RayTek 54301 manuale d’uso

 MI Miniature Infrared Sensor              Operating Instructions Rev. E 10/2004 54301 Noncont act T emper atur e M easur emen t[...]

   Declaratio n  of  Conformity  for  the  European  Communit y This  instrument  conforms  to:  EMC:  IEC/EN  61326 ‐ 1  Safety:  EN  61010 ‐ 1:1993  /  A2:1995    [...]

 Contacts  Europe  Raytek  GmbH  Berlin,  Germany  Tel:  +49  30  478008  –  0   +49  30  478008  –  400  (Ventes)  Fax:  +49  30  4710251  raytek@raytek.de USA  Raytek  Corporation  Santa  Cruz,  CA  USA  Tel:  +1  831  458  –  1110 ?[...]

 W ARRANTY  The  manufacturer  warrants  this  ins trument  to  be  free  from  defects  in  material  and  workmanshi p  under  normal  use  and  service  for  the  period  of  two  years  fr om  date  of  purchase.  This  warranty  extends  only [...]

 T ABLE  OF  C ONTENTS  1  SAFETY  INSTRUCTIONS............................................ 1 2  DESCRIPTION ............................................................... 3 3  TECHNICAL  DATA ...................................................... 4 3.1  M EASUREMENT  S PECIFICATIONS ...............................[...]

 5.3.1  Signal  Output ................................................... 19 5.3.2  Head  Ambient  Temp.  /  Alarm  Out p ut ............. 20 5.3.3  Thermo couple  Output ....................................... 22 5.4  I NPUTS  FTC.............................................................. 23 5.4.1  Emi[...]

 8  ACCESSORIES ............................................................. 46 8.1  O VERVIEW ................................................................ 46 8.2  A DJUSTABLE  M OUNTING  B RACKET ......................... 48 8.3  F IXED  M OUNTING  B RACKET .................................... 49 8.4  A IR  P [...]

 11.6.2  Analog  Output,  Scaling ................................. 72 11.6.3  Alarm  Output................................................. 72 11.6.4  Factory  default  values ..................................... 72 11.6.5  Lock  Mode ....................................................... 73 11.6.6  Mode  [...]

Safety  Instru ctions  1  Safety  Instructions  This  document  contains  important  infor mation,  which  should  be  kept  at  all  times  with  the  instrumen t  during  its  operation al  life.  Other  users  of  this  instrument  should  be  given  [...]

Safety  Instru ctions  Operating  Ins tructions  The  following  symbols  are  used  to  highlight  essential  safe ty  information  in  the  operation  in structions:  Helpful  information  regarding  the  optimal  use  of  the  instrume nt.  Warnings  concerning ?[...]

Description  2  Description  The  miniature  infrared  sensor s  MI  are  noncontact  infrared  temperature  me asurement  syste ms.  They  accurately  and  repeat  ably  measure  the  amoun t  of  energy  emitted  from  an  object  and  convert  that  ener[...]

Technical  Data  3  Technical  Data  3.1  Measur ement  Specific ations  Temperature  Range  LT ‐ 40  to  600°C  ( ‐ 40  to  1112°F)  for  J ‐ Thermocouple: ‐ 25  to  600°C  ( ‐ 13  to  1112°F)  Spectral  Response  LT  8  to  14 μ m  Re[...]

Technical  Data  Temperature  Resolution  LT  ±  0.1  K  (±  0.2°F)*   ±  0.25  K  (±  0.5°F)**  At  ambient  temperature  23°C  ±  5°C  (73°F  ±  9°F)  *  For  a  zoomed  temperat ure  span  of  300°C  (600°F)  **  For  the [...]

Technical  Data  3.2  Optica l  Specifications  Optical  Resolution  D:S  MID,  MIC  2:1  or  10:1  MIH  10:1  At  90%  energy  in  minimum  and  distanc e  400  mm  (15.7  in.)   Distance: Sensor to Object [in] Spot Diameter [in] Spot Diameter [mm] Distance: Sensor to[...]

