-4 Getting Started With Switch Con figuration Getting Started With Switch Configuratio n Where to Go From Here The above procedure configures your switch with a Manager password, IP address, and subnet mask. As a result , with the proper network connecti ons, you can now man age the switch from a PC equi pped with T elnet, a web browser interface,[...]

3-5 Getting Started With Switch Configuration Using the IP Address fo r Remote Switch Manage ment Getting Starte d With Switch Configuration Using the IP Address for Remote Switch Management W ith your Switch 6400, you ca n use th e switch’ s IP address to manage the switch from any PC that is on the same subnet as the switch. Y ou can use either[...]

3-6 Getting Started With Switch Con figuration Using the IP Address for Remote Switch Management Getting Started With Switch Configuratio n The operat ing systems, we b browsers, and Java support required to manage the switch through the browser interface are listed in the fo llowing tab le: A typical web br owser interface screen is shown in the n[...]

4-1 Troubleshooting 4 T roubleshooting This chapter describes how to troublesho ot your switch. This document describes troubleshooting m ostly from a hardware perspective. Y ou can perform more in-dep th troubleshooting on the switch u sing the software tools available wit h the swit ch, including t he full-featured console i nterface, the built-i[...]

4-2 Troubleshooting Basic Troubleshooting Tips Troubleshooting ■ Improper Network T opologies. It is important to ma ke sure you ha ve a valid network topo logy . Common t opology faults include excessive cable length and excessive repeater de lays between end nodes. If you have network probl ems after recent changes to the net work, change ba ck[...]

4-3 Troubleshooting Diagnosing with the LEDs Troubleshooting Diagnosing with the LEDs T able 4-1 shows LED patterns on the sw itch and the switch modules that indicate problem conditions. 1. Check in the table for the LED pattern you see on your switch. 2. Refer to the corresponding diagnostic tip on th e next few pages. T able 4-1. LED Error Indic[...]

4-4 Troubleshooting Diagnosing with the LEDs Troubleshooting Diagnostic T ips: Ti p Problem Solution ➊ The switch is not plugged into an active AC power source, or the switch’ s power supply may have failed. 1. V erify the power cord is plugged into an active power source and to the switch. Make sure these connections are snug. 2. T ry power cy[...]

4-5 Troubleshooting Diagnosing with the LEDs Troubleshooting ➏ The network connection is not working properly . T ry the following procedures: • For the indicated port, verify both ends of the cabling, at the switch and the connected device, are connected properly . • V erify the connected device and switch are both powered on and operating c[...]

4-6 Troubleshooting Proactive Networking Troubleshooting Proactive Networking The ProCurve Series 64 00cl Switch d evi ces have built-in manageme nt capa- bilities that proact ively help you ma nage your network including: ■ finding and he lping you fix the m ost common ne twork error conditi ons (for example, faul ty network cabling, and non- st[...]

4-7 Troubleshooting Hardware Diagnostic Tests Troubleshooting Hardware Diagnostic T ests T e sting the Switch by Resetting It If you bel ieve the switch is not operating co rrectly , you can reset the switch to test its circuitry and operating co de . T o reset a switch, either: ■ unplug and plug in the power cord (power cyc ling) ■ press the R[...]

4-8 Troubleshooting Hardware Diagnostic Tests Troubleshooting T e sting Switch-to-Device Network Communications Y ou can perform the following communicat ion tests to verify the network is operating correctly between the switch and any c onnected device that can respond correctly to th e communication test. ■ Link T est -- a physical layer test t[...]

4-9 Troubleshooting Restoring the Factory Default Configuration Troubleshooting Restoring the Factory Default Configuration As part of your troubleshooti ng process on th e switch, it may be come neces- sary to return the sw itch to the facto ry default sett ings. This process mom en- tarily interrup ts the switch operat ion, clears any passwords, [...]