Technical  Data  3.3  Electric al  Specifications  Power  Supply  Voltage  12  to  24  VDC  Current  100  mA  Outputs  1.  Output  (OUT)  0  to  20  mA,  or  4  to  20  mA,  or  0  to  5  V,  or  Thermocouple  (J  or  K)  2.  Output [...]

Technical  Data  3.4  Environmental  Specif ications  Ambient  Temperature  MIH  sensing  head  0  to  180°C  (32  to  356°F)  MIC  sensing  hea d  0  to  125°C  (32  to  257°F)  MID  sensing  head  0  to  85°C  (32  to  185°F)  MID  with [...]

Technical  Data  3.5  Dimensions   Standard cable length 1 m (3 ft.) MID/MIC: Ø 5 mm (0.2 in) MIH: Ø 3 mm (0.12 in) Figure  2:  Dim ensions  of  Se nsing  Head   2 mounting holes, Ø 4.5 mm ( 0.17 in ) Figure  3:  Dim ensions  of  E lectronic  Box  MID  9 [...]

Technical  Data  3.6  Scope  of  Delivery  The  scope  of  delivery  includes  the  following:  • Sensing  head  • 1  m  head  cable  • Mounting  nut  • Electronic  box  • Operating  instruct ions  10  MID [...]

Basics  4  Basics  4.1  Measur ement  of  Infrar ed  Temperature  All  surfaces  emit  infrared  radiation  The  in tensity  of  this  infrared  radiation  changes  according  to  the  temperatur e  of  the  object.  Depending  on  the  materia l  and  s[...]

Basics  4.2  Emissivity  of  Target  Object  To  determine  the  emissivity  of  the  target  object  refer  to  section  12.1  Determination  of  Emissivity  on  page  80.  If  emissivity  is  low,  measured  results  could  be  falsified  by  int[...]

Basics  4.5  Electric al  Interference  To  minimize  electrical  or  electromagnetic  interference  or  “noise”  be  aware  of  the  following:  • Mount  the  uni t  as  far  away  as  possible  from  potential  sources  of  electrical  interference [...]

Installation  5  Installation  5.1  Positionin g  Sensor  location  depends  on  the  application.  Before  deciding  on  a  location,  you  need  to  be  aware  of  the  ambient  temp erature  of  the  location,  the  atmospheric  quality  of  the  l[...]

Installation  best good incorrect Sensor Target greater than spot size Target equal to spot size Target smaller than spot size  Figure  4:  Proper  Sensor  Placement  5.2  Wiring  5.2.1  Sensor  Head  Cable  The  manufacture r  preinstalls  the  sensor  head  cable  between  sensor  [...]

Installation  5.2.2  Cable  Preparati o ns  You  need  to  connect  the  power  supply  (12  to  24  VDC)  and  the  signal  output  wires.  Use  only  cable  with  outside  diameter  from  4  to  6  mm  (0.16  to  0.24  in),  AWG  24.  Th[...]

Installation   Preinstalled cable to sensor head Output signal and p ower connector bloc k Cable that has to be installed b y the user Figure  6:  Connecting  of  Cables  to  the  Electronic  Box  5.  Put  the  following  on  the  cable  (as  shown  in  the  figure  above):  th[...]

Installation  5.3  Outputs   Electronic Box 4 to 20 m A 0 to 20 m A J or K 0 to 5 V Signal Output Head Ambient Temp. or Alarm 0 to 5 V 12 to 24 VDC Power Figure  7:  Signal  Outputs  and  Power  Supply  18  MID [...]

Installation  5.3.1  Signal  Output  Power + Power – Signal Ground Signal Out p ut Figure  8:  Wiring  of  the  Signal  Output  (mA  or  V)  The  signal  output  can  be  configured  either  as  current  or  as  voltage  output.  The  minimum  load  impedanc[...]

Installation  5.3.2  Head  Ambient  Temp.  /  Alar m  Output  This  output  can  be  configured  either  as  output  for  the  head  ambient  temperature  (default  configuration)  or  as  an  alarm  output.  Power + Power – Head Ambient Temp. Ground Figure  10[...]

Installation  You  may  use  a  solid  state  relay  for  the  alarm  output.  The  outp ut  is  short  circuit  resistant  with  100 Ω out put  imped ance.  The  alarm  output  is  only  enabled  through  the  DataTemp  MultiDrop  software,  see [...]

Installation  5.3.3  Thermocouple  Output  If  you  are  using  a  J ‐ or  K ‐ thermocouple  you  must  inst all  a  compensation  cable.  The  cable  is  available  as  an  accessory  (XXXCI1CB25  for  Type  J,  XXXCI2CB25  fo r  Type  K)  wit[...]

Installation  5.4  Inputs  FTC  The  three  inputs  FTC1,  FTC2,  and  FTC3  are  used  for  the  external  control  of  the  unit.  All  input  funct ions  are  enabled  through  the  Dat aTem p  MultiDrop  software  only,  see  the  software  hel[...]

Installation  5.4.1  Emissivity  Setting  (analog  contr olled)  The  input  FTC1  can  be  configured  to  accept  an  analog  voltage  signal  (0  to  5  VDC)  to  provide  real  time  emissivi ty  setting.  The  following  table  show s  the  relat[...]

Installation  5.4.2  Emissivity  Setting  (digital  controlle d)  The  sensor’s  electronics  contains  a  table  with  8  pre ‐ installed  settings  for  emissivity.  To  activate  the se  emissi vity  settings,  you  need  to  have  the  inputs  FTC1,  F[...]

Installation  5.4.3  Ambient  Background  Temperature  Compensatio n  The  sensor  is  capable  of  improving  the  accuracy  of  target  temperature  me asurements  by  taking  into  account  the  ambient  or  background  temperature.  This  featu re  is  use[...]

Installation  • Ambient  background  temperature  compensation  from  a  second  temperature  sensor  (infrared  or  contact  te mperature  sensor)  ensures  extremely  accurate  results.  For  example,  the  outpu t  of  the  second  unit,  set  for  mV  ou[...]

Installation  5.4.4  Trigger  and  Hold  Function  The  FTC3  input  can  be  used  as  ex ternal  trigger  in  conjunction  with  the  software  trigger  mode  setting  “Trigger”  or  “Hold”.   External switch : - contact relay, - transistor, - TTL gate, … F[...]

Installation  Hold:  This  mode  acts  as  external  generated  hold  function.  A  transition  at  the  input  FTC3  from  logical  high  level  to ward  logical  low  level  will  transfer  the  current  temperature  toward  the  output.  This  temp[...]

Installation  5.5  Connec ting  to  the  PC  via  RS232  The  RS232  interface  comes  with  each  model.  Connect  a  single  unit  with  a  RS232  COM  port  by  using  the  connection  kit  RAYMINC ON.  to the computer’s COM port Transfer Mode: • 9600 k[...]

Installation  5.6  Installin g  of  Multiple  Sensors  vi a  RS485  The  distance  between  the  sensor  and  a  computer  can  be  up  to  1200  m  (4000  ft.)  via  RS485  interface.  This  allows  ample  distance  from  the  harsh  envir onment [...]

Installation  For  an  installation  of  two  or  more  sensor s  in  a  RS485  network,  each  sensor  is  wired  parallel  to  the  othe rs.  You  may  connec t  up  to  32  units.  Make  sure  to  deactiva te  the  preset  shunt  resistor [...]

Installation  Go  to  the  menu  <Setup>  <Sensor  Setup>,  and  then  select  the  register  <Advanced  Setup>.  Use  <Polling  Address>  for  selecting  the  requested  address.   Figure  23:  Address  Settin g  Step ‐ by ‐ step  ins[...]