4-10 Troubleshooting Downloading New Switch Software Troubleshooting Downloading New Switch Software When product en hancements occ ur for the switch, n ew software can b e downloaded to the switch through sev eral methods, for p roduct enha nce- ments and new features. For more information, see the Management and Configuratio n Guide, which is on [...]

4-11 Troubleshooting ProCurve Customer Support Services Troubleshooting ProCurve Customer Support Services If you are still having trouble with yo ur switch, ProCurve offers support 24 hours a day , seven days a week through the use of a number of autom ated electronic services. See the Customer Support/ W arranty booklet that came with your switch[...]

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A-1 Specificatio ns A Specifications Physical Electrical The switch automatically adjusts to any voltage between 100-240 volts and either 50 or 60 Hz. Environmental 1 If you are installing either of the Series 6400cl Swi tch devices using one of the fiber transceivers, the operating ambi ent temperature should not exceed 40 ° C (104 ° F). See tra[...]

A-2 Specifications Specifications Acoustic Geraeuschemission LwA=55 dB am fikti ven Arbeitsplatz nach DIN 45635 T .19 Noise Emission LwA=55 dB at virtual workspace according to DIN 456 35 T .19 Connectors ■ The copper ports are compatible with the IEEE 802.1ak standards. ■ The fiber -optic ports are compatible with the IEEE 802.1ae standards. ?[...]

B-1 Safety and EMC Regulatory Statements B Safety and EMC Regulatory Statements Safety Information Grounding These are safety class I products and h ave protective earthing terminals. There must be an unint erruptible safety earth ground f rom the main power source to the product's in put wiring terminals, po wer cord, or supplied power cord s[...]

B-2 Safety and EMC Regulatory Statements Informations concernant la sécurité Safety and EMC R egulatory Statements Informations concernant la sécurité Cet appareil est un produit de classe I et p ossède une borne de mise à la terre. La so urce d'alimentation principale doit être munie d'un e prise de terre de sécurité installée [...]

B-3 Safety and EMC Regulatory Sta tements Hinweise zur Sicherheit Safety and EMC Regu latory Statements Hinweise zur Sicherheit Dies ist ein Gerät der Sicherheitsklasse I und verfügt über ein en schützenden Erdung- sterminal. Der Betrieb des Geräts erforder t eine ununterbrochene Sicherheitserd ung von der Hauptstromquelle zu den Gerätein gab[...]

B-4 Safety and EMC Regulatory Statements Considerazioni sulla sicurezza Safety and EMC R egulatory Statements Considerazioni sulla sicurezza Questo prodotto è omologato nella classe di sicurezza I ed ha un terminale protettivo di collegamento a terra. Dev'essere installato un collegamento a terra di sicurezza, non interrompibile che vada dall[...]

B-5 Safety and EMC Regulatory Sta tements Consideraciones sobre seguridad Safety and EMC Regu latory Statements Consideraciones sobre seguridad Este aparato se enmarca dentro de la clase I de seguridad y se encuentra protegido por una borna de puesta a tierra. Es precis o que exista una puesta a tierra con tinua desde la toma de alimentación eléc[...]

B-6 Safety and EMC Regulatory Statements Safety Information (Japan) Safety and EMC R egulatory Statements Safety Information (Japan) Japan Power Cord Warning[...]

B-7 Safety and EMC Regulatory Sta tements Safety Information (China) Safety and EMC Regu latory Statements Safety Information (China)[...]

B-8 Safety and EMC Regulatory Statements EMC Regulatory Statements Safety and EMC R egulatory Statements EMC Regulatory Statements U.S.A. FCC Class A This equipment has b een tested and found to comply wi th the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide re as onable protection ag[...]

B-9 Safety and EMC Regulatory Sta tements EMC Regulatory Statements Safety and EMC Regu latory Statements Korea Ta i w a n[...]