Operation  6  Operation  Once  you  have  the  sensor  positioned  and  connected  properly,  the  system  is  ready  for  continuous  operation.  The  operation  of  the  sensor  can  be  done  by  means  of  the  built ‐ in  control  panel  on [...]

Operation  6.2  Setting  of  Modes  You  can  easily  determine  the  unit’s  mode  or  parameter  by  doing  the  following:  Press  the  <Mode>  butto n  until  the  symbol  for  the  actual  set  mode  appears  in  the  display,  e.g. ?[...]

Operation  Display  Mode Range C  Target Temperature* (effected by signal processing) not adjustable A Head Ambient Temper ature not adjustable T Target Temperature (not effected by signal processing) not adjustable Output Mode mV mV output (default) TCK thermocouple type K output TCJ thermocouple type J output 4 - 20 4 - 20 mA current loo[...]

Operation  6.3  Setting  the  Output  Jumper  In  addition  to  the  set  mode  in  the  unit,  see  section  6.2  Setting  of  Modes  on  page  35,  the  unit’s  outputs  must  be  configured  by  switching  the  <Ou tput >  jumper  in [...]

Operation  6.4  Post  Processing  6.4.1  Averaging  Averaging  is  used  to  smooth  the  output  signal.  The  signal  is  smoothed  depending  on  the  defined  time  basis,  whereby  the  outp ut  signal  track s  the  detector  signal  with  signi[...]

Operation  object),  the  output  signal  reaches  only  90%  magnitude  of  the  actual  object  temperatur e  after  the  defined  average  time.  MID  39 [...]

Operation  6.4.2  Peak  Hold  The  output  signal  follows  the  object  temperature  until  a  maximum  is  found.  Once  the  hold  time  is  exceeded  the  output  signal,  tracks  and  output  the  act ual  object  temperature  and  the  algori[...]

Operation  6.4.3  Valley  Hold  The  output  signal  follows  the  object  temper ature  until  a  mini mum  is  found.  Once  the  hold  time  is  exceeded  the  output  signal,  tracks  and  output  the  act ual  object  temperature  and  the  al[...]

Operation  6.4.4  Advanced  Peak  Hold  This  functi on  searches  the  sensor  signal  for  a  local  maximu m  (peak)  and  writes  this  value  to  the  output  until  a  new  local  maxi mum  is  found.  Before  the  algorithm  restarts  search[...]

Operation  6.4.5  Advanced  Valley  Hold  This  function  works  similar  to  the  advanced  peak  hold  function,  except  it  will  search  the  signal  for  a  local  minimum.  6.4.6  Advanced  Peak  Hold  with  Averaging  The  output  signal  d[...]

Operation  6.5  Factory  Defa ults  For  activating  the  unit’ s  factory  default  value s  press  the  <Mode/Up>  buttons  on  the  electronic  board  simultaneously.  The  factory  default  values  are  to  be  found  in  section  11 .8  Command[...]

Options  7  Options  Options  are  items  tha t  are  factory  installed  and  must  be  specified  at  time  of  order.  The  following  are  available:  • Longer  cable  lengths:  3  m  /  9.8  ft.  (…CB3),  8  m  /  26.2  ft.  (…CB8)[...]

Accessories  8  Accessories  8.1  Overvi ew  A  full  range  of  accessories  for  various  applicatio ns  and  industrial  environme nts  are  available.  Accessories  include  items  that  may  be  ordered  at  any  time  and  added  on ‐ site:  • Adj[...]

Accessories  Sensing Head 2:1 Adjustable Bracket Electronic Box Sensing Head 10:1 Fixed Bracket  Figure  30:  Standard  Mounting  Accessories  MID  47 [...]

Accessories  8.2  Adjustable  Mountin g  Bracket   Figure  31:  Adjustable  Mo unting  Bracket  (XXXMIACAB)  48  MID [...]

Accessories  8.3  Fixed  Mounting  Bracket   Figure  32:  Fixed  Mounting  Bracket  (XXXMIACFB)  MID  49 [...]

Accessories  8.4  Air  Purging  Ja cket  The  air  purge  jacket  is  used  to  keep  dust,  mo isture,  airborne  particles,  and  vapors  away  from  the  sensing  he ad.  Clea n,  oil  free  air  is  recommended.  The  air  purge  jacket  with s[...]

Accessories   Figure  34:  Mounting  the  Air  Purge  Jacket  1.  Remove  the  sensor  (1) and  cable  from  the  electro nic  box  by  disconnecting  the  wires  from  the  electronic  box.  2.  Open  the  Air  Purging  Jacket  (3,  4) and  scr[...]

Accessories  8.5  Air  Co oling  System  The  sensing  head  can  operate  in  ambient  temperatures  up  to  200°C  (392°F)  with  the  air ‐ cooling  system.  The  air ‐ cooling  sy stem  comes  with  a  T ‐ adapter  including  0.8  m  (7.5  in[...]

Accessories   Air Flow: 60 l / min (2.1 cubic feet per minute) 50 l / min (1.8 cfm) 40 l / min (1.4 cfm) Hose Length Figure  37:  Maximum  Ambient  Temperature  depending  on  Air  Flow  and  Hose  Length  Note :  “Hose  Length“  is  the  length  of  hose  exposed  to  high[...]

Accessories   Figure  38:  Air  Cooling  System:  Purgi ng  Jacket  The  Air  Cooling  Sys tem  consists  of:  (1)  sensing  head  (2)  inner  plastic  fitti ng  (air  purging  jacket)  (3)  front  part  of  the  air ‐ purging  jacket  (4)  back [...]

Accessories   Figure  39:  Air  Cooling  System:  T ‐ Adapter  MID  55 [...]

Accessories   Hose: inner Ø : 9 mm (0.35 in) outer Ø : 12 mm (0.47 in) Figure  40:  Dimensions  of  Air  Cooling  System  56  MID [...]

Accessories  8.6  Right  Angle  Mirror  The  right  angle  mirror  comes  in  two  different  versions:  XXXMIACRAJ  right  angle  mirror  as  accessory  for  air  purging  jacket  or  air  cooling  system  XXXMIACRAJ1  right  angle  mirror  with  [...]

Accessories  8.7  Box  Lid   Figure  43:  Box  Lid  with  Vi ew  Port  for  Post  Ins tallations  (XXXMIACV)  58  MID [...]

Accessories  8.8  Protective  Window  The  protective  wind ow  can  be  used  to  protect  the  sensing  head  from  dust  and  other  contamin ation.  This  should  be  applied  especially  for  sensors  without  a  lens.  These  are  all  m odels ?[...]

Maintenance  9  Maintenance  Our  sales  representatives  and  cust omer  service  are  always  at  your  disposal  for  questi ons  regarding  application  assistance,  calibration,  repair,  and  solutions  to  specific  problems.  Please  contact  your  local [...]

Maintenance  9.2  Fail ‐ Safe  Operat ion  The  Fail ‐ Safe  system  is  designed  to  alert  the  operator  and  provide  a  safe  output  in  case  of  an y  syste m  failure.  The  sensor  is  designed  to  shutdown  the  process  in  the  e[...]

Maintenance  Error  Codes  via  RS232/485  Output Error Code Description T------ Invalid temperature reading T>>>>>> Temperature over range T<<<<<< Temperature under range Table  8:  Error  Codes  (v ia  RS232/485)  Error  Codes  for  the  LCD  Display  Display E[...]

Maintenance  9.3  Sensing  Head  Exchange  MIH  sensing  heads  and  electronic  b oxes  can  not  be  interchanged  with  MID/MIC  sens ing  heads  and  electronic  boxes!  The  head  exchange  requires  to  type  in  the  new  sensing  head  calibra[...]