B-10 Safety and EMC Regulatory Statements EMC Regulatory Statements Safety and EMC R egulatory Statements European Community DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY according to ISO/IEC Guide 22 and EN 45014 ______________________________________________________________________ Manufacturer's Name: Hewlett-Packard Company Manufacturer's Address: 8000 F[...]

C-1 Recycle Statements C Recycle Statements W aste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Statements Disposal of Waste Equipment by Users in Private Household in the European Unio n This symbol on the product or on its packa ging indicates that this product must not be disposed of with your other household waste. Instead, it is your re sponsibi[...]

C-2 Recycle Statements Waste Electrical and Electroni c Equipment (WEEE) Statements Recycle Statements Laitteiden hävittäminen ko tital ouksissa Euroopan unionin alueella Jos tuotteessa tai sen pakkauksessa on tämä merkki, tuotetta ei saa hävittää kotitalousjätteiden mukana. Tällöin hävitettävä laite on toimitettava sähkölaitte iden [...]

C-3 Recycle Statements Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Statements Recycle Statements Smaltimento delle apparecchiature da parte di privati nel territorio dell'Unione Europea Questo simbolo presente sul prodotto o sulla sua confezione indica che il pro dotto non può essere smaltito insieme ai rifiuti domes tici. È responsa bi[...]

C-4 Recycle Statements Waste Electrical and Electroni c Equipment (WEEE) Statements Recycle Statements Descarte de Lixo Elétrico na Comunidade Européia Este símbolo encontrado no produto ou na embalagem indica que o produto não deve ser descartado no lixo doméstico comum. É responsabilidade do cliente descartar o material usa do (lixo elétri[...]

Index – 1 Index Numerics 10 Gigabit 10-GbE … 1-1, 1-4, 1-10 A AC power connector location on back of switch … 1-9 Act LED … 1-5, 1-7 – 1-8 B back of switch cl module slot … 1-9 description … 1-9 power connector … 1-9 RPS input port … 1-9 basic switch configuration IP address … 3-3 manager password … 3-2 subnet mask … 3-3 Swi[...]

2 – Index Index description back of switch … 1-9 front of switch … 1-3 LEDs … 1-5 switch … 1-1 DHCP automatic switch configuration … 3-2 for in-band access … 2-18 diagnostic tests … 4-7 checking the console messages … 4-7 checking the LEDs … 4-7 end-to-end connectivity … 4-8 testing the switch only … 4-7 downloading new sw i[...]

Index – 3 Index showing error conditions … 4-3 Link … 1-5, 1-7 – 1-8 location on switch … 1-3 on switch … 1-5 port description … 1-5 Port LED View select indicators … 1-5 Port View selecting the display … 1-7 Power … 1-5 behavior during self test … 2-11 Self Test … 1-6 behavior during self test … 2-10 Link LED … 1-7 Link[...]

4 – Index Index Redundant Power Supply … 2-15 redundant power supply RPS/EPS … 1-1 regulatory statements … B-8 remote campus topology with … 2-21 Reset button description … 1-4 location on switch … 1-3 – 1-4 restoring factory default configuration … 4-9 resetting the switch factory defaul t reset … 4-9 location of Reset button ?[...]

Index – 5 Index troubleshooting … 4-1 basic tips … 4-1 checking port configuration … 4-2 checking the console messages … 4-7 checking the LEDs … 4-7 common network problems … 4-1 diagnostic tests … 4-7 effects of improper topology … 4-2 effects of non-standard cables … 4-1 link test … 4- 8 Ping test … 4-8 Proactive Network t[...]

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T echni cal infor mation in this doc ument is sub ject to ch ange witho ut notice . ©Cop yr ight 2004 , 2006 Hew lett-P ac kar d Dev elopme nt Compan y , L .P . Re produ ction , adaptation , or tr anslation wit hout pr ior w ritten pe rmission is p rohib ited ex cept a s allow ed under the cop yr ight l aws. P r inted in Si n g a p o r e Mar ch 20[...]