Software  10  Software  For  use  with  RS232  or  RS485  models,  DataTemp  MultiDrop  softwar e  allows  access  to  the  extended  digital  features  of  the  MID  with  an  easy ‐ to ‐ use  interface.  Compatible  with  WIN  95/98/NT/2000/XP,  DataT[...]

Programming  Guide  11  Programming  Guide  This  section  explains  th e  sensor’s  communication  protocol.  A  protocol  is  the  set  of  commands  that  define  all  possible  communications  with  the  sensor.  The  commands  are  described  along ?[...]

Programming  Guide  11.1  Transf er  Modes  The  unit’s  serial  interface  is  either  RS232  or  RS485,  depending  on  the  model.  Settings:  transfe r  rate:  9.6  kBaud,  8  data  bits,  1  stop  bit,  no  parity,  flow  control:  none  (ha[...]

Programming  Guide  11.2  Gener a l  Command  Structure  Requesting  a  paramete r  (Poll  Mode)  ?ECR  “?“  is  the  command  for  “Request“   “E“  is  the  parameter  req uested   “CR“  (carriage  retu rn,  0Dh)  is  closing  the  reque[...]

Programming  Guide  After  switc hing  the  power  to  “ON“,  the  de vice  is  sending  a  notification:  #XICRLF  “#“  is  the  parameter  for  “Notification“   “XI“  is  the  value  for  the  notifi cation  (her e  “XI“;  unit  swi[...]

Programming  Guide  11.4  Device  Setup  11.4.1  Temperat ure  Calcula tion  U=C  unit  for  the  tempe rature  value  E=0.950  Emissivity  setting  (Cau tion:  according  to  the  sett ings  for  “ES”,  see  section  11.4.2  Emissiv ity  Setting  and  Ala[...]

Programming  Guide  There  are  eight  ent ries  possible  for  emissivity  setting  (1)  and  a  related  set  point  (threshold)  (2).  To  be  able  to  write  or  read  the se  values,  use  the  following  command s:  EP=2  set  pointer  for ?[...]

Programming  Guide  11.4.3  Post  Processing  The  following  parameters  can  be  set  to  deter mine  the  post  processing  mode,  see  section  6.4  Post  Pro cessing  on  page  38.  P=5  peak  hold,  hol d  time:  5  s  F=12.5  valley  hold, ?[...]

Programming  Guide  11.6  Device  Control  11.6.1  Output  for  the  Tar get  Temperature  The  signal  output  can  be  set  to  4  –  20  mA,  0  –  20  mA  or  mV.  If  current  output  is  activated,  the  output  can  provide  a ?[...]

Programming  Guide  XF  factory  default  values  will  be  set  11.6.5  Lock  Mode  The  access  to  the  unit  is  possible  via  serial  interface  (software)  and  via  the  direct  user  input  (mode  butto ns,  LCD  display).  It  is  poss[...]

Programming  Guide  AC=2  compensation  with  an  extern al  voltage  signa l  at  the  analog  input  FTC2  (0  V  –  5V  corresponds  to  low  end  and  high  end  of  temperature  range),  current  ambient  temperature  is  readable  with  com[...]

Programming  Guide  11.7  Multip le  Units  (Multidrop  Mode,  RS485)  Up  to  32  units  can  be  connected  within  a  RS485  networ k,  see  section  5.6  Installing  of  Mult iple  Sensors  via  RS485  on  page  31.  To  direct  a  command  [...]

Programming  Guide  11.8  Command  Set  Description Char Format P B S Legal values Factory default LCD Poll parameter ? ?X/?XX * ?T Set parameter = X/XX= ... * E=0.85 Set parameter without EEPROM storage # X/XX# * E#0.85 Multidrop addressing 001?E * * answer: 001!E0.95 Error message * *Syntax error Acknowledge message ! !P 010 Burst [...]

Programming  Guide  Description Char Format P B S Legal values Factory default LCD Source: emissivity / setpoint for alarm output ES X * * 1=constant number (E=0.950) E=external analogous input FTC1 D= E/XS digital selected FTC1-3 1 Presel. emissivity value EV n.nnn * * 0.100 - 1.100 Valley hold time(4) F nnn.n * * * 0.000 - 998.9 s (999 = in[...]

Programming  Guide  Description Char Format P B S Legal values Factory default LCD Presel. setpoint / relay function SV nnn.n (1) Target temperature T nnn.n * * in current scale (°C / °F) Temperature unit U X * * * C / F C U Poll / Burst mode V X * * P = poll B = burst Poll mode Burst string contents X$ * Multidrop address XA nnn * * 000 ?[...]

Programming  Guide  (3)  $  =  UTQE  (4)  setting  average  /  peak  /  valley  /  advanced  hold  cancels  all  other  hold  modes  (6)  LT:  23°C  (73°F)  (7)  LT:  500°C  (932°F)  (8)  LT:  0°C  (32°F)  (9)  XZ  =  0123  4567  [...]

Appendix  12  Appendix  12.1  Determ ination  of  Emissivity  Emissivity  is  a  measure  of  an  object’s  ability  to  absorb  and  emit  infrared  energy.  It  can  have  a  value  between  0  and  1.0.  For  example  a  mirror  has  an [...]

Appendix  12.2  Typical  Emissivity  Va lues  The  following  table  provides  a  brief  reference  guide  for  determining  emissivity  and  can  be  used  when  one  of  the  above  methods  is  not  practical.  Emissivity  value s  shown  in  the ?[...]

Appendix  M ETALS Material Emissivity 3.9 µm 5 µm 8 – 14 µm Aluminum Unoxidized 0.02-0.2 0.02-0.2 0.02-0.1 Oxidized 0.2-0.4 0.2-0.4 0.2-0.4 Alloy A3003, Oxidized 0.4 0.4 0.3 Roughened 0.1-0.4 0.1-0.4 0.1-0.3 Polished 0.02-0.1 0.02-0.1 0.02-0.1 Brass Polished 0.01-0.05 0.01-0.05 0.01-0.05 Burnished 0.3 0.3 0.3 Oxidized 0.5 0.5 0.5 Chromium 0[...]

Appendix  Polished 0.05-0.2 0.05-0.2 0.05-0.1 Rough 0.4 0.4 0. 4 Oxidized 0.2-0.7 0.2-0.7 0.2-0.6 Magnesium 0.03-0.15 0.03-0.15 0.02-0.1 Mercury 0.05-0.15 0.05-0.15 0.05-0.15 Molybdenum Oxidized 0.3-0.7 0.3-0.7 0.2-0.6 Unoxidized 0.1-0.15 0.1-0.15 0.1 Monel (Ni-Cu) 0.1-0.5 0.1-0.5 0. 1-0.14 Nickel Oxidized 0.3-0.6 0.3-0.6 0.2-0.5 Electrolytic 0.[...]

Appendix  N ON -M ETALS Material Emissivity 3.9 µm 5 µm 8 – 14 µm Asbestos 0.9 0.95 Asphalt 0.95 0.95 Basalt 0.7 0.7 Carbon Unoxidized 0.8-0.9 0.8-0.9 Graphite 0.7-0.9 0.7-0.8 Carborundum 0.9 0.9 Ceramic 0.8-0.95 0.95 Clay 0.85-0.95 0.95 Concrete 0. 9 0. 95 Cloth 0.95 0.95 Glass Plate 0.98 0.85 “Gob” 0.9 — Gravel 0.95 0.95 Gypsum 0.4-[...]

Index  Index  Accessories 46 Accuracy 4 Air pressure 12 Air Purge 46 Air Purge Jacket 12 Ambient Temperature 12 Average 60 Control Panel 34, 59 Emissivity 5, 11, 12, 60, 80, 81, 83, 84 Loop impedance 19 Maintenance 60 Mirror 57, 80 Network 32 Noise 13 Optical Resolution 6 Power Supply 60 Repeatability 4 Response Time 4 Spectral Response 4 Spo[...]